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In the Glorius revolution, Catholic James 2 was dethroned, and the rule went to his protestant daughter Mary and her husband Willem 3 (Britannica, 2023). This revolution is an important start for the Jacobite risings, since this is where Jacobitism began: the Jacobite movement started out as supporters of James 2 (Morrill, 2023).  After the Glorious revolution, James 2 fled to France.

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This bill came after the glorious revolution and made the monarchy linked to the desire of the parliament. This bill also ensured that Mary’s children would be her successors, or, if there weren’t any, her sister Anne would be the successor. This was done to make sure the throne was free from any Catholic influence (Britannica, 2023).

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The Bill of Rights 1688 Passes in Parliament on 16th Dec 1689

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In 1689, James 2 returned to Ireland to reclaim his throne, which was supported by a parliament summoned to Dublin. Alas, James’ combined army of Irish and French troops was defeated by his son-in-law & nephew, Willem 3 his army in the battle of Boyne. After this battle, James again, fled to France (Morrill, 2023).

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(The video is relevant until the one minute marker.)

Children were scarce in the Stuart line at this point. The Dutch Willem 3 (married to Mary) had no heirs and neither had the queen to be, Anne. This required some action. The act of settlement was made that ensured that the crown would pass to a ‘’suitable’’ candidate. This candidate being Sophia, the Electress of Hannover. However, Sophia was passed over and after Anne’s death the crown went on to her son, George 1 (Britannica, 1998).

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Stock footage: Act of Settlement 1701 and Royal Marriages Act 1772

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Because of the Bill of rights (1689), Anne became queen after her sister Mary and brother-in-law Willem 3 both passed away. She had a rather short reign since she was very ill. Her only surviving child died very young, leaving her with no heirs (Britannica, 2023). Queen Anne was the last Stuart on the throne.

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In 1715, John Erskine (Earl of Mar) decided it was time for an attempt to get the Stuarts back on the throne, so he raised an army of Jacobite clans. Unfortunately, they didn’t get any further than Perth and they were met with an army made of Scottish and British men, led by the Duke of Argyle. The armies finally met in November of 1715 at Sheriff Muir, there was no official defeat in this battle.  (Castelow, 2017).

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Four years after the first rebellion, it seemed time to try again, but this time, with help from Spain. Unfortunately, this rebellion already started off very poorly. Spain had sent 5000 soldiers to help the Scottish clans but due to very bad weather, only 300 soldiers managed to arrive. On June 10, 1719, the Jacobites were defeated by General Joseph Wightman, making this a rather short-lived rebellion (National Army Museum, sd).

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The formation of the black watch – 1715 / 1725

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The formation of the black watch – 1715 / 1725

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Even though the rebellion of 1719 was short lived, it did lead to the formation of the black watch, also known as the Royal Highlanders. The black watch had already started to form after the very first rebellion of 1715, however in 1725 they were formed into six orders to help restore order. The black watch wore very dark coloured tartans and continued to do so up until 1940 (National Army Museum, sd) & (Britannica, 2016).

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King George the 2nd's reign – 1727 – 1760

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King George the 2nd's reign – 1727 – 1760

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In George 2’s reign a lot of things happened, such as the resignation of Sir Robert Walpole, who also worked with George 1. Walpole was a very prominent Whig party minister. After Walpole’s resignation, George 2 appointed John Carteret, who then led England into another war: the war of the Austrian succession from 1740 to 1748 (Britannica, 2023). During George 2’s reign the Jacobite rebellion of 1745 also took place.

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Charles Edward was the first logical heir from the Stuart line since he was the grandson of James 2. He grew up in Rome and joined in on the war of the Austrian succession. In 1945 he found himself in Scotland and decided to try and regain his throne which led to the forty-five rebellion and the battle of Culloden. After the battle of Culloden, he fled to France and eventually settled in Italy. Bonnie prince Charlie became a national hero (Britannica, 2023).

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Our Bonnie prince did his best to gather a lot of men and gathered around 5500 men, however, he was met with a government troop of 30000 men which made him retreat into Scotland. This retreat led to the shrinking of Charles’ troops. This came to a head with the battle of Culloden (Britannica, 2023).

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I added this Outlander clip as a short re-enactment of what the battle of Culloden possibly looked like.

Near Inverness in Scotland, in 1746, a big and very romanticised battle was fought. The battle of Culloden, led by Charles Edward Stuart and the Duke of Cumberland. The Jacobite army was very chaotic, which is never a good thing when it comes to a fight. They planned a surprise attack but by their own chaos, they didn’t make it in time for their own surprise. The battle came to a head on Culloden Moor, an open field, perfect for the Duke of Cumberland to cannonade all the highlander Jacobites. The fighting in this battle only lasted for about an hour, another short-lived rebellion (National Army Museum, sd).

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Outlander - The Battle Of Culloden - Uninterrupted Cut