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Administrative Court of Thailand, Thanon Chaeng Watthana, Thung Song Hong, Lak Si, Bangkok, Thailand

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Administrative Court of Thailand, Thanon Chaeng Watthana, Thung Song Hong, Lak Si, Bangkok, Thailand

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Administrative Court of Thailand, Thanon Chaeng Watthana, Thung Song Hong, Lak Si, Bangkok, Thailand

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The Network of Thai People in Eight Mekong Provinces submitted evidence of the negative impacts Xayaburi dam had on the ecosystem and fisheries.

湄公河八省的泰國人民網絡提交了沙耶武里大壩對生態系統和漁業產生負面影響的證據。

References:
Eugene Whong. “Thai Citizens' Group Submits Evidence of Impact of Laos' Xayaburi Dam to Court.” Radio Free Asia, October 11, 2020. https://www.rfa.org/english/news/laos/laos-xayaburi-dam-thailand-evidence-02142020171322.html.

By Kwan Lok Sum

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A group of concerned Thai citizens Friday submitted additional evidence regarding the impact of Laos' Xayaburi dam to the Thai Supreme Administrative court, describing damage to fisheries and dramatic changes to an ecosystem that sustains millions of lives.

In an ongoing lawsuit concerning Laos' first of five planned large-scale Mekong river dams, the Network of Thai People in Eight Mekong Provinces is challenging the legitimacy of a power purchase agreement between Laos and Thailand, saying that the project has failed to properly assess the environmental impact of the dam in Thailand.

"The submission of additional evidence comes after half a year of project operations. During this period, downstream of the dam, stretches of the Mekong in seven Thai provinces experienced sharp and unusual water fluctuations, and 'clear blue water' - a phenomenon that signals an absence of the nutrients and sediment that are critical to aquatic lives, fisheries, and agriculture in the lower Mekong basin," said the International Rivers NGO in a press statement about the submission.

"The timing and location of the dramatic ecosystem changes indicate that they are linked to the operations of the Xayaburi dam," the statement said.

The impact was observed in parts of Thailand's Loei province, as well as in Nong Kai, Bung Kan, Nakorn Phnom, Mukdahan, Amnat Charoen and Ubon Ratchatani provinces.

"The rise and fall of the river is not normal anymore. The rapid fluctuations of the river is impacting on aquatic ecosystems and fisheries. I am worried that fisheries, which are important for our food and income, will continue to decline," Channarong Wongla, one of the plaintiffs from Loei province, was quoted as saying in the statement.

In addition to submitting the evidence, the Network is also asking the court to suspend the Power Purchase agreement until their evidence can be properly assessed.

Om Boun, the chairwoman of the Network, told RFA's Lao Service Friday that the group has been observing the impact of the dam during its past eight years of construction and that a previous petition letter was ignored.

"We sent a petition letter to the high court eight years ago and court has made no decision yet, and nothing has been done," said Om.

"Our concern is that impact from Xayabury dam in the last 8 years is [observably] enormous in year 2019 and 2020. That's why we came back to submit [our evidence] again in order to make the court come up with a decision on what they are going to do. We urge them to make decision for us and for our people," she said.

"Problems that we are concerned about are happening right now. We also worry that if the dam breaks, the court can help us. So that's why we are here," said the chairwoman.

Laos has built dozens of hydropower dams on the Mekong and its tributaries in its quest to become "the battery of Southeast Asia," exporting the electricity they generate to other countries in the region, and is preparing to build scores more dams in the years ahead.

Though the Lao government sees power generation as a way to boost the country's economy, the projects are controversial because of their environmental impact, displacement of villagers, and questionable financial arrangements.
Reported and translated by RFA's Lao Service. Written in English by Eugene Whong.

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Thai Citizens' Group Submits Evidence of Impact of Laos' Xayaburi Dam to Court

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A group of concerned Thai citizens Friday submitted additional evidence regarding the impact of Laos' Xayaburi dam to the Thai Supreme Administrative court, describing damage to fisheries and dramatic changes to an ecosystem that sustains millions of lives.

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Bangkok Art and Culture Centre, Rama I Road, Wang Mai, 巴吞旺县曼谷泰国

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Bangkok Art and Culture Centre, 曼谷市立藝術文化中心

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'Where would you place them?' Mekong Exhibition 湄公河展覽

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'Where would you place them?' Mekong Exhibition 湄公河展覽

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This project has brought artists from different places together, including Thailand, Myanmar, Singapore and Japan. The organizers have planned field trips, acknowledging and familiarizing the situations before inviting the artists to join in, that they truly hope their exhibition could be used as a link to tell the story of the indigenous culture, environment and problems. Also, they wanted the exhibitions to be diverse, so they have invited artist all around the world, to represent the issue in locals and international perspectives.

這個項目將來自不同地方的藝術家聚集在一起，包括泰國、緬甸、新加坡和日本。主辦方曾先計劃實地考察，在邀請藝術家參加之前了解和熟悉情況。他們真正希望他們的展覽可以作為一個鏈接，講述土著文化、環境和問題的故事。此外，他們希望展覽多樣化，因此他們邀請了世界各地的藝術家，以本地和國際的視角來代表這個問題。

Reference: https://www.mmtimes.com/lifestyle/2801-bangkok-art-exhibition-explores-cultural-rights-in-sensitive-areas.html

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Although environmental assessment has been carried out for the construction of Xayaburi Dam, there are criticisms on the quality of such inadequate assessment.

雖然針對沙耶武里大壩的建設已經進行了環境評估，但不同學者對這環評估存有質疑。

Criticisms on the EIA of Xayaburi Dam:
1) Inadequate involvement of affected communities in consultation process
2) Neglect of the negative impacts on fish species:
the giant, imperiled fish of the lower Mekong River
Extinction of Mekong’s two largest freshwater fish species, the Mekong Giant Catfish and the Giant Pangasius
3) Unclear and incomplete analysis on impacts on water quality, aquatic ecology, fisheries and public health
4) Neglect the eco-hydrological impacts on communities located upstream and downstream of the dam

對沙耶武里大壩環評的批評：
1) 受影響社區在協商過程中的參與不足
2) 忽略對魚類的負面影響：
湄公河下游的巨型瀕危魚類
湄公河最大的兩種淡水魚類湄公河巨鯰和巨鯰魚滅絕
3）對水質、水生生態、漁業和公共衛生的影響分析不明確、不完整
4）忽視對大壩上下游社區的生態影響

References:
“Technical Review of the Xayaburi Environmental Impact Assessment.” International Rivers. Accessed December 10, 2021. https://archive.internationalrivers.org/de/node/3930.

Trandem, Ame. Fatally Flawed Xayaburi EIA Fails to Uphold International Standards: A Preliminary Review of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report for the Xayaburi Hydropower Dam on the Mekong River mainstream in Northern Laos PDR. 14 March, 2011.
https://www.banktrack.org/manage/ems_files/download/fatally_flawed_xayaburi_eia_fails_to_uphold_international_standards/110707_preliminary_review_of_xayaburi_eia_14_03_11_final.pdf.

By Kwan Lok Sum

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In April 2011, five international Mekong specialists carried out a critical analysis of the Xayaburi Dam Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). The experts described the EIA as flawed and substandard. The five specialists in the fields of fisheries, livelihood restoration, consultation and water quality expressed surprise that an EIA of such poor quality was being submitted for a project with such far-reaching impacts as the first dam on the lower Mekong Mainstream. The reviews were submitted to the Mekong River Commission as part of the regional consultation process for the Xayaburi Dam.
SUMMARY OF TECHNICAL REVIEWS OF THE XAYABURI ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT:

Dr. Phil Hirsch, Professor of Human Geography and Director of the University of Sydney's Australian Mekong Resource Centre reviewed the consultation process in the EIA. Dr. Hirsch found that affected people in Lao PDR upstream of the reservoir and more than 10 kilometers downstream of the dam had no opportunity for comment on the dam and its impacts. Furthermore, affected people in the identified project impact area were merely surveyed rather than consulted. As a result, the EIA fails to meet even minimum standards for consultation and participation. Click here to read Hirsch's review.

Zeb Hogan from the University of Reno, Nevada, USA and a renowned expert on the Mekong Giant Catfish, found that the Xayaburi Dam will have serious negative impacts on the giant, imperiled fish of the lower Mekong River and may drive the Mekong's two largest freshwater fish species, the Mekong Giant Catfish and the Giant Pangasius (also known as the "dog-eating" catfish), to extinction. Click here to read Hogan's review.

Dr. Guy Lanza, Professor of Microbiology at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA said "The EIA is punctuated by a lack of clarity, includes many contradictory statements, and is not acceptable from a technical standpoint... The EIA is of such poor quality that it seems highly irresponsible that it is being offered to support the first dam proposed for the lower Mekong mainstream." Dr. Lanza found that the EIA is incomplete and oversimplifies the dam's impacts on ecological resources, including water quality, aquatic ecology, fisheries and public health. Click here to read Lanza's review.

David Blake, a PhD Candidate at the University of East Anglia, UK, with over twelve years of experience in fisheries and community development in Thailand and Laos, found that the pivotal importance of Mekong fisheries to local livelihoods is poorly understood and undervalued in the reports. The EIA assumes that impacts will be confined to just the immediate dam area and upstream reservoir, ignoring the far wider eco-hydrological impacts predicted by fishery experts for long distances up and downstream of the dam. As a result, communities lying further afield who will be impacted through diminished livelihoods are not currently considered in the compensation and mitigation proposals. Click here to read Blake's review.

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Technical Review of the Xayaburi Environmental Impact Assessment

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image_assist|fid:6302,style:left,nid:3930]In April 2011, five international Mekong specialists carried out a critical analysis of the Xayaburi Dam Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). The experts described the EIA as flawed and substandard. The five specialists in the fields of fisheries, livelihood restoration, consultation and water quality expressed surprise that an EIA of such poor quality was being submitted for a project with such far-reaching impacts as the first dam on the lower Mekong Mainstream.

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誰來負責任：來自韓國的示威者 The Protesters from South Korea

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誰來負責任：來自韓國的示威者 The Protesters from South Korea

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在2018年的7月23日，位置老撾東南部的Xe Pian Xe Namnoy大壩突然崩潰，洪水沖垮了壩下的六條村落，事件造成44人死，超過6600人流離失所。在事件發生後，韓國政府文在寅亦有派出搜救隊到老撾，協助拯救受災居民。但時至今日，仍然有過千受災者未獲得相應賠償與正義的審判。

Xe Pian Xe Namnoy Dam 最大承建商南韓的企業SK Engineering and Construction，而其中一間合作方都是南韓的電力公司Korean Western Power Company Ltd.。雖然南韓SK公司並不承認水壩崩潰是該公司的責任，但是國際組織IEP指出劣質的建築方法才是崩堤的主因，而老撾的官方代表亦認為是工程與設計問題才會導致事教。在首爾，South Korean civil society organizations (CSOs)希望SK工程公司可以提供具透明度與公信力的調查報告，希望可以還給老撾人民一個合理的補償與交待。

Xe Pian Xe Namnoy dam was collapsed on July 23 2018 caused devastating floods that swept through Champassak and Attapeu provinces in southern Laos, displacing about 7,000 people, causing 49 people dead and 22 missing people. Although the South Korean government sent the disaster relief teams to Laos after the accident, thousands of victims still can not find their justice and compensation.

South Korean civil society organizations (CSOs) organized a protest to call for the government and SK Engineering and Construction to bear their responsibility to the collapse. Also, provide transparency and accountability investigation to measure the damage caused by the collapse to Laos people. However, SK Engineering and Construction denied those accusations.

By Wu Shuk Yu

Resources：
https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=25839&LangID=E

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South Korean CSOs Want Government, Company to be Accountable For Lao Dam Disaster

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The groups call for an on-site investigation of the dam collapse to produce credible measurements of the damage it has caused.

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Sharing ：Mekong River’s still no return but forever changed－－ Conservation campaign of watershedsystem in “Mekong River Project”Sharing of performances and experiences 分享會：不可恢復的湄公河已永遠改變－河川保育運動中的"湄公河計劃"的行為作品與經驗

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Sharing ：Mekong River’s still no return but forever changed－－ Conservation campaign of watershedsystem in “Mekong River Project”Sharing of performances and experiences 分享會：不可恢復的湄公河已永遠改變－河川保育運動中的"湄公河計劃"的行為作品與經驗

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An live art workshop hold by a Hong Kong private art group called The Originals, and they had invited a Thailand artist  Vichukorn Tangpaiboon (Jon) to come and hold a lecture about the Mekong River issue, and how the artists and protesters react to the incident. The Originals wants the participants to gain insight from the workshops, using arts to fight and rethink of the issue they are facing ——lack of land and subdivided flats in Hong Kong.

這是由香港私人藝術團體 正常小孩舉辦的行為藝術工作坊，他們邀請了泰國藝術家 Vichukorn Tangpaiboon (Jon) 來舉辦一場關於湄公河問題的講座，以及藝術家和抗議者對事件的行動。正常小孩希望參與者透過工作坊中獲得靈感，用藝術來對抗和重新思考他們所面臨的問題——香港的土地和劏房問題。

Reference：https://www.hkasalumniarchive.com/eventsarchive/j99etnmw5e522f9pm24a4wld6p8j66

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This post summarized some ecological impacts imposed on the Mekong River after Xayaburi Dam construction.

這篇文章總結了沙耶武里大壩建設後對湄公河造成的一些生態影響。

References:
“Technical Review of the Xayaburi Environmental Impact Assessment.” International Rivers. Accessed December 10, 2021. https://archive.internationalrivers.org/de/node/3930.

“Xayaburi Dam.” EarthRights International, June 16, 2021. https://earthrights.org/what-we-do/mega-projects/xayaburi-dam/.

By Kwan Lok Sum

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影片講述了電解的原理，以及污染物的處理方式。

Lam Chun Yiu
1155093363

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Malaysia 3.0: 環境的慢暴力 Slow Violence in Environment

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Malaysia 3.0: 環境的慢暴力 Slow Violence in Environment

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--Chau Wai Yee, Wynee

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In this video, it talks about the harmful effects of constructing Xayaburi dam from the viewpoint of the local residents. For example how water level rises will cause flooding which inundates of farmland and crops, number of fish dropped significantly which affected livelihood of fishermen, decreased biodiversity and disturbed ecosystem.

在這段視頻中，它從當地居民的角度討論了建造沙耶武里大壩的負面影響，例如水位上升會導致洪水淹沒農田和莊稼，魚類數量大幅下降影響漁民生計，生物多樣性減少和生態系統受到干擾。

Reference:
"Mekong's Xayaburi dam: Victory of 'vicious capitalism'." 16 November, 2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9cfLAjOoM9I.

By Kwan Lok Sum

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Mekong's Xayaburi dam: Victory of 'vicious capitalism'

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The dam construction has imposed harmful effects on the biodiversity along the Mekong River, causing some special species including Mekong Giant Catfish, Siamese Crocodiles and Irrawaddy Dolphines to become endangered is one of them.
Changes in their habitats modified their living habits greatly for example their spawning or reproduction, migration, food supply etc. The above picture has summarized the causes of their decrease in number. They will soon face extinction if human destruction on their natural habitats continues.

大壩建設對湄公河沿岸的生物多樣性造成了很多負面影響，其中一個便是湄公河巨鯰、暹羅鱷魚和伊洛瓦底江海豚等一些特殊物種瀕臨滅絕。
它們棲息地的變化極大地改變了它們的生活習性，例如它們的產卵或繁殖、遷徙、食物供應等。上圖總結了它們數量減少的原因。如果人類繼續破壞它們的自然棲息地，它們將很快面臨滅絕。

However, there are corresponding conservation work carried out by the local government and NGOs as well. These are examples of how human intervention may become cooperation with nature instead of pure destruction which should let us reflect on what position we should take being in the age of anthropocene. A position of harnessing natural power and resources while protecting it or a position of destroying nature with personal interests.

但是，當地政府和非政府組織也有相應的保護工作。這些是人類干預如何成為與自然合作而不是純粹破壞的例子，這應該讓我們反思在人類世時代我們應該採取什麼立場，應保護自然力量和資源的同時利用自然力量和資源，還是以個人利益破壞自然。

References:
Hogan, Zeb. A Mekong Giant: Current Status, Threats and Preliminary Conservation Measures for the Critically Endangered Mekong Giant Catfish. http://www.cepf.net/, July 2012. https://www.cepf.net/sites/default/files/mgc_report_1.pdf.

“Irrawaddy Dolphin Conservation.” The Cambodian Rural Development Team. The Cambodian Rural Development Team, April 24, 2014. http://www.crdt.org.kh/irrawaddy-dolphin-conservation/.

“River Dolphins.” WWF. Accessed December 10, 2021. https://wwf.panda.org/discover/our_focus/freshwater_practice/freshwater_inititiaves/river_dolphins_initiative/.

“Siamese Crocodile.” Fauna & Flora International, April 13, 2018. https://www.fauna-flora.org/species/siamese-crocodile/.

By Kwan Lok Sum

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You have read the brief story! Explore the orange tags to have a detail explanation of different sections. Don't forget to click on the padlet to share your insights with others!

你已知道了部分的故事了！點看橙色標籤來了解事情更多更深入的面向。別忘了點入分享牆和大家一起探索更深！

Storyline written by Ines.

Sharing board

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Different schemes are established to help the Dayaks protect the forest. Dayak and different organisations advocate for the forest while also encountering many difficulties in the process.

達雅和不同機構努力為森林和原居民權益發聲。儘管會遇到一些困難，他們都努力保護他們的森林和大自然。

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The village after resettlement, near Xayaburi Dam // 安置後的村莊，靠近沙耶武里大壩

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Resettlement of Houay Soi Village Houay Soi 村的重新安置

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Resettlement of Houay Soi Village Houay Soi 村的重新安置

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The villagers in Houay Soi need to move away due to the construction of Xayaburi Dam. As Laos is a communist state, the people do not have rooms for rejection and rebellion, so they could only follow. Sue Perkins (an UK TV presenter) had visited the village, and many government officers followed her to the village. She could only talked to one villager, and the others are developers of the project. Besides, the Laos government provided translator for her, just in case the villagers said something wrong.

由於沙耶武里大壩的建設，Houay Soi 的村民需要搬走。老撾是共產主義國家，人民沒有排斥和反抗的餘地，只能追隨。 Sue Perkins（英國電視節目主持人）曾到過這個村莊，許多政府官員也跟著她來到了這個村莊。她只能和一位村民交談，其他人都是項目的開發商。此外，老撾政府還為她提供了官方的翻譯員，以防村民說錯話。

The Thai private company has provided electricity and jobs for these resettled villagers, but it is believed that it would take away Laos' traditional unique culture and living style, as they are stepping into materialistic world. Besides, as building dams has required professional skills, so the workers from Laos and Thais do not have equal wages. Also, as the villagers could no longer catch fish from the Mekong, problem of food insecurity is also severe.

這家泰國私營公司為這些被安置的村民提供了電力和就業機會，但相信隨著他們步入物質世界，這將帶走老撾傳統的獨特文化和生活方式。此外，由於修築水壩需要專業技能，所以老撾和泰國的工人沒有同等的工資。此外，由於村民無法再從湄公河捕魚，糧食不安全問題也很嚴重。

More information: https://archive.internationalrivers.org/blogs/267/ch-karnchang-already-causing-food-insecurity-near-xayaburi-dam-site

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Artwork 藝術作品：Power Boy (Mekong) 〈動力男孩（湄公河）〉2009

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Artwork 藝術作品：Power Boy (Mekong) 〈動力男孩（湄公河）〉2009

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Power Boy (Mekong) (2009) is a large photographic print, showing the main character Power Boy looking at the ecological systems along the Mekong River, which is an example of the political and social discussions that are prevalent in Apichatpong’s work: here, the artist examines the consequences of the hydroelectric Xayaburi Dam that is being built on the Lower Mekong River, which is destroying livelihoods, devastating the water’s ecological systems, which makes many Thai people had protested the construction of the dam. However, in turn, the dam is expected to generate electricity for countries in Southeast Asia—power that many who live along the river will rely on in their daily lives. The work aims to reveal the complicity and paradox of politics the project has brought.

動力男孩 (湄公河) (2009) 是一幅大型攝影作品，展示了主角動力男孩看著湄公河沿岸的生態系統，這是阿彼察邦作品中普遍存在的政治和社會討論的一個例子：這裡，藝術家考察正在湄公河下游修建的沙耶武里水電站的後果，它正在破壞生計，破壞水的生態系統，這使得許多泰國人抗議修建大壩。然而，反過來，大壩有望為東南亞國家發電——許多沿河居民在日常生活中將依賴電力。這項工作旨在揭示該項目帶來的政治複雜和矛盾。

Reference: https://imma.ie/collection/power-boy-mekong/

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故事懶人包

點看粉紅色的標籤來簡單了解故事。

專題故事

查看黃色標籤來了解更多！

我們和棕櫚油

達雅族的故事

爭議和反抗

社會和環境問題

保護森林

藝術版

在我們的分享版裏分享你的想法！

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Xe-Pian Xe-Namnoy Hydroelectric Power Project - Operator's Village, Ban Kong Han, 老挝

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大壩危機：豆腐渣工程與大壩潰提 The Truth of collapsed Xe-Pian Xe-Namnoy Dam

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大壩危機：豆腐渣工程與大壩潰提 The Truth of collapsed Xe-Pian Xe-Namnoy Dam

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背景

在2018年7月23日晚上，位於老撾東南部一座興建中的 Xe-Pian Xe-Namnoy水壩突然意外崩塌，爆發洪水灌入6個村莊，造成22人失蹤且49人身亡，6600人無家可歸。

誰是投資方？

由於興建水壩往往需要大量金錢與技術，但老遠遠未能獨力建築多個水壩，所以不少水壩工程都是與外資公司合作，以得到其技術援助。根據寮新社報導，參與電廠開發案的公司，有泰國的叻丕省發電控股（Ratchaburi Electricity Generating Holding）、南韓的韓國西方電力（Korea Western Power）、國營寮國控股國家企業（Lao Holding State Enterprise）與韓國工程建設公司SK Engineering and Construction of the Republic of Korea）。原本計劃於年底轉為商業用途並且將9成電力售賣於泰國，而在事件發生後南韓政府亦有派人員到老撾協助救援。

豆腐渣工程

在水壩崩潰時，韓國SK建設稱暴雨和洪水令湄公河水位急升，才會令水壩垮塌。但一年後，The International Expert Panel (IEP)事後檢討報告中指出，大壩崩塌的主因是因為建築技術與建築材料不符合規格，由於地基的混凝土吸水量高，加上土壤多孔隙，連場暴雨下令地基不穩，因而倒塌。然而，韓國SK建築公司否認該指控並且認崇IEP的報告是缺乏數據支持。

Background

Xe-Pian Xe-Namnoy Dam was suddenly collapsed on July 23, 2018, while it was under construction. It locates in the east-west part of Laos. This accident ruined 6 villages and caused 49 people dead, 22 people missed and over 6600 people became homeless.

Who is the stakeholder?

As a developing country, Laos does not have enough construction methods and money to build the dam. Therefore, most of the dams are invested in by international companies. Xe-Pian Xe-Namnoy Dam was jointly constructed by four companies Ratchaburi Electricity Generating Holding, Korea Western Power, Lao Holding State Enterprise, and SK Engineering and Construction of the Republic of Korea. This dam was planned to be commercial use at the end of 2018 and planned to sell 90% to Thailand.

Jerry-built

After the accident occurred, the Engineering and Construction of the Republic of Korea denied the main responsibility and blamed it to the rainstorm. However, according to The International Expert Panel (IEP) report, it revealed the real reason for the collapsed dam was the poor construction methods.

“The International Expert Panel (IEP) found that the major cause of the Xe Pian Xe Namnoy dam collapse was the high-absorbency of the foundation of saddle dam D, coupled with soil being porous and easily eroded, and the level of rising water,” Singpheth Bounsavathiphanh, vice chairman of the Government Inspection Authority and vice chairman of the Lao National Investigation Committee told reporters in Vientiane.

By Wu Shuk Yu

Resources：
https://www.rfa.org/english/news/laos/soil-05282019153902.html

https://www.thenewslens.com/article/100537

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Aerial footage and video shot from the water shows extensive flooding caused by the hydroelectric dam collapse in San Sai district of Attapeu. The footage was posted by ABC News Laos to their Facebook page.

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Laos dam collapse: view of flooded villages - video

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Aerial footage and video shot from the water shows extensive flooding caused by the hydroelectric dam collapse in San Sai district of Attapeu. The footage was posted by ABC News Laos to their Facebook page.

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礦業制度衍生問題：［盲井］

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礦業制度衍生問題：［盲井］

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中國有一套電影《盲井》參考真實事件，描述有煤礦工人欺騙外地人到煤礦打工，之後製造意外將他們殺害並騙取撫恤金。在中國四處流動犯案，山西礦地亦為一案發地，特此獻上真實案件供參考。

在慢暴力中提及到暴力分散於時地，人們後知後覺地發展製造意外案件就是其中一個例子。煤炭被稱為黑色的金子，亦因其工作場所的分散和隱蔽促使無數地下交易罪案的出現，而且難以追查。資訊的不流通丶地域差距使受害者的親屬亦不知道親人已經遇害。

R: 任轶 任琰. "黑工头制造的28个冤魂." 正气, no. 10 (2000): 正气, 2000 (10).

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(LIU Yuen Kwan)

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中国广东省江门市台山市赤溪镇台山核电站

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(LIU Yuen Kwan)

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中国廣東陽江市江城区安宁路核電陽光園停車場

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(Liu Yuen Kwan)

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中国广东省汕尾陆丰市碣石镇田尾山陸豐核電廠

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(LIU Yuen Kwan)

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中国海南昌江黎族自治县海尾镇塘兴村昌江核電站

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(LIU Yuen Kwan)

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香港已被核電廠重重包圍Hong kong surrounded by nuclear plant

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香港已被核電廠重重包圍Hong kong surrounded by nuclear plant

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Source from https://www.aec.gov.tw/share/file/law/vJUEsGt4RyCpEWqO1gL34w__.pdf

(LIU Yuen Kwan)

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People in Goa describe the coal mining industry as an abuse of life.

果阿邦的人民將煤礦業描述為對生活的虐待。

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Nearly 25 million tonnes of coal - evenly spread across a standard football field, this toxic black mountain will rise almost 3 km into the sky. That is the amount that will be unloaded each year at the Mormugao Port Trust by 2020, just three years away. By 2030, official records attest, this is slated to double - up to 51.6 million tonnes each year.

In 2016-17, 12.75 million tonnes of coal was unloaded at the port and carried across Goa to power stations and refineries in Karnataka and beyond. By a clutch of importers, the biggest ones being JSW Steel Ltd and the Adani Group. And Vedanta - together they are The Big Three - which currently imports coal for its pig iron plant in Goa, is set to ramp up an additional 1.2 million tons of anthracite, 2.6 million tonnes of coking coal and 2.1 million tonnes of thermal coal for its proposed steel plant in Karnataka's Bellary.
Express Investigation Part Two- The Toxic Train
Over a four-month-long investigation, The Indian Express found that coal that arrives at the port takes three key routes, road, rail and river (see map below), that slice deep wounds in the ecological heart of the state.

The Indian Express travelled along each of these routes, following coal trucks and wagons, on a 600-km trail, to find that the transport of such huge amounts of coal is putting at risk entire habitations in villages and towns. The coal dust is blackening lungs, pushing up incidents of respiratory disorder; it's threatening fragile forests, paddy fields, countless streams and rivers, at one place even a tiger corridor, at least two sanctuaries, and an entire hill.

Interviews with scores of residents, transporters and local administration officials and an investigation of port records show glaring gaps in the state's regulation of this transport.
Images from Ground Zero of the coal routes in Goa
The three routes, one more coming

In villages across central Goa, men, women and children speak of how the "devil's dust" (fine particles of coal) has changed life itself - scarred by soot-covered homes, a lethal cocktail of respiratory ailments and a ruined ecosystem. "We take pride in being conscious of our ecological status, our beaches, our orchards, our cultivation land. Most of our youth have left the state for lack of opportunity and now when these coal corridors are being designed, there is the danger of losing our indigenous identity, too," says Dolvyn Braganza, 25, a teacher and part-time paddy farmer and vegetable grower in Utorda.

"India comes to Goa for its vacation. This is not just our problem, this is your problem, too. Once we become a coal hub, it will be too late. Nobody likes a black Christmas," says Braganza whose ancestral farm is located near the "coal tracks".

Currently, official figures show that, on average , 34,200 tonnes of coal is transported each day through the rail route from Mormugao port via Vasco, Margao and Kulem into Karnataka through Hubli and Hospet.

According to the last official update, JSW and Adani transported over 3 million tonnes of coal to Karnataka through rail and a land route between April and July 2017. A second land route is being cleared and there are plans to open up a waterway through the state's network of six rivers, with banks fashioned as coastal jetties, designed to stagger coal silos from the port towards the east.

According to official projections, each mode of transport has its own limitations, and all three need to be used together to transfer the "benefit of scale and economy".

'This is abuse of life'

On the other side, are people and their way of life.

Savio Correia, from Vasco, is one of the legal warriors who continues to file applications under the Right to Information Act to fight the port - its coal plans are at the centre of a protracted battle in the courts but more of that later.

Talk to the 48-year-old about this coal trail and he describes trains that already pass near the backyard of his house in Vasco as "tarpaulin-covered graves". "The tarpaulin covers fly against the wind. The coal they import is very fine dust, they fly across the tracks, enter our homes. If this is the kind of pollution and devastation we are facing now, what will we face with 50 million tonnes? This is abuse of life," says Correia.

On the main road route through which trucks take coal past the 447-year-old St Andrew's Church in Vasco town, Father Gabriel Coutinho says the coal dust can be seen on the prayer benches. "The first group of worshippers in the morning mass suffers the worst. The trucks ply in the night. By the morning, the black dust settles on the benches and the fans. When we start our prayers, switching on the ceiling fans, the coal dust spreads and falls on the worshippers. The first morning mass always begins with sneezes," he says.

On the proposed water route, the fishing unions are the first to sound the alarm. Says Olencio Simoes, vice-chairperson, National Fishworkers' Forum, "The dredging will collapse river beds and cause floods in neighbouring villages. Also, this will amount to violation of CRZ (Coastal Regulation Zone) norms as mangroves will be cut or destroyed along with the destruction of corals and reefs, turtle nesting grounds, horseshoe crab habitats, sea grass beds, mudflats, and nesting grounds of birds."

Catch-22: Port needs coal

If that is the health and social cost of transport, for importers it's cost-effective.

An investigation has found that the transport of coal is linked not only to the economics of the users but also to the future of the port itself. Indeed, it was the ban on mining and the resultant cutoff in export of iron ore - from 43 million tonnes in 2010-2011 to 11 tonnes in 2014 - that cleared the way for coal to come flooding into Mormugao.

During the iron-ore export days, the port contributed to 35 per cent of the state GDP, according to the Goa government . The coal that lands in Mormugao - mainly from Australia, Indonesia and South Africa - is currently consumed by an estimated 31 corporates.

Port records show that the Big Three have at least a berth each for themselves at the port. They show that JSW imported 10.11 million tonnes in 2016-17 for its plant in Toranagallu, Karnataka; Adani has an awarded capacity of 5.2 million tonnes for its clients in Goa, Bellary, and Hospet; and, the coal berth allotted to Vedanta has a capacity of 6.99 million tonnes, to be utilised for its proposed Bellary plant.

The Shipping Ministry, meanwhile, has identified 17 coal-backed power plants and 22 steel plants as "potential clients" in the pipeline for the Mormugao Port at Bellary, Hospet, Belgaum, Hubli, Kudgi, Solapur, Bijapur, Gulbarga, Vijayanagara and Raichur, according to the 2016 Sagarmala report for coastal upgradation.

While the coal berths used by Jindal and Vedanta cater mainly to their own plants, records show that Adani will mainly import coal for the new players. With 770 kg of coal required to manufacture one tonne of steel, the answer to why these routes are being used is simple: it makes economic sense for the companies and for the port itself.

Take the road route, for instance, used by Adani to carry 20 per cent of its coal. Coal transporters say that for every tonne imported, the carriage fare works out to Rs 850 for the 308-km journey from Mormugao to Koppal in Karnataka, where 28 factories receive coal from Adani Mormugao Port Terminal Ltd. Transporters say the comparative cost is Rs 1,500 from Mangalore Port, over 400 km south of Koppal; and, Rs 1,200 from Andhra's Krishnapatnam, over 500 km east.

That is why experts advise better regulation than a shutdown. "The economy of Goa revolves around mining. When the mining ban was in place, everybody lost jobs, it hit the state's GDP. Coal is a different matter; in this case, coal coming in is for industries outside. Still, the solution is not to ban any economic activity. The government has to ensure that the state has the infrastructure to contain the pollution caused, and corporates are allowed to import only after various measures are put in place," says Peter F X D'Lima, board member and former director of the Goa Institute of Management.

'Rules broken, limits crossed'

Vedanta did not respond to queries seeking comment. A spokesperson for JSW says the group "maintains high standards of environmental compliance". A spokesperson for the Adani group says the company takes "utmost care to preserve the environment and comply with all applicable rules and regulations".

In July, the Goa State Pollution Control Board (GSPCB) issued show-cause notices to Mormugao Port Trust, JSW's South West Port Ltd (Berths No 5A and 6A), and Adani Mormugao Port Terminal Pvt Ltd (Berth No.7) for allegedly violating pollution norms listed in the consent awarded to operate coal. The board also initiated the process to conduct a Proportionate Source Apportionment Study for Air Quality in Vasco through IIT Bombay and asked the corporates to "jointly/severally contribute periodically toward the expenses incurred..."

Along with the notice, the GSPCB listed a number of directions: coal stacks not more than 5m high, continuous use of water sprinklers, coal stacks and trucks covered with tarpaulin at all times. The two corporates were further asked why the consent to operate coal, which was issued by the GSPCB, should not be revoked since they were operating their unit in violation of the provision of the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981. The 2015-16 annual report of the GSPCB states that "as per their Ambient Air Quality Monitoring of Mormugao Port Trust, the PM10 reading exceeded the permissible limits on 14 out of 24 readings".

The Goa government, meanwhile, informed the State Assembly during this monsoon session that it was planning to initiate criminal proceedings against South West Port Ltd for having violated pollution norms.

Official records also show that coal in excess of what's been permitted is being handled at the port. For instance, they show, the JSW Group has been exceeding its import capacity since 2012, getting 10.11 million tonnes in 2016-2017 alone, against an awarded consent of 5.48 million tonnes. This year, the GSPCB wrote to South West Port Ltd to state that it was reducing its permitted capacity by 25 per cent, to 4.125 million tonnes annually.

A report prepared by the port itself admits: "The consent to operate was exceeded from the year 2011-12 onward and the PPP operator has not obtained permission from GSPCB for enhancing the limits. It is understood that South West Port Limited has submitted a proposal to MoEF under an amnesty scheme and (this) is under consideration."

Adani responds: 'We abide by all norms'
Responding to queries from The Indian Express, a spokesperson for the Adani Group writes:
Our berth No.7 in Mormugao Port Trust (MPT) has consent to operate for 5.2 MMT per annum, however we have handled only 1.9 MMT in 2016-17. This indicates that we are operating at about 36 per cent of the capacity allowed. We serve industries based in Goa and logistically advantageous destinations in Karnataka to achieve a higher throughput at MPT. This provides more employment and revenue to the state without violating the installed and revised capacity norms by GSPCB (Goa State Pollution Control Board).

For handling of coal, we abide by all established norms by MPT/GSPCB in order to control pollution well below the required parameters. The berth No.7 facility is equipped with state-of-the-art environment friendly mechanised cargo handling systems which ensure restriction of coal dust at each of the coal handling points, from vessel to conveyor systems, conveyor systems to storage yard, storage yard to dispatch stations.

We have installed AQMS, which displays ambient air quality readings at the site as well as live data feed to central and state pollution control authorities to monitor air quality of the region on real-time basis. Furthermore, monthly reports are submitted to authorities as required by the regulations.

JSW responds: 'Committed to regulatory compliance'
Responding to queries from The Indian Express, a spokesperson for JSW writes:
JSW imports metallurgical coal and coke, raw material used for firing blast furnaces, for its Vijaynagar steel plant through Mormugao Port, Goa. It is a well-recognised fact that such grade of coal is not dusty and contains up to 8% moisture, which further controls fugitive emissions.

At Mormugao Port, Goa, JSW owns two berths (5A and 6A) cumulatively admeasuring 450 metres and can serve one vessel (290 metres) at a time. For storage and cargo handling, the port only has about 33000-m2 land, which further limits the handling capacity of these berths.

In our effort to upgrade, we are replacing the existing equipment with superior ones to further improve efficiency, safety and sustenance of these berths while ensuring that our operations continue to be in line with environmental regulations. Our focus in installing better technology and environmental-friendly equipment would further improve efficiency of these berths' handling capacity within the confines of the same berth size and storage area.

We applied for necessary clearances with the respective regulatory authorities both at State and Centre in mid-2015 and are awaiting approvals. JSW is committed to all regulatory compliance. Our application towards the amnesty scheme was filed in 2016 and is currently pending for hearing leading to clearance. The final presentation on our facility upgradation is scheduled for the last week of October, 2017.

JSW's steel plant at Vijaynagar is a 12 MTPA manufacturing unit and requires about 40 MTPA of raw material annually, which could not be met only by our berths at Mormugao Port, Goa, which is among many such facilities at other ports that are used for importing raw material and exporting finished goods. Our import cost as well as railway freight is in line with tariffs fixed by Government of India.
Tomorrow | The first route: Under the cover of tarp, what a 350-km journey means

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Coal on move, 25 tonnes a minute, is choking Goa, more is on the way

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Nearly 25 million tonnes of coal - evenly spread across a standard football field, this toxic black mountain will rise almost 3 km into the sky. That is the amount that will be unloaded each year at the Mormugao Port Trust by 2020, just three years away.

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Delhi government try to  reduce air pollution due to vehicular traffic by "Odd-Even" Scheme

德里政府試圖通過“奇偶”政策以減少因車輛交通造成的空氣污染

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With no relief from air pollution, Delhi government may bring back its 'odd-even' rule for vehicular traffic, Hindustan Times' sister publication reported on Saturday. Arvind Kejriwal-led Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) government in the national capital has already asked commuters to get colour-coded fuel stickers for their vehicles, Livehindustan further said.

This comes days after Delhi's environment minister Gopal Rai told news agency Reuters in an interview, "If air pollution levels stay high, we will look at new measures like the odd-even (vehicle) system."

The odd-even system of the Delhi government allows private vehicles to be driven only on alternating days, depending on the last digit of their number plate.

The chromium-based hologram fuel stickers - blue for petrol or CNG and orange for diesel - were mandated by the Supreme Court and under the Central Motor Vehicles Rules, 1989 for all vehicles registered in the national capital territory (NCT) of Delhi, read a notice issued by the Transport department on Friday.

"The owners of old vehicles are advised to approach dealers concerned for affixing Chromium based hologram stickers on the windshield of their vehicles depending on the relevant class of fuel," the notice stated.

The rule was implemented especially for vehicles registered prior to April 2019 that did not come with these stickers. The colour-coded stickers help enforcement personnel easily identify the fuel type of a vehicle during checks on the roads.

Those who commute in their vehicles without the sticker are liable to a fine of ₹10,000, compoundable to ₹5,500 for the offence.

"We are only increasing awareness about these stickers and no enforcement drive is planned in near future," a transport department officer told news agency PTI.

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Odd-even rule to return in Delhi? What we know so far

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With no relief from air pollution, Delhi government may bring back its 'odd-even' rule for vehicular traffic, Hindustan Times' sister publication reported on Saturday. Arvind Kejriwal-led Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) government in the national capital has already asked commuters to get colour-coded fuel stickers for their vehicles, Livehindustan further said.

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By Carol

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By Cherry

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Pau Wai Ying Box 1

Box 位置指南
Box 1-8 越南
Box 9 香港
Box 10 泰國清邁
Box 11 美國華盛頓

Box location
Box 1-8 Vietnam

Box 9 Hong Kong
Box 10 Chiang Mai, Thailand
Box 11 Washington, USA

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Pau Wai Ying Box 8

泰國對沙耶武里水電站的抗議

隨著湄公河沿岸社區開始感受到其負面影響，泰國人展開對沙耶武里水電站項目的抗議。 大約 70 名依靠湄公河謀生的泰國村民在曼谷開發商 Ch.Karnchang 的辦公室外集會。抗議該公司宣布與 Xayaburi Power Company 簽署建設協議以建造大壩。呼籲公司立即暫停沙耶武里的建設，直到湄公河委員會（MRC）對大壩影響評估完成。公司未與四個國家（柬埔寨、老撾、泰國和越南）達成協議便開始施工，違反了協議。

Thailand's protest against Xayaburi Dam

Communities along the Mekong River begin to feel the negative effects of dams. About 70 Thai villagers who rely on the Mekong River for their livelihoods rallied outside the offices of developer Ch.Karnchang in Bangkok on Tuesday.The protest came after the company announced last week it had signed a construction deal with Xayaburi Power Company to build the 1,260-megawatt dam, the first of its kind on the Lower Mekong River.

Protesters at Tuesday’s demonstration, which coincided with Ch.Karnchang’s shareholders’ meeting, complained the company was contravening another MRC agreement made in December that an environmental impact study was needed before the project could begin.

https://www.eco-business.com/news/thai-protestors-rally-against-xayaburi-dam-construction/

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Protests over construction of the controversial Xayaburi hydro dam project in northern Laos could spread from Thailand to Cambodia as communities along the Mekong River begin to feel its negative effects, an International Rivers programme director said yesterday.

About 70 Thai villagers who rely on the Mekong River for their livelihoods rallied outside the offices of developer Ch.Karnchang in Bangkok on Tuesday.

The protest came after the company announced last week it had signed a construction deal with Xayaburi Power Company to build the 1,260-megawatt dam, the first of its kind on the Lower Mekong River.

Ch.Karnchang, which said construction began on March 15, owns 30 per cent of Xayaburi Power Company.

"We are calling for Ch.Karnchang to immediately suspend the Xayaburi construction until the commission's study is completed," the protesters said in a statement.

Ame Trandem, Southeast Asia programme director at International Rivers, said sources had told her Ch.Karnchang has already hired as many as 5,000 construction workers on three-year contracts.

"It sounds like construction has started on the dam itself. This is essentially a violation of the 1995 agreement, because the four countries [Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam] are yet to agree," she said.

Under this agreement, Mekong River Commission [MRC] countries must consult one another on projects that could affect other members.

"If construction continues, people will feel the impact... you are changing the ecosystem of the river. There will be fewer fish ... communities will suffer.

"Given it will affect their livelihoods ... [Cambodians] will definitely join the protests."

Protesters at Tuesday's demonstration, which coincided with Ch.Karnchang's shareholders' meeting, complained the company was contravening another MRC agreement made in December that an environmental impact study was needed before the project could begin.

Te Navuth, secretary-general of the Cambodia National Mekong Committee, told the Post on Monday that Japan had agreed to fund this study.

Surasak Glahan, communications officer for the Mekong River Commission secretariat, said member countries were still discussing "scope, timelines and methodology" for the study, as it involved other MRC development partners.

"All four member countries are still showing their commitment to further study by participating in discussion on the matter," he said, adding that the issue of Cambodia launching legal action if Laos proceeded had not been raised.

Surasak Glahan said the Lao government had still not told him whether construction on the dam had begun.

Marc Goichot, the WWF's sustainable hydropower manager for the Greater Mekong region, said the MRC needed to take it a step further.

"WWF would like to recommend that a group of representatives from the MRC council is appointed to visit the dam site to observe and monitor," he said. "It is clear construction workers are present at the site."

Ch.Karnchang CEO Plew Trivisvavet told the Bangkok Post the project would have "limited environmental impact".

"All concerns regarding the environment were taken into account in the project's design and environmental study," he said.

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Thai protestors rally against Xayaburi dam construction

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Protests over construction of the controversial Xayaburi hydro dam project in northern Laos could spread from Thailand to Cambodia as communities along the Mekong River begin to feel its negative effects, an International Rivers programme director said yesterday. About 70 Thai villagers who rely on the Mekong River for their livelihoods rallied outside the offices of developer Ch.Karnchang in Bangkok on Tuesday.

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Pau Wai Ying Box7

對漁業的影響

洞裡薩湖是柬埔寨最重要的魚場，也支持著整個湄公河流域的魚類洄游。在2019年和2020年，6到10月的雨季期間流入洞裡薩湖的河水很少和很晚。2019年，8月中旬洪水才流入湖裹。水太淺、水太暖、令魚在水中缺氧，死魚無數。

「洞裡薩湖的250萬漁民為了應對極低的捕魚量，背負了更高的債務。今年情況或許更糟。這種高債務-低捕魚量的迴圈再重複幾次，湖區甚至整個國家的經濟都有可能開始崩潰。」

非政府組織「漁業行動」聯盟估計，20-30%的漁民已經被迫放棄捕魚為生，轉而尋找其他工作。

Impact on fishery industry

Tonle Sap is Cambodia’s most important wild fishery and also supports fish migration throughout the Mekong River basin. In 2019 and 2020, the water flowing into Tonle Sap from June to October is reduce and very late. In 2019, the flood did not flow into the lake until mid-August. Water become shallow and warm, countless fish lack of oxygen and died.

"2.5 million fishermen are burdened with higher debts to cope with extremely low catches. This year may be worse. This cycle of high debt-low catches is repeated several times, and the lake area even the entire country’s economy may begin to collapse.”

The NGO "Fish Action" coalition estimates that 20-30% of fishermen have been forced to give up fishing to make a living and look for other jobs.

Source: https://www.inmediahk.net/node/1078033

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湄公河生態系統的衰落...... | 全球化監察 Globalization Monitor | 獨立媒體

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上圖：洞裡薩湖中被淹的森林一處。圖片來源：The Diplomat 來源：The Diplomat 外交家 作者：Tom Fawthrop 日期：2020年9月2日 編譯：全球化監察 洞裡薩湖（Tonle Sap）是湄公河的「心臟」，她的萎縮，再一次敲響了河流生態系統受損的警鐘。 東南亞人民把湄公河譽為母親河。每年雨季，河水湧入洞裡薩湖；旱季湖水再倒灌入湄公河，維持河流的生態系統。然而這種自然的自我調節功能，正在因大壩、乾旱和氣候變化而逐漸喪失。 泰國學者齊納榮·塞塔丘華（Chainarong Setthachua）指出：「對於整個湄公河流域來說，這是一場可怕的災難。如果我們失去洞裡薩湖，就等…

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遇神殺神？千年古都的隕落：龍坡邦省的水壩工程 The hydro-power station in Luang Prabang

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遇神殺神？千年古都的隕落：龍坡邦省的水壩工程 The hydro-power station in Luang Prabang

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背景

龍坡邦省，位於老撾的北部中心位置。自16世紀開始，龍坡邦省便是老撾的重鎮，是各朝帝王的首都，擁有過千年的文化、歷史遺跡與濃厚的佛學色彩。作為現存的世界遺跡之一，龍坡邦省見證了老撾的歷史變遷，瀾滄王國的帝都；法國殖民期的建築，一磚一瓦都是時間的痕跡。

水壩工程與龍坡邦省

自從老撾決意成為「亞洲電芯」後，積極發展水力發電工程，以換取更多金錢。而龍坡邦省會是繼Xayaburi Dam與Don Sahong Dam，第三個老撾在湄公河主流域興建的巨型水壩。

流離失所的人

由於興建水壩的工程對周遭環境都會帶來極大影響，工程中會產生不同的污染，對四周的生態與民居都會造成不可挽回的破壞。龍坡邦省中原有53條原居民村落，祖祖輩輩都活在龍坡邦，與這片土地早已培養出不可分割的情感。宗教、文化風俗，因人而生。然而，水壩工程的到來，將近20條村莊的居民會被迫遷，有581戶家庭共2285人須遷離故土，失去農地與家園。老撾政府只賠償約HKD$4200的金額予村民，微薄的金額根本難以展開新生活。更甚是，村民所承傳的文化與節日，在離開後家鄉能否繼續傳承？仍是未知數。

危危可岌的古城

龍坡邦省，被譽為老撾的「文化之都」。然而，這座千年古城在未來可能都逃不走崩毀的危機。聯合國教科文組織（UNESCO）曾經要求老撾政府重新審核水壩項目，因為興建水壩的過程中與興建後，都會對龍坡邦省帶來不同程度上的影響。龍坡邦水壩的選址位於「奠邊府斷層帶」（the Dien Bien Fu Fault Zone）附近不到10公里處，工程過程中牽涉不同的爆破、清除泥石的作業引起強烈震動，如該區域發生地震活動或是崩潰將會危及龍坡邦省的安危，整座古城可能會滅絕。

Background of Luang Prabang

Luang Prabang the one of the World Heritage Site, which has over a thousand years of history.  Luang Prabang became the capital of the independent Kingdom of Luang Phrabang. Luang Prabang reminds various remarkable and valuable historical buildings, cultures, and heritage of Laos.

The relationship bewteen Dam and Luang Prabang

Since the Laos government had determined to be the 'Asian Battery', it built a lot of dams in recent years. Luang Prabang Dam is the third dam located in the mainstream part of Mekong.

Developmental Refugee

During the construction of the dam, it causes various pollution and damages the livelihood nearby the Dam. Therefore, the Laos government forced the villagers to leave their homes and move to another place which is far from the old village. The villager loses their home, farmland, and garden and the Laos government compensated around HKD$4200 for one person. However, those compensation is not enough for them to start a new life.

The crisis of  Luang Prabang's cultural

The heritages in Luang Prabang is inestimable, once they get damaged it can not be recovered. However, the location of the Luang Prabang Dam is raising the risk of destroying this heritage city. Luang Prabang Dam is 10Km far from the Dien Bien Fu Fault Zone, if there are any earthquakes in this area, it may implicate the stable of Luang Prabang heritages too.

Resources：
https://www.aseantoday.com/2020/08/new-mekong-dam-ignores-threats-to-unesco-world-heritage-city-livelihoods-and-ecosystems/

https://www.thethirdpole.net/en/energy/luang-prabang-dam-raises-unesco-concerns/

https://thediplomat.com/2021/03/unesco-calls-for-heritage-assessment-for-lao-hydropower-dam/

By Wu Shuk Yu

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UNESCO Calls for Heritage Assessment for Lao Hydropower Dam

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The U.N.’s cultural agency fears that the project might endanger the World Heritage-listed town of Luang Prabang.

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Pau Wai Ying Box 3

Introduction 引言

隨著各種人類活動對湄公河資源的誤用、把污水直接排到河流等，令河流、河崖生態和生物都受影響，嚴重破壞生態平衡。也有不少問題源於氣候變化，極端天氣使降雨量減少，河水水位下降。

在這些背景下，選擇為水壩作主題的原因是它令河流狀況快速惡化。建水壩之際就使河流失去自我調節功能、沉積和搬運機能隨之退化。自然河床基地變得不穩定，影響生物的生長。可見，人類具有壓倒了大自然的巨大力量去改變自然。這個議題非常值得探討和需要引起更多人的關注與行動去反對繼續建水壩。

湄公河起源於西藏，全長近 4,909 公里，是世界第十二長河，流經中國、緬甸、老撾、泰國、柬埔寨和越南六個國家。

沙耶武里水壩作為湄公河主流下游的第一座水壩有着重要的轉折點。對河流的影響有些是可見的，有不少還正在慢慢醞釀，卻不易察覺。Slow violence可怕之處在於當初微少的變化是難以察覺和容易被忽略，Slow violence亦難被再現以喚起大眾的關注。當巨大的生態危機和後果浮現，能被察覺嚴重性之時，已經是無法修復的景況。

With the misuse of the resources of the Mekong River by various human activities and the direct discharge of sewage into the rivers, the ecology and biology of the rivers and cliffs are affected, and the ecological balance is seriously damaged. Many problems also stem from climate change. Extreme weather has reduced rainfall and river water levels.

The reason why the dam was chosen as the theme is that it rapidly deteriorates the condition of the river. When the dam is built, the river loses its self-regulating function, and its sedimentation and transport functions are degraded. The natural riverbed base becomes unstable and affects the growth of organisms. It can be seen that human beings have the tremendous power to overwhelm nature to change nature. This issue is very worthy of discussion and needs more people's attention and action to oppose the continued construction of dams.

The Mekong River originated in Tibet and has a total length of nearly 4,909 kilometers. It is the twelfth long river in the world and flows through six countries including China, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam.

The Xayaburi Dam has an important turning point as the first dam in the mainstream downstream of the Mekong River. Some of the effects on the river are visible, and many are still brewing slowly, but they are not easy to detect. It is significant to pay attention to slow violence is that the small changes at the beginning are difficult to detect and easy to ignore. Slow violence is also difficult to represent to arouse public attention. When the huge ecological crisis and consequences emerge and the seriousness can be detected, it is already a situation that cannot be repaired.

Source:
1.https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210127-the-invisible-impact-of-slow-violence

2.Erle C, Ellis, Anthropocene : a very short introduction

3.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14672715.2011.570567?casa_token=MNAdXfSq-C4AAAAA%3AqiLsETcAPo1cSJUiL5hv7-uXHjewpdCNmXdvEqE23vkVgxvBSOM_fgOI_czQFIjUl1QoRjFhlV9GIw

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What is violence? At its most obvious, it is a bullet fired at flesh, a knee pushed into a neck, or a mob storming the Capitol. In law, it is criminal, domestic, sexual, alcohol-fuelled. On the battlefield, it is state-sanctioned. Often violence is understood by the adjectives appended to it: for some, it can be necessary or proportional, while for others, it is occasionally senseless, mostly brutal, never justified.

Yet there is another kind of violence that is nowhere near as visceral as the type described in news headlines and courtrooms. Called "slow violence", this is harm and damage that plays out over years or decades. The perpetrators may not be obvious, but the victims are. How, where and to whom does slow violence happen?
More from the Wise Words series:
The idea of slow violence can be traced back to the 1960s, though it wasn't called that back then. In 1969, the Norwegian sociologist Johan Galtung - known as the "father of peace studies" - argued that violence could be enacted by more than fists or weapons. Violence, he argued, could also be "structural".

For Galtung, this kind of violence happens when a society causes harm to its citizens and their property, often invisibly, through social or health inequalities, racism, sexism or another systemic means. The victims have foreshortened lives, and have suffered both bodily and psychologically. But while the impact is tangible, the blame is harder to pin down.

"Personal violence shows," Galtung wrote. "[It] represents change and dynamism - not only ripples on waves, but waves on otherwise tranquil waters. Structural violence is silent, it does not show - it is essentially static, it is the tranquil waters. In a static society, personal violence will be registered, whereas structural violence may be seen as about as natural as the air around us."

How does this violence remain unnoticed? One of the primary reasons is its pace.

This year marks a decade since the environmentalist and literary scholar Rob Nixon of Princeton University coined the term "slow violence". Like Galtung, he described a kind of violence that was structural, but he was the first to point out that it could also be experienced over many years, possibly even generations. It occurs "gradually and out of sight, a violence of delayed destruction that is dispersed across time and space, an attritional violence that is typically not viewed as violence at all," he wrote.

According to Nixon, slow violence can be found embedded within the "slowly unfolding environmental catastrophes" of long-term pollution, climate change or nuclear fallout. But it can also describe many kinds of harm that affect individuals and communities at a pace too slow to assign blame.

Like fast violence, people still suffer or even die, but the protagonists of the act are diffuse and often outside the reach of prosecution. Some of the blame might lie with an entire industry subtly polluting an ecosystem legally and collectively, while some blame may lie with a government policy written in a distant capital years before. The point is that slow violence does not always have a clear perpetrator.

"Slow violence provokes us to expand our imaginations of what constitutes harm. It insists we take seriously forms of violence that have, over time, become unmoored from their original causes," says geographer Thom Davies of the University of Nottingham, UK.

Davies studies what he describes as "toxic geographies" where such harm is clear to see. These places might be a refugee camp, a village embedded on a landfill, or the zone around Chernobyl. In 2019, he looked specifically at the case of "cancer alley" alongside the Mississippi River in Louisiana. This is one of the US's most polluted regions, and he found that the concept of slow violence provided a new lens to describe what he observed there.

"As you drive along the concrete interstates that rise above the swamps and bayous of south Louisiana, a metallic assemblage of catalytic crackers, reformers, visbreakers, and fractionating columns dot the horizon," Davies wrote in a journal article describing his ethnographic studies in the region. "The lower course of the Mississippi River hosts the densest cluster of chemical facilities in the Western Hemisphere."

In the nearby rural settlement of Freetown, Davies interviewed people about their experiences living so close to this industrial landscape. He describes how one resident, called Daisy (not her real name), has observed changes to her community playing out over years. "For seven decades she has witnessed the slow accumulation of pollution gradually impact the local area: the invasive chemical smells, the gossiped-accounts of elevated cancer rates, and the vegetation in her garden wilting where once it thrived. At times, she explained, 'the air is so full with gas you can hardly breathe'."

In cancer alley, the residents are often low-income black Americans. Freetown was once part of the Pedescleaux-Landry sugar plantation and was founded by former slaves. Daisy's family bought their land in the late 1800s. "It was beautiful to live here before they started putting those tanks and things," she told Davies. "It really was. It really was a nice place to live. Everything was all healthy."

In another Louisiana community, slow violence plays out in a different way, says Davies. On a narrow ridge of land called Isle de Jean Charles, the residents there are seeing the creeping impacts of climate change getting closer every year. "The levees of the Mississippi are being built up and up, and they're noticing that more and more water keeps getting into their homes and it's flooding," says Davies. "No one is going to drown, but it's slow, and psychologically that's extremely damaging." Slow violence, he argues, can be mental as well as physical.

A key point about this category of harm is that it is rooted in inequality. When Galtung was writing in the 1960s, he pointed out that such violence represented a curtailing of potential, where somebody is prevented from living a better life. The point is that it affects some, but not all, communities. Those with more privilege can escape it.

The nature of slow violence also means it tends to compound, with one type begetting another. One example might be the "John Henryism" effect, which BBC Future has written about earlier in this series. This is a theory proposing that the stresses that some communities go through to thrive in the face of inequality and racism can lead to worse-than-average cardiovascular health problems. Many low-income residents of the Baton Rouge area of Louisiana have also been disproportionately affected by the Covid-19 pandemic, says Davies.

Slow violence might be too incremental to make headlines or provoke outrage, but Davies cautions that it is not hidden to everyone. Nixon described it as "spectacle deficient" and "uncinematic", which is true. But totally unseen? It depends on who is looking.

"If you look at the lived experience of people who are exposed to slow violence, they can notice the incremental changes that are happening to their ecosystems and environment," he says. While it happens over the spans of decades or generations, those who have lived it can describe it well enough. So, while slow violence may not have an obvious perpetrator, and its pace may make it difficult to record, punish or litigate - what matters is that it is always felt.
*Richard Fisher is a senior journalist for BBC Future and tweets Welcome to If you liked this story, sign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter, called "The Essential List". A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday. , a BBC Future series that aims to boost the vocabulary we use to describe a rapidly evolving world. We'll uncover lesser-known words and phrases that label previously hidden phenomena, guided by the belief that novel language can unlock novel understanding.

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The unseen 'slow violence' that affects millions

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What is violence? At its most obvious, it is a bullet fired at flesh, a knee pushed into a neck, or a mob storming the Capitol. In law, it is criminal, domestic, sexual, alcohol-fuelled. On the battlefield, it is state-sanctioned.

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Pau Wai Ying Box 2

建造水壩對自然的代價 Costs of damming a river

影片精華內容：

1.阻礙沉澱物、營養和自然物質

2.水壩並非真正「潔淨」的可再生能源，水壩的蓄水池淹蓋有機物時，會產生溫室氣體，例如二氧化碳和甲烷。

3.阻礙魚類搬移到上游產卵，即使興建魚類通道，魚類未必能成功通過，通道也並非適合所有品種，效用非常低。

4.三分之二的河流都興建了水壩

Costs of damming a river

Highlights of the video:

1. Obstruct sediments, nutrients and natural substances

2.Hydroelectricity are not "clean". When the reservoirs of dams are covered with organic matter, greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane are produced.

3. It blocks fish migration. Even if a fish channel is built, fish may not be able to pass successfully, and the channel is not suitable for all species.

4. Two-thirds of the rivers in the world have built dams

source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XfJdTCmkoaA

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The TRUE Costs of Damming Our Rivers | Earth Explained!

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The documentary filmed by Arre in 2016 has raised the concerns of citizens from Delhi that they are breathing poisons and the future is at stake.

Arre 在 2016 年拍攝的紀錄片描繪出德里市民的擔憂，他們認為自己正活在毒氣之下，下一代更是岌岌可危。

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Death By Breath | Full Documentary | An Arre Indian Express Original

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紀錄片：「謊言背後——Xayaburi 與 Poyry」Xayaburi and Poyry: What lies behind			

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紀錄片：「謊言背後——Xayaburi 與 Poyry」Xayaburi and Poyry: What lies behind			

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這是一套由芬蘭NGO Siemenpuu Foundation所拍攝的紀錄片，主要是分析Poyry公司作為重大持份者對於Xayaburi大壩的影響，以及老撾政府與泰國公司對他們自身的「洗白」。

Rob Nixon曾言，要如何在資訊發達的社會中，有效地使用生動、形象化的方式再現（Pepresentation）慢暴力（Slow Violence）的影響，是最具挑戰性的工作。這套紀錄片是由芬蘭的環境運動人士的角度出現，訪問了不同界別、國藉的人，去重朔Xayaburi大壩興建的事件，再現「謊言背後」的真相。

This is a documentary which is about the relationship between the Xayaburi dam and Poyry filmed by a Finnish NGO, the Siemenpuu Foundation. The producer interviewed various stakeholders especially the people who live nearby the Mekong river, aiming its sights at the conflicts of interest apparent.

By Wu Shuk Yu

Link:
https://www.cultureunplugged.com/documentary/watch-online/play/53186/Xayaburi-and-P--yry--What-Lies-Behind

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Synopsis
A critical activist documentary that exposes some of the spin, contradictions and barely disguised lies that have been utilised in justifying the construction of the first mainstream dam on the Mekong River outside of China, namely the Xayaburi Hydropower project in Laos. Produced by a Finnish NGO, the Siemenpuu Foundation, the film follows a well-trodden approach to covering the story of the dam's development from inception through planning to construction, focusing on the seminal role of the Finnish engineering company Pöyry. A coalition of civil society groups file a claim with the Finnish government about alleged conflicts of interests by Pöyry, as it works simultaneously for the government of Laos and the project's Thai corporate owners to whitewash multiple governance malpractices and design deficiencies. The case is narrated through a series of interviews with civil society critics and villagers in Thailand who stand to be impacted by the project or have past experience of impacts from existing dams. Interviews are interspersed with footage from international news media reports of the controversial dam and archive footage of a threatened river-based life enjoyed by communities, in particular the central role of fisheries to their culture and livelihoods. Electricity from the dam is to be exported to Thailand's power grid, with Thai civil society taking a lead role in publicly opposing the project, in stark contrast to the enforced silence of Lao villagers living in the shadow of the dam. The 40 minute film was made in 2013 and the Xayaburi dam was completed in 2019, with all indications showing that many of the critics' predictions about serious social and environmental impacts are in the process of materialising, even as new large dams are being planned and built, upstream and down.
Critical Assessment of documentary
The film does not pretend to take a strictly academic approach to the subject of Pöyry's role in the Xayaburi dam, but rather it is an example of activist documentary making, aiming its sights at the conflicts of interest apparent, by allowing interviewed informants to reveal them. The background narrative of the dam's history is provided by simple sub-titles and news clips that inform the viewer of the development context of Laos as the host nation, how the transboundary dam was justified, the main actors involved, some of the relevant governance processes called upon and how these were used or abused to ensure construction. In essence it is a study of power relations unfolding between state, corporate and civil society actors in a complex waterscape (Molle et al, 2009), without need to reference underlying theory or concepts. Such an approach would be superlative and would likely lose much of the audience that this documentary is aimed at, who presumably would be other civil society advocates interested in the Mekong Region (or more widely in Asia?), and perhaps those curious about how corporate giants like Pöyry, as a flagship enterprise of a wealthy European nation with an exemplary reputation for good governance and corporate social responsibility (Salminen and Ikkola-Norrbacka, 2010), can profit without sanction at the expense of marginalised peoples and the environment in a poor developing nation like Laos, lacking fundamental democratic rights, transparency or accountability by state institutions (Sims, 2017).

The film-makers are scrupulous in interviewing a wide cross-section of critical informants drawn from different backgrounds, including an international fishery scientist with Worldfish, a Thai journalist who visited the Xayaburi dam site incognito, the Southeast Asian Director of International Rivers, a representative from Siemenpuu Foundation, an American ichthyologist, a Canadian academic with vast experience of regional dam development, a couple of Thai environmental activists and a handful of villagers; but neglect to present a single interview with a dam proponent. These alternative actors might have included representatives of the agencies of the Thai, Finnish or Lao government, the multiple financiers involved, the Mekong River Commission (MRC) river basin organisation nominally charged with responsibility for equitably and sustainably managing the basin's water and natural resources, an executive of Ch Karnchang company, the main contractor and dam operator from Thailand, or some of the technical consultants directly employed on the project. In their defence, the producers do state that multiple requests for interview were made to Pöyry, but no response was forthcoming. But this does not explain the lacuna of the other absent voices, as it would have added a semblance of balance and allowed the viewer to form their own conclusions regarding arguments for the dam, the decision-making process applied or any defence for the environmental mitigation accoutrements, especially the fish ladder.

Indeed, it is the fish pass that emerges as the single most contentious part of the entire dam design, while other technical aspects scarcely warrant a mention. This focus is based on sound reasoning, given the overwhelming importance of fisheries for livelihoods and protein derived from living aquatic resources for sustaining the majority of the rural population of the four countries of the Lower Mekong Basin (Ziv et al. 2012). The Mekong Basin holds the single largest freshwater fishery on earth, producing some 2.3 million tonnes per annum in 2015 and comprised of over 1,100 fish species basinwide, mostly based on capture of migratory species (MRC, 2019). Pöyry was hired by the government of Laos to conduct a "compliance review", detailing the degree to which the dam design conformed with MRC recommendations following a Procedures for Notification, Prior Consultation and Agreement (PNPCA) process, a mandatory requirement for any such transboundary dam projects under the 1995 Mekong Agreement (Middleton and Pritchard, 2016). At the same time, Pöyry was hired by the developer, Ch Karnchang to become technical engineering consultants for the dam project, opening up an immediate conflict of interest. The Worldfish scientist, Eric Baran, pointed out the glaring disconnect between the technical content of the Pöyry Compliance Report which found that at least eight out of 29 design guidance recommendations made by MRC itself had not been met (Worldfish's own review was of the opinion that only four points had been satisfied overall), while the Executive Summary for policy makers concluded that the dam design was in overall agreement with the MRC guidance and recommended that construction proceed. Baran believes the Executive Summary to be "dishonest". Ame Trandem of International Rivers describes Pöyry as a "hired gun" for Laos. Meanwhile, veteran Mekong fish expert, Tyson Roberts, outlines in detail why the fish pass described by Pöyry as "state of the art" is destined to fail, based on his long experience of studying the Pak Mun dam fish ladder in Thailand and other salient deficiencies related to design.

A June 2012 formal complaint by 15 civil society groups submitted to Finland's Ministry of Employment and Economy, claiming that Pöyry had breached the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises through its conduct over the Xayaburi Dam development and its actions contravened the spirit of the 1995 Mekong Agreement. The complaint was rejected the following year. According to civil society critics, this decision raised suspicions about the legitimacy, transparency and impartiality of the process among observers, a view reiterated by the Finnish government's own overseas development minister. For the present reviewer, a pivotal scene from the film is a panel discussion held at the Foreign Correspondents Club of Thailand (FCCT) in Bangkok, that includes Daovong Phonekeo, Director-General of the Department of Energy Policy and Planning in Laos, with regulatory oversight for all hydropower development in the country. When questioned about the ongoing investigation in Finland concerning the role of Pöyry in Xayaburi, Daovong shrugs his shoulders and simply says with a smirk on his face, "yes?", as if to imply "so what? Do you think I care?". The audience laughs nervously, perhaps sensing for a brief moment the performativity of the scene and realising that a lead actor's mask has just slipped, allowing the audience to recognise what lies beneath, or what lies behind, to borrow from the film's title. Lohmann (2006, p. 156), describing a remarkably similar scene at a seminar in the late 1990s to discuss another controversial dam in Thailand, likens such on-stage accidental slips by performers to "a fragmentary glimpse of the multiple theatre of power in which development unfolds".

The latest FCCT discussion may be interpreted as little more than a feigned display of openness to the idea of participation and transparency by a senior representative of an authoritarian regime that has a well-deserved reputation for serious human rights abuses, including the routine jailing of political dissidents and several state enforced disappearances in recent years (United States Department of State, 2018). It is little wonder, therefore, that no Lao villagers were interviewed for the documentary. The notion that an investigation on the other side of the world into the Lao government's favoured technical consultant could derail the Xayaburi project already two years into construction, was evidently preposterous to the Director-General.

Since the documentary was made, Laos has completed another Mekong mainstream dam in southern Laos in 2019, has conducted more PNPCA's and is in the process of advanced project preparation for building three more mainstream dams, plus scores more large dams are destined for its tributaries. This suggests the scripted Xayaburi dam episode merely emboldened the government's resolve to forge ahead with its hydraulic mission at whatever cost to society and the environment. While such films can be illuminating to those not overly familiar with the context, in practice they make little or no difference to the hydraulic development paradigm unfolding across the Mekong region, which appears to be largely driven by an elite's visceral need for more dam infrastructure and the attendant financial rewards, rather than any real underlying demand for the energy they may, or may not, generate. However, the documentary could serve a useful purpose in the future, should an "Ecocide Law" ever be adopted by the International Criminal Court (Higgins et al. 2103), and corporations such as Poyry are held to account for their part in profiting from the anticipated collapse of the Mekong's aquatic ecosystem.
References
Higgins, P., D. Short, and N. South. 2013. Protecting the Planet: A Proposal for a Law of Ecocide, Crime, Law and Social Change 59, no. 3 (2013) 251-66.

Lohmann, L. 2006. "Activism, Expertise, Commons." Development Dialogue. 1 (June 2006): 149-181.

Mekong River Commission (MRC) 2019. State of the Basin Report 2018. Mekong River Commission, Vientiane, Lao PDR.

Middleton, C. and A. Pritchard. 2016. Arenas of Water Justice on Transboundary Rivers: A Case Study of the Xayaburi Dam, Laos. Water Governance Dynamics in the Mekong Region. D. J. H. Blake and L. Robins. Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Strategic Information and Research Development Centre: 59-91.

Molle, F., T. Foran, and M. Kakonen. 2009. Introduction: Changing Waterscapes in the Mekong Region - Historical Background and Context. Contested Waterscapes in the Mekong Region: Hydropower, Livelihoods and Governance. F. Molle, T. Foran and M. Kakonen. London, Earthscan: 1-19.

Salminen, A. and Ikola‐Norrbacka, R. 2010. "Trust, good governance and unethical actions in Finnish public administration", International Journal of Public Sector Management, Vol. 23 No. 7, pp. 647-668.

Sims, K. 2017. "More Growth, Less Freedom? Charting Development Pathways in Lao PDR". In National Security, Statecentricity, and Governance in East Asia. B. Howe. Cham, Palgrave Macmillan.

United States Department of State. 2018. Laos 2017 Human Rights Report. Washington D.C., Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, United States Department of State: 24.

Ziv, G., E. Baran, S. Nam, I. Rodriguez-Iturbe, S.A. Levin. 2012. "Trading-off fish biodiversity, food security, and hydropower in the Mekong River Basin." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109(15): 5609-5614.

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Synopsis A critical activist documentary that exposes some of the spin, contradictions and barely disguised lies that have been utilised in justifying the construction of the first mainstream dam on the Mekong River outside of China, namely the Xayaburi Hydropower project in Laos. Produced by a Finn...

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In this project, we are going to present the issue we have discovered about the Mekong River. As there are too many environmental issue going on in the Mekong, we are going to focus on the issue of Xayaburi Dam, why is it controversial and what environmental issue has it brought to the Mekong. Hence, how does the villagers from the Mekong and people all around the world react and represent the incident to other people?

在這個項目中，我們將展示我們所發現的關於湄公河的問題。由於湄公河周遭涉及的環境議題實在太多，所以我們會重點討論沙耶武里大壩的問題：為什麼會引起爭議？以及它給湄公河帶來了什麼環境問題？繼而，湄公河的村民和世界各地的人們如何反應並向其他人再現這一事件？

We have divided the research into four aspects, please read the information according to the following colour, that would give you a more complete concept in the certain perspectives:

我們將會把我們的研究分為四個方面，請按照以下顏色閱讀資料，這樣可以在某些角度上給您一個更完整的概念：

Blue: General background informations about the Xayaburi Dam/ the other dams Laos has constructed in their 'Battery of Asia' plan
Orange: Political impact and issues brought by the dams
Green: Environmental issue and slow violence brought to the nature
Purple: Cultural perspectives on how people uses culture as voicing power

藍色：關於沙耶武里大壩/老撾在「亞洲電池」計劃中建造的其他大壩的一般背景信息
橙色：大壩帶來的政治影響和問題
綠色：給自然帶來的環境問題和緩慢的暴力
紫色：關於人們如何使用文化作為發聲力的文化觀點

Groupmates 組員:
Wu Shuk Yu 胡淑瑜
Pau Wai Ying 鮑暐凝
Kwan Lok Sum 關樂心
Wong Cheuk Ni Cherie 黃卓妮

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Don Sahong Dam in Si Phan Don/ 在四千美島東沙洪水電站

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Don Sahong Dam has started to construct since Jan 2016, owned by Laos government and executed by a Malaysia company, the Mega First Corporation Berhad. It does not cover the entire mainstream like Xayaburi Dam, it only covers one of the channel within the mainstream. The dam is located between less than 2 kilometers upstream of the  Laos-Cambodia border. When the dam is finished, the electricity would mainly manipulate to Thailand and Cambodia.

東沙洪水電站自 2016 年 1 月開始建設，由老撾政府所有，由馬來西亞公司 Mega First Corporation Berhad 執行。它不像沙耶武里大壩那樣覆蓋整個主流，它只覆蓋主流中的一個通道。大壩位於老柬邊境上游不到2公里處。大壩建成後，電力將主要輸送到泰國和柬埔寨。

Reference: https://www.mrcmekong.org/news-and-events/consultations/pnpca-prior-consultations/don-sahong-hydropower-project/

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Drought in Lampang, Northern Thailand 在泰國北部的南邦府發生的旱災

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Drought in Lampang, Northern Thailand 在泰國北部的南邦府發生的旱災

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The construction of dams has affected the water level, which caused a serious drought all over Mekong region, especially in northern Thailand. There are 22 out of 76 provinces that are facing severe drought issue.

大壩的建設影響了水位，導致整個湄公河地區，特別是泰國北部發生嚴重干旱。 76個省中有22個面臨嚴重干旱問題。

Reference: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/3/30/thailand-hit-by-its-worst-drought-in-decades

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The construction of dams is causing serious drought in Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia and northern Thailand. That the water are kept by the dam, which has lowered the water level of the Mekong River. Besides, in 2019, it is the year that the Mekong region having the least rainfall, so many places are facing severe drought. Not only the fishermen could not catch fishes, but also causing heavily damaging the mother earth.

因為建設水壩，老撾、越南、柬埔寨和泰國北部都受到影響，引發嚴重的干旱。水被大壩擋住了，導致湄公河的水位降低。此外，2019年是湄公河地區降雨量最少的一年，所以多處都面臨著嚴重的干旱。漁民不僅無法捕魚，而且對地球造成了嚴重的破壞。

reference: https://www.voanews.com/a/east-asia-pacific_laos-presses-ahead-4-more-mekong-dams-amid-drought/6199496.html

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Urging the Thai government not to buy electricities from Laos 敦促泰國政府不要從老撾購買電力

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Urging the Thai government not to buy electricities from Laos 敦促泰國政府不要從老撾購買電力

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Xayaburi Dam were planned to be completed by October 2019, and many NGOs, activists and environmentalist had made a petition, to urge the Thai government not to buy electricities from the Laos. The construction of dam has already caused severe drought in northern Thailand, and the migration and supplies of fishes are also seriously being affected. Therefore the conservation group WWF had also called for delaying the project until further studies of the environment could be evaluated.

沙耶武里大壩計劃於 2019 年 10 月完工，許多非政府組織、活動家和環保人士已提交請願書，敦促泰國政府不要從老撾購買電力。大壩的建設已經在泰國北部造成嚴重干旱，魚類的洄游和供應也受到嚴重影響。因此，保護組織 WWF 也呼籲推遲該項目，直到對環境的進一步研究進行評估。

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BANGKOK (AFP) - The Thai government must suspend plans to buy electricity from a dam in Laos, conservationists said on Friday (July 26), as water levels along the kingdom's section of Mekong river plummet to near-record lows.

The Thai-built Xayaburi dam, a few hours from the northern Laos town of Luang Prabang, is set to be completed in October, the latest in a welter of barriers across the waterway.

It has been cloaked in controversy since construction began in 2012, with environmentalists raising alarm about its likely impact on the Mekong's fish species, ecosystem and water levels.

The Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) has agreed to buy 95 per cent of the electricity generated by the dam once it comes online later this year.

But on Friday, activists from Thailand's Mekong provinces issued a petition to the supreme administrative court calling for "an urgent temporary order" to halt EGAT's plans.

The plea comes as northern Thailand is hit by a severe drought due to late monsoon rains and low water levels in the Mekong.

The petition said current river levels in the area were in "critical condition".

"The reduction of water is a result of the storing water to generate electricity by Xayaburi dam," it added.

Last week, the Mekong River Commission, an inter-governmental group, said river levels in June and July had dropped to "among the lowest on record".

There was no immediate comment from CH Karnchang, the Thai company building the Xayaburi dam.

The dam is expected to produce 1,220 megawatts of electricity when it comes fully online in October.

Conservation group WWF has said fish migration and food supplies would be disrupted and has called for the project to be delayed until further impact studies are carried out.

Landlocked and impoverished Laos has ploughed ahead with ambitious dam building projects, setting its sights on becoming "the battery of Asia".

But its Mekong neighbours Vietnam, Thailand and Laos have all raised concerns about the downriver impact of Laos' outsized hydro power ambitions.

The cost of the dam building frenzy was laid bare last year when a massive hydropower project collapsed in southern Laos, submerging large swathes of land and killing dozens.

International Rivers said this month that 5,000 people remain homeless and confined to threadbare camps a year after the disaster.

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Thai govt urged not to buy power from Laos dam

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BANGKOK (AFP) - The Thai government must suspend plans to buy electricity from a dam in Laos, conservationists said on Friday (July 26), as water levels along the kingdom's section of Mekong river plummet to near-record lows.. Read more at straitstimes.com.

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為什麼香港人要關注湄公河水壩事件？ Why do HongKongese need to pay high attention to Mekong issues?  

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為什麼香港人要關注湄公河水壩事件？ Why do HongKongese need to pay high attention to Mekong issues?  

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可能大家都知道泰國是香港最大的食米進口國，但第二大的又知道嗎？根據香港工業貿易署於2020年發表的報告顯示，泰國進口香米佔52.3%，其次是越南29.7%，緊接是柬埔寨的9.4%，湄公河下游的三國供應本港近9成的大米資源。倘若下游國發生任何水資源危機，香港人還有米食嗎？

水壩議題造成的生態影響與香港人的關係遠比你想像中近。水力發電站是利用由高處流下的水的動能發電，向下湧瀉的河水推動渦輪機及發電機，將動能轉化成機械能，然後變為電能。然而，推動大型水壩需要的水量龐大，故不少國家會選擇儲水，令泄洪時產生的動能更大。但根提國際媒體《路透社》及《紐約時報》，相繼報導一項最新調查研究指出，因中國在全長約 4,350 公里的湄公河上游、中國稱為「瀾滄江」的河段，大肆興建水壩截斷河流，導致下游的緬甸、泰國、寮國、柬埔寨、越南等國遭受嚴重旱災。在這些下游國家，部分河流甚至完全乾凅，露出龜裂的河床。依據衛星資料顯示，去年湄公河在泰國的河段，創下 50 多年來最低水位。然而，湄公河下游國亦打算在下流河再興建更多大型水壩，情況只會日趨惡化。

河水乾旱，影響了整個湄公河下游居民的漁業、農業活動。魚，失去了流動的河水。米，失去了灌溉的清泉。於去年 7 月，泰國政府以乾旱為由，要求農民推遲種植水稻，以節約水資源。但雨季期間，水庫的水位仍然甚低，政府更於本年初部署軍隊，為 11 個嚴重旱災府份建造 399 口地下水井，並為 43 個受影響府份居民供水。初步估計，泰國本年度的淡季稻米生產量，將急降 40 至 54%。在2020年末時，香港曾經湧現一陣搶米潮，說是越南米商決定暫停出口米至香港，雖後來撤回，但如果是真的，我們又可以如何？湄公河乾旱，農業受到影響，誰又能確保大米的供應穩定？糧食危機的出現，只是時間問題，香港人又怎可置身事外？

According to the HKSAR report, Hong Kong imported over 90% of rice from Thailand, Vietnam, and Cambodia, coming from the Lower Mekong Basin. What if food shortages happened in the Lower Mekong Basin? Can Hongkonger live without imported rice from them?

Hydro-power stations use a large dam to store river water in a reservoir. Water released from the reservoir flows through a turbine, spinning it, which in turn activates a generator to produce electricity. However, it causes a serious problem. When the dam blocks the water from the upper part of the Mekong basin, the Lower part regions do not have enough water to irrigate their farmland.

Thailand already has the grave problem of drought. Last year, the Thai government restricted the policy of water usage and forced the farmer to postpone the plantation of rice because of the drought. Preliminary estimates the first season of harvest of rice is going to decline 40%-54%. Hong Kong is depending on the Mekong river to offer us food. If the LMB countries can not export the rice to Hong Kong, what can we eat? The Mekong issue is not an 'other side' problem for Hong Kong people, it is related to our daily life, even threatening our daily life. How can we ignore it?

Resources:
https://www.tid.gov.hk/tc_chi/import_export/nontextiles/nt_rice/monthly_rice.html

https://www.hk01.com/%E8%B2%A1%E7%B6%93%E5%BF%AB%E8%A8%8A/355015/%E8%B2%A1%E7%B6%93%E9%BB%9E%E7%9D%9B-%E6%B3%B0%E5%9C%8B%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E6%9C%80%E4%B9%BE%E6%97%B1-%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E7%B1%B2%E8%BE%B2%E6%B0%91%E6%9A%AB%E5%81%9C%E7%A8%AE%E6%96%B0%E7%B1%B3-%E7%B1%B3%E5%83%B9%E6%88%96%E6%9C%83%E8%B2%B4

By Wu Shuk Yu

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大紀元時報 香港｜獨立敢言的良心媒體

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隨着中共病毒全球擴散，多個國家亦掀搶購糧食及日用品大潮，糧食的需求備受注意。2月香港出現搶米搶洗手液等現象，只持續短時間就消失。不過近日又再出現搶米，據報道，27日，荃灣一間百佳超市米架出現接近清空的情況，一些受歡迎的熱門牌子被購買一空，接連第二天，天水圍、北角區的超級市場也有食米被搶購的現象。有媒體追蹤了解，發現傳聞指泰國因疫情將暫停出口大米，緊張的氣氛再度引發新一波的搶米潮。

泰國沒有停止出口米

關於泰國將暫停出口大米，香港米行商會理事長陳建年向媒體表示，消息來源毫無根據，強調目前食米仍充足，呼籲市民切勿盲目搶購。

越南米在本港進口量達25.5%，是第二大來源，僅次泰國。最近因為疫情，越南政府於24日一度暫停食米出口，為確保越南的糧食安全，並於25日宣佈會停止簽署新的大米出口合約，最少至28日。

香港時刻存最少一個月食米糧

香港糧油供應商「通泰行」負責人李豐年表示，如果越南政府只是停止簽署出口大米的新合約，對香港進口越南大米並不會有影響，又指在工業貿業署的規管下，本港在任何時候存有最少一個月用量的食米，呼籲市民勿恐慌搶米。

李豐年補充，工貿署嚴格規管本港食米儲存量，「即使真的沒有越南米入口，米商都要即刻找其它來源地，例如泰國米、中國米或者柬埔寨米，去補充入口量」。

香港陳記食品集團董事長陳勇前表示，食米是本港唯一法定儲備商品。陳勇前稱，由於大米入口數目須每季向工貿署申報，故料未來兩個月供應仍會持續穩定，但受疫情影響，形勢天天在變，兩個月後情況未知，須視乎泰越兩地政府的決策。

未來米價會略升

陳勇前分析，越南暫停大米新合約消息傳出後，越南米價已升約一成。而泰國當地過去一年天氣不穩，「大水災後再大旱災，影響收成」，故泰國米成本價貴約三成，亦傳聞泰政府正考慮管制大米出口。預計未來大米價格有機會略升。

根據本港工業貿易署公佈的香港食米進口數字，越南大米佔本港全部進口米的四分之一，僅次於泰國米。在2020年首兩個月，香港一共進口53,300公噸食米，其中以泰國米最多，共有28,300公噸，佔全部進口米的53.1%。而食米第二大來源地已是越南，共進口13,600公噸，佔25.5%。若以2019年全年計，越南米佔全港進口米比例高達三成。

另外，泰國擔憂因中共肺炎疫情，致雞蛋需求量近日大增，於26日宣佈禁止雞蛋出口7天，以確保國內雞蛋供應充足，並稱禁令或會延長。泰國每天雞蛋產量約四千萬顆，疫情爆發後，由於不少人大量購買和囤積，需求量在近幾天上升了3倍，造成雞蛋供應短缺。@

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泰國蛋停出口7天 越南米暫停出口 香港再現搶米潮

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隨着中共病毒全球擴散，多個國家亦掀搶購糧食及日用品大潮，糧食的需求備受注意。2月香港出現搶米搶洗手液等現象，只持續短時間就消失。不過近日又再出現搶米，據報道，27日，荃灣一間百佳超市米架出現接近清空的情況，一些受歡迎的熱門牌子被購買一空，接連第二天，天水圍、北角區的超級市場也有食米被搶購的現象。有媒體追蹤了解，發現傳聞指泰國因疫情將暫停出口大米，緊張的氣氛再度引發新一波的搶米潮。 ...

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山西臨汾二氧化硫嚴重超標事件

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山西臨汾二氧化硫嚴重超標事件

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By Cherry

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你聽說過湄公河嗎？你知道湄公河的位置嗎？了解她的正在面臨的挑戰與危機嗎？你可以在未閱讀任何資料前試玩一次，或是全部閱讀後測試一次自己對湄公河議題的了解。

Do you know what the Mekong river is? Do you know the location of the Mekong? Do you understand what challenges and crises she is facing? Let's join the quiz, and enhance your knowledge of the Mekong Dam problem.

這是一個無獎問答遊戲，只是真誠地希望你在閱讀過我們組對於湄公河Xayaburi Dam的介紹後，可以對湄公河生態系統有更多了解。了解慢暴力；了解人類世；了解到我們自身的不作為，從而逐少逐少地改變自己的生活習慣。無論在世界何方，只要我們改變或停止對環境的傷害，我們仍然可以令「家」變得更好。共勉之。
This is a game without any reward, though you get full marks. However, we sincerely hope our performances can raise your awareness of the Mekong issues. Through our presentation, hope you can learn the concept of slow violence, know the Anthropocene generation that we live in, reflect on our daily habits how we hurt the environment. And, change it, stop it. We still can make our home better.

By Wu Shuk Yu

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Join Slido: Enter #code to vote and ask questions

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Participate in a live poll, quiz or Q&A. No login required.

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中國華北地區與山西空氣污染狀況

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中國華北地區與山西空氣污染狀況

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By Cherry

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By Cherry

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By Cherry

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(CL)

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Art Wall here!

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藻類大量繁殖與潛在危機

Pau Wai Ying Box 4

藻類大量繁殖與潛在危機

當河水水位下降、透明度高及流速下降，陽光更容易穿過水面，為藻類提供適合的生存條件。藻類異常大量繁殖就會堵塞魚網，令漁民難以捕魚。這只是短暫的即時可見影響，其後還可以發生更多災害。例如滋生出更多種類的藻類，當中有些品種會具毒性。例如淡水藍綠藻會形成紅潮的水域。有些藻類會產生一種或數種藻毒，例如微囊藻類。這些藻毒往往透過食物鏈蓄積於魚、 貝類等水生動物體內，人類常因攝食帶有藻毒的魚貝類而中毒。

Algae blooms and potential effect

When the water level of the river drops and transparency is high. Sunlight will pass through the water easily, providing suitable living conditions for the algae, and they will multiply quickly. It will block the fishing net and affect the lives of fishermen. Later, more types of algae will grow. Blue-green algae can form red tide waters. Also, some algae will produce one algal toxin or several types of algae at the same time, such as Microcystis. These algae toxins often accumulate in fish, shellfish and other aquatic animals through the food chain. Humans are often poisoned by ingesting fish and shellfish with algae toxins.

1. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mekong-river-idUSKBN1Z919K

2. 吳俊宗《藻類與環境》

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中国山西省煤礦業 (1)

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by Carol

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https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1i44y1t7Jx/?spm_id_from=333.788.recommend_more_video.-1

影片和圖片拍攝於今年10月，紀錄了山西朔州懷仁到大同左雲的路途上居民的生活環境

By Cherry

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【人類世】
印度國土內孕育了很多不同的物種，單單就新德里而言，現今就已經因為空氣污染，而造成有25,000種動物成為瀕臨動物。如蝴蝶、豪豬。

氣候變化亦會令到本身居住在特定棲息地的動物需要遷徙，而遷徙亦會更進一步地影響當地自然生態中的食物鏈。

愈來愈多的瀕臨動物物種，加上因為空氣污染而造成的氣候問題，再加上受到氣候問題而遷徙的動物，對環境造成一個影響力極深遠的生態影響，為一個惡性巡環。

人類因為過度發展而犧牲環境、生態圈，造成難以逆轉的生態浩劫。我們正式進入人類世。

NICHOLAS

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【慢性暴力】
每年印度均有250萬人因為空氣污染而造成間接或直接死亡。

空氣污染問題更為印度的下一代造成嚴重問題，例如是先天性身體缺陷。根據參考，印度最新一年的新生嬰兒有四分之一患有過輕問題。

慢暴力被定義為一種發生緩慢、以被人忽略的威脅所造成的一種俱損耗性的暴力。當中亦強調這種暴力為"視線以外"（out of sight）。
但透過印度的現時情況，慢暴力已經由被動的視線以外（out of sight），轉化為主動的"被剝奪的視野"（deprived sight）。正如印度的現時處境，空氣污染情況問題非常嚴重，即使主動地想看清情況，卻會因為空氣太過渾濁，使環境的真實情況不能被清晰看見。

NICHOLAS

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印度北方邦杰汉吉尔布尔邮政编码: 203141

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【使用煤炭所帶來的影響】
環境：
（1）空氣污染
透過開採煤礦以及發動熱能發電機均會產生大量的空氣污染物
（2）氣候影響
大量的二氧化碳排放將會加劇全球暖化
人類：
（1）由燃煤所釋放到空氣中的毒素會提高人類患上呼吸道疾病、心血管疾、以及腦血管疾病的風險
（2）受影響的空氣質素亦會影響人的生活質素以及心理健康

NICHOLAS

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印度北方邦乔达摩菩提那加尔县

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【為什麼使用煤炭？】
煤炭產業鏈：印度的煤炭產業鏈承繼着多達四百萬人的生活，由開採、運輸、到煤炭發電廠的運作內也養活了很多印度人口。
沒有選擇的餘地：印度國土面積廣闊，國家發展出現地域性差異，一些低度發展地區仍然需要倚賴最簡單的燒煤作電力來源。

【燃煤是怎樣產生電力？】
開採方法：地面 / 地下
熱能發電機：透過燃煤產生熱力，以生產電力。
副產品：透過燃煤產生電力的過程中，將會產生大量的二氧化碳排放，以及污水。

NICHOLAS

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【背景】
印度是全球第七大面積的國家，面積達320萬多平方公里。

印度亦擁有全球第二高人口，截止2021年12月1日的數據，人口達13.9億人，非常接近中國的人口。

而印度的人均GDP，則落於每年1900美金的位置，排名全球第128。
【煤炭使用概況】
印度亦擁有全球第二多正在運行的煤炭發電廠，而於印度國土內，煤炭為最重要以及蘊藏量最多的化石燃料，以燒煤作電力供應提供了印度55%的能量來源。
【空氣質素概況】

印度於2020年的AQI 空氣質素（air quality index）為141，全球排名第三。PM 2.5數量亦超出世界衛生組織所建議的五倍。
【問題意識】
既然煤炭為印度帶來嚴重的空氣污染，印度為何仍然需要倚賴煤炭呢？

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Jalan Tanpa Nama, Kensuray, Kec. Kalis, Kabupaten Kapuas Hulu, Kalimantan Barat 78756印度尼西亚

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You may share your thoughts, responses to other posts, or even post your questions. Let's enjoying communicating here together with people who wants to create a better world.

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印度尼西亚西加里曼丹塞卡道

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Jalan Tanpa Nama, Kumpang Ilong, Kec. Belitang Hulu, Kabupaten Sekadau, Kalimantan Barat 79587印度尼西亚

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有災民批評政府「遺棄」災民，寧願把資源投放到東京奧運促進經濟，「政府不應利用奧運去掩飾核災」。
很多住在東京的人以為核災已過去，他對此不意外。
有人也批評政府和主流媒體都淡化核災，災民即使是談論自己的悲慘遭遇也不容易。

伊佐純子（Junko Isogai）是少數敢於站出來訴說遭遇的女性災民，她兩名女兒在核災後出現流鼻血、身體出疹等問題，2012年舉家搬到新潟縣居住，發起運動反對東京電力公司重啟新潟縣的柏崎刈羽核電站，以免其他人跟她一樣遭受惡運。她2020年嘗試競逐新潟縣議會議席，但被一些男人質問為何要參選，「你只是一個女人」，議會內90%議席都是由男性佔據。

敢於發聲的災民如河野純男和伊佐純子，更遭到網路欺凌，河野說︰「我知道我一直是網上欺凌的對象，但是我只是要告訴你有關核災的事實。我不斷談論在福島真實發生的事，如果我不說，政府會掩蓋所有事情。」

Some victims criticized the government for "abandoning" the victims, preferring to invest resources in the Tokyo Olympics to promote the economy. "The government should not use the Olympics to cover up the nuclear disaster."
Many people living in Tokyo think that the nuclear disaster is over, and he is not surprised.
Some people also criticized the government and mainstream media for downplaying the nuclear disaster, and it is not easy for the victims to talk about their tragic experiences.

Junko Isogai is one of the few female victims who dared to stand up and tell the story. Her two daughters suffered from nosebleeds and body rashes after the nuclear disaster. In 2012, the family moved to Niigata Prefecture to live in and launched a campaign against Tokyo Electric Power Company. Restart the Kashiwazaki Karawa Nuclear Power Plant in Niigata Prefecture to prevent others from suffering the same bad luck as her. She tried to compete for seats in the Niigata prefectural assembly in 2020 but was questioned by some men why she was elected, "You are just a woman," and 90% of the seats in the assembly are occupied by men.

The victims who dared to speak up, such as Juno Kono and Junko Isa, were even more bullied by the Internet. Kono said, "I know I have been a target of online bullying, but I just want to tell you the facts about the nuclear disaster. I keep talking about being in Fukushima. If I don’t tell the truth about what happened, the government will cover up everything.”

Reference: https://tw.appledaily.com/international/20210311/NDKA5NY66FA5XEBR4DG2NEL4TM/

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當年為避難移居他鄉的災民至今仍飽受歧視，甚至有學童因遭到「核避難欺凌」而造成難以磨滅的心理創傷。最新調查發現，有三分之二的避難者曾面對滋擾或歧視，情況令人擔憂。

一名來自福島災區的母親對《路透社》記者說。有位母親在地震中家園盡毀，與家人逃到他鄉避難，其女兒受到核輻射的影響，出現頭痛和體重下降等情況，所以經常請病假，無法好像其他同齡孩子般，健康快樂地成長，甚至被同學稱呼做 「有輻射的孩子」。

這位母親形容一家人都飽受歧視，女兒在新學校不但得不到安慰同情，同學都把女兒標籤為福島的孩子。

Disaster victims who moved to other places for asylum are still suffering from discrimination, and even some school children have suffered indelible psychological trauma due to "nuclear asylum bullying." The latest survey found that two-thirds of asylum seekers have faced nuisance or discrimination, which is worrying.

A mother from the disaster area in Fukushima told a reporter from Reuters. A mother destroyed her home in the earthquake and fled with her family to take refuge in a foreign country. Her daughter was affected by nuclear radiation and suffered headaches and weight loss. So she often took sick leave and could not grow up healthy and happy like other children of the same age. He was even called "a child with radiation" by his classmates.

The mother described her family as being discriminated against. Not only did her daughter receive no comfort and sympathy in the new school, but her classmates also label her daughter as a child of Fukushima.

Reference: https://www.hk01.com/%E5%8D%B3%E6%99%82%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B/77213/311%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87%E5%85%AD%E5%91%A8%E5%B9%B4-%E7%A6%8F%E5%B3%B6%E5%AD%B8%E7%AB%A5%E8%B5%B0%E4%B8%8D%E5%87%BA%E6%AD%A7%E8%A6%96%E9%99%B0%E5%BD%B1-%E9%87%8D%E5%BB%BA%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF%E4%BB%8D%E6%BC%AB%E9%95%B7

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福島人的故事：紀錄片《原発の町を追われて ～避難民・双葉町の記録》

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福島人的故事：紀錄片《原発の町を追われて ～避難民・双葉町の記録》

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雙葉町為於福島第一核電廠20公里內範圍，是政府的強制避難區域。發生核事故後的一星期後，災民到達鄰縣崎玉體育館避難，導演住在附近，因此與災民相遇，並決定拍攝他們逃難的經歷。在這影片前，導演曾拍攝一條關於上関反核電影片，她希望聽到與核電共存的人的聲音，因此開始拍攝雙葉居民。由於體育館只有作臨時避難所，在一個月後，1,400個雙葉居民來到琦玉縣加須市的舊騎西高校廢校校舍開展避難生活，在剛開始的時候，有不同名人義工來為居民表演，讓居民適應這個離故鄉有280公里的地方。導演訪問了多個居民，從各人逃離選擇描繪福島核災帶來的破壞。

Futaba Town is within 20 kilometers of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant and a government mandatory evacuation area. One week after the nuclear accident, the victims stayed at the Saitama Stadium. As the director lived nearby, she met the victims and decided to film their escape experience.

Before this documentary, the director had shot one about anti-nuclear movements. Wanting to hear the voices of people coexisting with nuclear power, so she started filming the residents of Futaba. Since the gymnasium was used as a temporary shelter, one month later, 1,400 Futaba residents came to the old Kishi High School to start their evacuation life. In the beginning, different celebrity volunteers came to perform for the residents, letting the residents adapt to this place 280 kilometers away from their hometown. The director interviewed a number of residents that are affected by the nuclear disaster.

Reference:《原発の町を追われて ～避難民・双葉町の記録》，制作者ノート。

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「原発の町を追われて～避難民・双葉町の記録」予告編

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距離大亞灣五十公里：尖沙咀

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距離大亞灣五十公里：尖沙咀

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距離大亞灣20公里：平洲

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距離大亞灣20公里：平洲

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Source from: https://paper.hket.com/article/898512/%E5%A4%A7%E4%BA%9E%E7%81%A3%E6%A0%B8%E9%9B%BB%E5%BB%A0%20%E5%B0%88%E5%AE%B6%E8%A7%A3%E6%A7%8B%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8

(LIU Yuen Kwan)

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湄公河：末日之鐘 The Doomsday clock of Mekong River

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湄公河：末日之鐘 The Doomsday clock of Mekong River

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在1947年，美國芝加哥大學的《原子科學家公報》雜誌設立了「末日之鐘」，隱喻不受限制的科學技術發展對人類的威脅。該鐘每年一月進行一次評估，標示出世界距離毀滅的時間，到達午夜零時便象徵末日降臨。雜誌社會因應世界局勢調整分針撥近或撥離子夜，以提醒各界正視問題。而2020年的最新時間是23:57, 距離世界滅亡不足一百秒。

而本短片借用了「末日之鐘」的概念，帶出在大量的人類活動影響下，湄公河已經在不知不覺走向末日之中，時間亦正在加速中。在片中，生態、文化、物種多樣性等等湄公河獨有的事物都正在飛逝流走，最後時間停在了23:57。湄公河的生態問題、慢暴力後果在近十年都遂漸浮現。然而，水壩工程卻沒有因而停下來。故希望藉此短片警戒世人停止在湄公河的工程，停下人的暴力行為。

Since 1947, the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists has published the Doomsday Clock on the cover of their magazine. The Doomsday Clock represents the likelihood of a man-made global catastrophe. For example, the nuclear problem and unchecked science could increase the time to global catastrophe.

This video used the Doomsday Clock as a reference, to demonstrate the man-made factor causing serious problems in the Mekong and it is going to catastrophe. I hope this video can remind people of the things we lost and raise their awareness of the Mekong Dam issues.

Resources:
https://thebulletin.org/doomsday-clock/

By Wu Shuk Yu

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By Cherry

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Attachment 附件: Mini drama about Xayaburi Dam 有關沙耶武里水壩的短劇 

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Attachment 附件: Mini drama about Xayaburi Dam 有關沙耶武里水壩的短劇 

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印度尼西亚西加里曼丹孟嘉影

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6JJ3+GQ Nanga Semangut, Kapuas Hulu Regency, West Kalimantan, 印度尼西亚

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Sungai Utik, Batu Lintang, Kapuas Hulu Regency, West Kalimantan, 印度尼西亚

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Sungai Utik is a village that preserves the Dayak wisdoms and forest with great efforts.

Click on the link to read more about the story of Sungai Utik!
https://padlet.com/cure2018anthropocene/zr3gul6pr0y6f05w

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Three Gorges Dam, Zigui County, Yichang, Hubei, China

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Three Gorges Dam, Zigui County, Yichang, Hubei, China

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Three Gorges Dam, Zigui County, Yichang, Hubei, China

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作者
戴青被逮捕並關押在臭名昭著的秦城監獄，直到 1991 年。

背景
最初由貴州人民出版社於 1989 年 3 月以中文出版，於 1989 年 10 月在中國被禁
指責煽動中國反政府民主運動的書，該運動以 1989 年 6 月 4 日天安門廣場殺害學生而告終。
北京的凹痕和工人。

在如此重大的公共問題上，新聞報導的片面性讓戴青蒂很生氣，她決定與許多著名的反對者進行通信和採訪，並寫一本關於它的書，讓反對派的聲音被聽到。

尚未解決的問題

沉降
由於長江在世界河流的泥沙淤積中位居第四，在建成世界第一大壩後，問題可能會更加嚴重。大壩回水段淤積的淤泥可能會上游至一萬個縣，特別是在大洪水期間，河床抬高，川東上游的洪水水位更高。

安全
在大壩建設期間以及此後的任何時候，大壩都容易受到來自相鄰上游空靈峽的山泥傾瀉的影響，尤其是來自以頻繁發生岩崩而聞名的青潭急流 (WIS) 的山體滑坡。即使是地震也不能排除。

成本低估和成本超支
政府的規範嚴重低估了死壩建設的靜態投資 570 億元（人民幣）。

Book (Yangtze! Yangtze! by Dai Qing)

Author
Dai Qing was arrested and imprisoned in the infamous Qin Cheng Prison until 1991.

Background
Originally published in Chinese in March 1989 by Guizhou People's Publishing House, was banned in China in October 1989, when authorities ac-

cused the book of fanning the antigovernment pro-democracy movement in China, which culminated in the June 4, 1989, Tiananmen Square killings of stu-

dents and workers in Beijing.

One- sidedness in news reporting on such a momentous public issue so angered Dai Qing tìiat she decided to correspond to and interview many prominent opponents and write a book about it to let the opposition voice be heard.

Unresolved issues

Sedimentation
As die Yangtze ranks fourth in sedimentation among die world's rivers, the problem will likely worsen following the construction of a dam of diis height, which would be die world's largest. Silt buildup in die dam's back- water reach may go upstream as far as Wanxian, especially during large floods, raising the riverbed and the flood level much higher in the eastern part of Sichuan upstream.

Security
During the dam's construction, and at any time thereafter, the dam would be vulnerable to landslides from adjacent upstream Kongling Gorge (fèflfrj K) and especially from Qingtan Rapids (WIS), known for its frequent rockslides. Even an earthquake cannot be ruled out.

Cost underestimates and cost overruns
The government's Specifications grossly underestimated die dam's static investment at 57 billion yuan (Renminbi) for construction.

Reference:
Cheng, W. Y. "Yangtze! Yangtze! (review)." Project MUSE. Accessed December 1, 2021. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/396381/pdf.

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Pau Wai Ying Box 6

精華內容：
影片29秒 -2分鐘：湄公河内的魚苗種類多樣性及每天數十億從上游到下游的魚苗

2分25秒-3分08 ：上游的過度捕撈與水壩使棲息地破碎，對漁業和糧食供應有嚴重影響

Highlights:
Video 29 seconds -2 mins: The diversity of baby fish in the Mekong River and billions of baby fish flow from upstream to downstream every day

2 mins 25 -3 mins 08: Overfishing and dams in the upper reaches fragment the habitat, which has a serious impact on fisheries and food supply

link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=odG3cETRW58

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跟著國家地理探險家到湄公河調查魚苗《國家地理》雜誌

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大霸對湄公河水質的改變及負面影響

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Pau Wai Ying Box 5

河水沉積物和養分減少

各國大量建大霸截去了河流原本的沉積物和營養。湄公河一半的沉積物來自上游，大霸使下游的流速下降，河水無法帶動沉積物。使河水變成藍色，非常清澈，政府因會河流變得吸引遊客到訪而滿意，但當中的沉積物和營養物卻消失了。

負面影響：
-水生生物的數量和種類不斷減少，令漁民難以維持生計。

-沉積物過度累積使河床增厚，河流容量下降，氾濫風險更高。

- 三角洲的表土無法因沖積物的沉澱而加厚，得不到足夠的養分補給。

-湄公河三角洲因為缺乏沉積物來補充表土，變得容易遭受海水入侵。

Reduction of sediments and nutrients

Dams cut off the original sediment and nutrients of the river. Half of the sediments of the Mekong River come from the upper reaches. The flow speed of the lower reaches is reduced by dams, and sediments in the river water cannot move along freely. The river turned blue and transparent. The government was satisfied that the river became attractive to tourists, but the sediment and nutrients was disappeared. The number and species of fish are declining, making it difficult for fishermen to maintain their livelihoods. Excessive accumulation of sediment thickens the river bed and also increases the risk of flooding.

sources:

1. https://www.voanews.com/a/east-asia-pacific_thai-activists-protest-new-xayaburi-dam-mekong/6186193.html

2.https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/146209/mekong-turns-from-brown-to-blue-green

3.https://kknews.cc/nature/r693j2n.html

4.https://www.natgeomedia.com/science/article/content-14172.html

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By Cherry

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22MC+2V 马来西亚砂拉越隆塞里丹

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https://padlet.com/venuscheng000/dgafyxkc7dtdavl4

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Elektrownia Atomowa w Fokuschimie, 北原 夫沢 大熊町 福島県 日本

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前東芝核電設計維修工程師 小倉志郎在1973年所繪製的馬克一型原子爐與核島設施

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福島核電站採用沸水型反應堆，通過核燃料棒在反應堆堆芯發生可控的鏈式反應（鈾核分裂），從而產生熱量。電力公司將提煉好的鈾原子（多為鈾-235，因它較其他原子擁有更大的原子核）運到核電站的反應堆，再透過核裂變產生熱能，將水轉化為蒸汽，推動渦輪，製造電力。冷卻蒸汽後便再循環。

上圖的馬克一號是GE公司被認為最有問題的缺陷爐，設計者因GE不肯回收而辭職。福島一廠的1號至5號都採用馬克一型圍阻體

有工程師斷言福島核災是由美國製造的，因為負責反應爐設計的奇異公司與建設的電力連結與分享公司早在1965年已知道核電設施有嚴重缺陷。

The Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant uses a boiling water reactor, which generates heat through a controllable chain reaction (uranium nuclear fission) in the core of the reactor through nuclear fuel rods. The power company transports the refined uranium atoms (mostly uranium-235, because it has a larger nucleus than other atoms) to the reactor of a nuclear power plant, and then generates heat energy through nuclear fission, converting water into steam, driving turbines, and producing electricity.

Mark 1 shown in the picture is the defective furnace that is considered to be the most problematic. The designer resigned because GE refused to take it back.

Some engineers accused the disaster was due to the serious design defects of reactors.

Reference: 《核電員工最後遺言：福島事故15年前的災難預告》，第六章

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極危 —— 暹羅鱷 (Siamese crocodile) 的生態危機Nearly-extinction - The crisis of Siamese crocodile

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極危 —— 暹羅鱷 (Siamese crocodile) 的生態危機Nearly-extinction - The crisis of Siamese crocodile

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暹羅鱷，主要分佈於東南亞等國家，包括印度洋、泰國、越南、柬蒲寨等，現為局部地區絕滅物種。全球現時少於一千尾暹羅鱷，是為極度瀕危物種。

暹羅鱷的棲息地為低窪淡水淡地。然而，湄公河下游的不少環境保護區都有水壩工程正在進行中或準備進行，令到暹羅鱷的棲息地大幅受到破壞，直接減少其繁殖。而且，湄公河上游與下游的大量水壩工程或蓄水行為都令到整體河域水位減低，濕地減少，亦是為暹羅鱷的生存帶來極大挑戰。

The Siamese crocodile is a medium-sized, freshwater species distinguished by a prominent bony crest at the back of its head. It is one of the rarest species in the world, and fragmented populations in Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Thailand, and Vietnam.

The construction of the dam project damages the habitat wetland of Siamese crocodiles. Also, the dams block the water from the higher part of the river causes drought, and collapsing the eco-environment of the wetland. The life of Siamese crocodiles is threatened by the Dams.

Resources:
https://www.fauna-flora.org/species/siamese-crocodile/

By Wu Shuk Yu

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By Cherry

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Cultural Protest---Song: Death By Breath

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Cultural Protest---Song: Death By Breath

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6 teenagers take to music to voice their protest against a city that must breathe under a blanket of smog.

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Death By Breath | Music Video | An Arre Indian Express Documentary on Delhi’s Pollution

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13_ News: Closure of Schools Due to Air Pollution

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13_ News: Closure of Schools Due to Air Pollution

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Air Quality Management (CAQM) announced that the closure of educational institutions until further notice in Delhi and its adjoining areas, schools and universities have switched to online learning.

空氣質量管理局 (CAQM) 宣布，德里及其鄰近地區的教育場所需暫時關閉，直至另行通知，中小學和大學則已轉為在家線上學習。

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Calls get louder for solution to Delhi’s pollution amid closure of schools

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While public and private schools in the national capital reopened for classes 9 to 12 in September, students up to class 8 started returning to school only from November 1.

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11_Another Example of Protest in Goa, India

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11_Another Example of Protest in Goa, India

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Residents in Goa gathered at a night on railway lines of Chandor in South Goa to block several coal-carrying trains, asking for clearance of the environment.

果阿邦的居民在晚上聚集在南果阿的昌多爾鐵路線上，為要堵截幾輛途經運煤火車，以向政府表達潔淨環境的訴求。

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Image of the day: Overnight protest against doubling of railway tracks in Goa

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Image of the day: Overnight protest against doubling of railway tracks in Goa

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10_How People React ? - Anti-coal Protest

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10_How People React ? - Anti-coal Protest

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Around 350 villagers from 30 villages have been marched for 300km to protest against coal mining project in Hasdeo.

350 名來自 30 個不同村莊的村民，從家園遊行 300 公里到市中心，以抗議 Hasdeo 的煤炭開採項目。

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Why Is Congress Quiet Over Adani Coal Mines In Chhattisgarh???| Save Hasdeo| Hasdeo Forest

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中國在2020年11月30日啟動瀾滄水資源合作信息共享平台。為實現瀾湄六國水資源領域數據、信息、知識、經驗和技術的全面共享，為瀾湄流域水資源綜合管理和合理開發利用保護提供決策依據與技術支持。

China launched the Lancang Water Resources Cooperation Information Sharing Platform on November 30, 2020. In order to realize the comprehensive sharing of data, information, knowledge, experience and technology in the field of water resources in the six countries, and to provide decision-making basis and technical support for the comprehensive management and rational development, utilization and protection of water resources in the Lancang.

Source:
1. http://cn.lmcwater.org.cn/knowledge_sharing/water_policy/

2. http://www.xinhuanet.com/world/2020-11/30/c_1126804871.htm

By Pau Wai Ying

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水情信息_澜湄水资源合作信息共享平台

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日本福岛县大熊町 Ottozawa, Kitahara−２２ 東京電力ホールディングス（株） 福島第一原子力発電所

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https://padlet.com/1155142183/4fue43qp1k5wb08b

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(CL)

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日本、福島県福島市大町５−６ 東京電力ホールディングス 福島復興本社福島分室

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福島人的故事：老年行動隊

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福島人的故事：老年行動隊

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2011年7月1日，一支由400多名退休核專家和技術人員組成的「老年行動隊」前往福島協助。發起人山田恭暉指自己出於良心、看到核電站的災難，認為不能坐視不理。

行動隊以五人組成小「調查團」，在現場調查及進行搶修等工作。

On July 1, 2011, an "Elderly Action Team" composed of more than 400 retired nuclear experts and technicians went to Fukushima to assist. The founder Yamada Kyouhui said that he could not sit by when seeing the disaster at the nuclear power plant.

The action team formed a small "investigation team" with five people to conduct on-site investigations and immediate repairs.

Reference: 《日本核震》，〈1.3 誰在核電現場〉

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(Yfc)
1. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/sardar-sarovar-dam-water-submerges-narmada-valley/articleshow/77886295.cms
2. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/33678403.pdf

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https://padlet.com/auslebentonylee/2li473ddfmcz3l9r

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Learn more about Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant

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Learn more about Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant

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https://padlet.com/cure2018anthropocene/vwi72vv1abh6mkeq