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Research how culture changed as a result of your movement. How does this movement impact how members of the community live today? What changes still need to be made? Find 3 news articles that respond to these questions. Add your findings here.

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Research collective actions taken by your group. Research the who, what, where, when, why of these actions and add them here. What role did cooperation play in these actions?

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What role did the government/law enforcement play (positive or negative) in your movement? What laws were changed as a result of your movement? Add significant events, Supreme Court Cases, or new laws here.

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What challenges did your community face? Did they experience de facto or de jure discrimination? If so, how? Record your findings and sources here.

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Find three important figures from your movement. Add images. Find biographical details. What qualities made them a strong leader? Include a quote from each leader that exemplifies their beliefs.

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Into the early 60's, the agricultural industry of California depended on exploiting the labor of Asian, Native, and Mexican migrants. A large population of Mexican migrants were employed by these agri - corporations. The conditions were terrible, with workers being exposed to harmful chemicals, without sustenance or shelter. And of course, with very little pay. Many workers were also often subject to sexual harrasment.

https://prologue.blogs.archives.gov/2021/09/23/el-movimiento-the-chicano-movement-and-hispanic-identity-in-the-united-states/#:~:text=The%20Hispanic%20community%20embarked%20on,everywhere%20in%20the%20United%20States.

https://guides.loc.gov/latinx-civil-rights/united-farm-workers-union

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despite the 1965 Voting Rights Act, there were still legal barriers that prevented many in the Chicano community from voting. The Voting Rights Act did not ensure that non-English speakers would be able to vote easily, and Spanish-speaking voters were often discriminated against at the polls.

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Born in Yuma, Arizona, Cesar Chavez moved to California as a child during the Great Depression, after his family lost their farm. He began organizing when he returned to farm work after serving in the Navy during WWII. He began working for the Community Services Organization(CSO) under organizer Saul Alinsky, and eventually was appointed to general director. However, knowing the exploitation of agricultural workers, seeing that they had no way to organize and fight back for better conditions, he founded the United Farm Workers Union(UFWU) with Dolores Huerta.

This organization unionized the migrant farm workers of California, and led them in actions such as strikes and boycotts to demand better wages and working conditions.

His organizing principles were a combination of non-violent resistance and catholicism. He wanted his movement to see non-violence and organizing in general, as a religious duty.

"We must understand that the highest form of freedom carries with it the greatest measure of discipline."

Sources:

https://www.britannica.com/topic/United-Farm-Workers

https://theconversation.com/pilgrimage-and-revolution-how-cesar-chavez-married-faith-and-ideology-in-landmark-farmworkers-march-200043

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Like the majority of the popular social movements of the time, the UFW were rooted in the traditions of non-violence. By organizing marches, nation-wide boycotts on consumer goods, and fasts, the UFW won better conditions and pay for Chicano agricultural workers.

In 1965, the U.S. government overturned the Bracero Program, an executive order signed in the 30's which already Mexican migrant workers to freely immigrate to California in order to work. In response, the UFW organized the first of many grape boycotts, protesting unsafe and unfair conditions for migrant workers.

In 1966, Cesar Chavez and thousands of migrant workers made a televised "pilgrimage" from San Francisco to Sacramento on foot to attract attention to their movement.

In 1968, Chavez began a fast as further protest which lasted 25 days, and ended with him across the table from Robert Kennedy.

At the turn of the decade, in December of 1970, 150 Californian grape growers signed labor contracts with UFW, raising wages and improving healthcare for farmers, and providing them protection for pesticides.

Sources:

https://guides.loc.gov/latinx-civil-rights/bracero-program

https://guides.loc.gov/latinx-civil-rights/united-farm-workers-union

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Similarly to the other civil rights movements of the time, the Chicano movement faced extreme police brutality and surveillance from law enforcement. The police met the movement's peaceful demonstrations with violence and chaos.

The most infamous example of this in the Chicano movement was during a demonstration on August 29, 1970, in L.A. A group of 20 to 30 thousand people gathered in memoriam for Chicano soldiers lost during the Vietnam war, and marched through East Los Angeles. As previously stated, the demonstration began peacefully and with peaceful intent, but became violent when the LAPD arrived. 1500 police officers shot tear gas projectiles in to the crowd 3 participants in the demonstration were killed and several more injured, including Chicano journalist Rubén Salazar.

Source:

https://guides.loc.gov/latinx-civil-rights/national-chicano-moratorium

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What challenges does the community still face? 

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What challenges does the community still face? 

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Today, the Chicano community face similar challenges to the one's which sparked the movement almost 70 years ago.

In San Francisco, the Chicano community faces exclusion from higher paying jobs, higher arrest rates for petty drug crimes, poor working conditions for farmers in northern and southern California.

Source:

https://centerforhealthjournalism.org/our-work/insights/san-francisco-latino-communities-face-more-arrests-fewer-resources-amid-overdose#:~:text=Data%20revealed%20that%20while%20young%20Latinos%20were,and%20nearly%20nonexistent%20elsewhere%20in%20the%20city.&text=Their%20communities%20experienced%20higher%20rates%20of%20pandemic,greater%20loss%20of%20incomes%2C%20businesses%20and%20homes.