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"Traditionally, haka was a practice of high social significance. It is an expression of the passion, vigor, and identity of
the Māori race." (Wilson, Isabella Tekaumārua)

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The dance is highly choreographed, with synchronized movements and chanting. The leader plays a crucial role in guiding the performers and setting the rhythm.

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Many haka from pre-Pākehā(European)times disappeared, but several still practiced today fulfill particular functions in social situations.

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Māori soldiers performed the haka peruperu (war dance) before battles, demonstrating invincibility and authority, and steeling themselves for battle.

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The atua (god) of war invoked in the haka peruperu to stoke anger and demonstrate power.

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Haka is integral to various ceremonial gatherings, enhancing the Māori worldview and providing a spiritual aspect to community events.

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"The stomping of feet and slapping of their
highs in unison to the words shouted are paired with the making of disfigured face gestures left the foreigners confused." (Kekauoha, Harlee V. K)

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The haka originated in Aotearoa (New Zealand), specifically among the Māori, the indigenous people of the country.

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The North Island of New Zealand has a higher concentration of Maori population, and the Haka is particularly significant here. It is used in various ceremonies, celebrations, and welcomes.

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The movement of Māori people to cities resulted in the establishment of marae (community meeting spaces) in urban areas, providing a space for the continuation and practice of kapa haka and other traditional arts.

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Due to international exposure through sports teams like the All Blacks, and performances by other groups, the haka has become recognized worldwide, although this has also raised questions about cultural appropriation.

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Māori All Blacks perform their haka against Ireland

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Wilson, Isabella Tekaumārua. “The Misappropriation of the Haka: Are the Current Legal Protections around Mātauranga Māori in Aotearoa New Zealand Sufficient?” Victoria University of Wellington Law Review, vol. 51, no. 4, Dec. 2020, pp. 523–58. EBSCOhost.

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Metge, J. (1995). New growth from old: The whānau in the modern world. Victoria University Press

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Haka Taparahi: Ceremonial dance expressing joy or contemporary issues like government actions, domestic violence, etc.
Haka Ngeri: A defiant dance aiming to rouse and unite a group, usually led by men with vocal support from women.
Haka Ngārahu: Performed in anticipation of battle, serving as an inspection to judge the readiness of participants.
Haka Peruperu: The true war dance, serving as a prelude to battle and meant to intimidate opponents.

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Kekauoha, Harlee V. K. University of Hawai'i at Manoa ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2021. 28491626.

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It invokes strong emotions and is characterized by bold, expressive movements. Also, the haka involves chanting, fierce facial expressions, and the display of weapons. It emphasizes unity in performance, especially in preparation for combat.

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The traditional costume worn during the haka is known as the piupiu, which is a skirt made from flax. The piupiu creates a distinctive sound as the performers move, adding to the overall impact of the haka.

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Traditional facial tattoos, known as moko, are significant for Māori people and are often seen during the haka. Body tattoos and paint can also be used to highlight tribal affiliations and personal achievements.

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Thompson, Lisa. "The Art of Moko: Maori Tattooing." Cultural Studies Journal, vol. 18, no. 4, 2012, pp. 45-59.

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The haka peruperu, a war dance, involves the use of weapons such as the taiaha (a traditional Māori weapon), patu (short club), or mere (a type of short, broad-bladed weapon). These weapons are not just props but are significant cultural items that are handled with respect. The use of these weapons in the haka serves to demonstrate fighting skill and intimidate opponents.

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A headdress known as a pare might be worn, adding to the ceremonial aspect of the haka. The pare is traditionally adorned with feathers, which adds to the visual impact of the performance.

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The haka primarily relies on powerful vocalizations, chants, and rhythmic shouting from the performers. "Waiata tawhito (traditional songs) are chants and haka “posture” dances about the various aspects of daily life including birth, death, marriage, love, custom, and legend. Music was both an accompaniment to everyday life and a performing art." (Isabella Shields)

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2nd 1st Farewell Their Fallen Comrades With A Huge Haka

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Isabella Shields, Te Oti Rakena, Calvin P. Baker, Peter J. Keegan, Catherine I. Watson,
Towards a Vocal and Acoustic Description of Kapa Haka,
Journal of Voice,
2023,

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Performers use their bodies as percussive instruments, slapping their chests, thighs, and hands in a synchronized manner to produce rhythmic sounds that accompany the chant.

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Some haka performances may incorporate traditional Māori instruments like the taonga pūoro (singing treasures), which include various types of flutes, trumpets, and percussive instruments.

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There is often a call and response element in the haka, where one leader or group of performers calls out phrases or sounds, and the rest of the group responds in unison.