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English Language Proficiency Standards - these are important to include in the language objectives when lesson planning and for determining which language domains are begin addressed with the lesson.

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Proficiency Level Descriptors - these are important to refer to when monitoring the progress of the English learners. They also serve as reminders of what students can do at each level of proficiency within each domain of language.

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ESSA: English Learners Guidance Document
ESSA Guidance for English Learners (PDF)
This document explains how states must support English learners under ESSA, focusing on accountability and language instruction. It offers official expectations and program examples.

Lau v. Nichols Case Summary
Lau v. Nichols Case Brief (Oyez)
This summary outlines the Supreme Court's decision requiring schools to help EBs/ELs access education equally. It directly impacted bilingual and ESL services in U.S. schools.

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1. Dual Language Education Guide
US Department of Education: Dual Language Toolkit (PDF)
This toolkit explains how dual-language programs operate, their benefits, and how to implement them. It’s a practical guide for schools aiming for bilingual education.

2. SIOP Model Implementation Guide
SIOP Model Overview (CAL Institute PDF)
This guide details the Sheltered Instruction Observation Protocol (SIOP), a framework for teaching EBs/ELs. It includes strategies for making content comprehensible while promoting English acquisition.

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Krashen’s Theory of Second Language Acquisition (Full Paper)
Krashen’s Second Language Acquisition PDF
This paper by Stephen Krashen outlines key hypotheses like the Input Hypothesis and Affective Filter Hypothesis. It’s a foundational theory for ESL instruction today.

Cummins’ Language Learning Framework
Jim Cummins: Language Interdependence PDF
Cummins discusses the relationship between a student’s first and second languages. His theory underpins much of bilingual and ESL educational policy.

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1. NCTE Guideline for English Learners
NCTE English Language Learners Position Paper (PDF)
This research policy brief outlines principles for supporting English learners in English Language Arts instruction. It emphasizes valuing students’ native languages and cultural backgrounds.

2. Introduction to the Structure of English (Open Access Text)
Structure of English Book (Wikibooks)
This open-access book covers English morphology, syntax, and phonology basics. It’s a helpful primer for teachers analyzing English structure.

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1. History of ESL Teaching Methods
History of Language Teaching Methods (PDF)
This document from ERIC traces major historical and modern ESL teaching methods. It connects traditional methods like Grammar-Translation to modern communicative approaches.

2. Task-Based Learning (Practical Guide)
British Council: Task-Based Learning PDF
This guide provides teachers with practical ideas for implementing task-based activities. It explains how real-world tasks drive language acquisition.

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Total Physical Response (TPR) Method Overview
Total Physical Response Manual (PDF)
Dr. Asher’s TPR website includes free downloads and explanations about using physical movement in language instruction. It’s ideal for beginners’ oral language development.

Dialogic Teaching Research Report
Dialogic Teaching and Learning Research Report (PDF)
This report shows how structured dialogue improves students’ speaking and listening skills. It’s based on classroom studies in multilingual settings.

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1. Language Experience Approach (LEA) Handbook
LEA Instructional Guide (PDF)
This guide details how to use students’ own words to teach reading and writing. It supports literacy development in early stages of English acquisition.

2. Interactive Writing Strategy Guide
Reading Rockets: Interactive Writing Resource
Reading Rockets explains how teachers and students collaborate on writing, providing immediate literacy support. It's useful for developing both reading and writing skills.

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1. World Englishes – Cambridge Core Book (Free Chapter)
World Englishes (Cambridge Core)
This Cambridge resource explores different varieties of English globally. It discusses cultural impacts and legitimacy of global English usage.

2. African American Vernacular English (AAVE) Overview (PDF)
Linguistic Society of America: AAVE PDF
This brief explains why linguists study AAVE and how it operates as a rule-governed dialect. It supports understanding diverse English backgrounds in schools.

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Culturally Responsive Teaching Checklist
Culturally Responsive Teaching Checklist (PDF)
This checklist helps teachers assess and improve their culturally responsive practices. It ensures that diverse student experiences are acknowledged in teaching.

Funds of Knowledge Full Project Overview
Funds of Knowledge Research Project (PDF)
This report details how teachers can gather

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Academic Language Development for ELLs
Link
Academic language is the language needed for success in school subjects like science and social studies. Teachers must teach it explicitly to EBs/ELs.

WIDA’s Academic Language Resources
Link
WIDA supports teachers in helping students develop academic language across content areas. Their standards provide structured support for language development.

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1. How to Write Language Objectives (SIOP Model)
Link
Language objectives define how students will use language during a lesson. They are crucial for aligning content learning with language development.

2. SIOP Model Overview
Link
The SIOP Model incorporates writing and using language objectives into every lesson plan. This ensures English learners build language skills while mastering academic content.

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1. Math Language Routines for ELs (Stanford UL/SCALE)
Link
Math Language Routines support English learners in developing mathematical thinking and language. They structure classroom talk and writing around math concepts.

2. Visual Math Strategies for EBs/ELs
Link
Visual strategies like charts and drawings make math concepts more understandable for English learners. They bridge the language gap in problem-solving.

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The 5E Model for Science Instruction
BSCS 5E Model (Official Site)
The 5E model (Engage, Explore, Explain, Elaborate, Evaluate) structures science lessons to build language skills. It emphasizes inquiry and student talk.

WIDA Science Resources for ELLs
WIDA Science Supports (PDF)
This framework shows how science instruction can integrate English development. It includes strategies for academic language growth in science classes.

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SIOP Social Studies Strategies
Social Studies SIOP Unit Example (CAL)
This example lesson demonstrates how to integrate social studies content and language objectives. It shows ways to support academic talk in social studies.

Colorín Colorado Social Studies Strategies
Supporting ELLs in Social Studies (Colorín Colorado)
This guide suggests using visuals, graphic organizers, and scaffolding techniques. It helps make social studies more accessible for English learners.

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1. WIDA Summative Assessments Overview
WIDA ACCESS for ELLs Summative Assessment
ACCESS for ELLs is a standardized summative test used to measure English learners' proficiency. It tracks growth across speaking, listening, reading, and writing.

2. Assessment Strategies for English Learners
Colorín Colorado: Assessing ELLs
This article outlines best practices for both formative and summative assessment. It explains the importance of culturally and linguistically responsive evaluation.