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"Change the Ref" & "March for Our Lives" - Analysis

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Wider body of work, Reflection and Oral bullet points

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Wider body of work, Reflection and Oral bullet points

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Kira Barykina - Project Task - Gun Violence 

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I really like how you introduced your GI in your oral and linked to the presence of the GI specifically in the U.S. I also think the quotes/authorial choices you chose to analyze were very good because they showed the clear contrast in tones of the 2 speeches. Your analysis was also very accurate and included the effects on the audience as well.

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I really like the way you used language to portray all the things you wanted to say. The content was also very nice and covered a lot of important things that we did in class. You connected many things which was great. your structure was good as well I wasn't sure at first, but it made sense throughout:)

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i really like the way you referenced the variety of rhetorical devices and techniques Gonzales used in her speech. I also really like the way you formulated your response and how you integrated the different speeches and connected them well.

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Language:

I was impressed by the variety of vocabulary you used and how each word had the right connotations.

Content:

You provided a great understanding of first the global issue and then of X Gonzalez and her speeches. The connection between those was explained really well.

Structure:

The structure was clear and it was obvious how you linked the rhetorical devices to the speeches and then back to the global issue.

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Gun Control X Gonzalez - Kate Tyler

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Barbara S. -Gun Control Comparative Response

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Barbara S. -Gun Control Comparative Response

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Julee - Bullet Points and Written Reflection

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Julee - Bullet Points and Written Reflection

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Julee - Gonzalez Gun Violence Speeches Oral

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Julee - Gonzalez Gun Violence Speeches Oral

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Enjoy

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1. Complete writing task per Slides instructions

2. Upload your writing task here. The title of your doc should be "NAME_Gun Control Comparative Response"

3. Record a 2 minute speech

4. Upload the audio file

5. Read and listen to three other students work

6. Make a comment under the student's work following the instructions from the Slides

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1. Complete writing task per Slides instructions

2. Upload your writing task here. The title of your doc should be "NAME_Gun Control Comparative Response"

3. Record a 2 minute speech

4. Upload the audio file

5. Read and listen to three other students work

6. Make a comment under the student's work following the instructions from the Slides

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A Public Health Approach to gun violence (including statistics)

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A Public Health Approach to gun violence (including statistics)

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Has a some good additional resources at the bottom of the page as well

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The Educational Fund to Stop Gun Violence

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Background

Each day more than 100 Americans die by firearms.7 These deaths are preventable. A comprehensive public health approach is needed to address the gun violence epidemic. This approach brings together a wide range of experts to determine the problem, identify key risk factors, develop evidence-based policies and programs, and ensure effective implementation and evaluation. Through a public health approach to gun violence, we can cure this epidemic, save thousands of lives, and make gun violence in America rare and abnormal.

What is Public Health?

Public health is the science of reducing and preventing injury, disease, and death and promoting the health and well-being of populations through the use of data, research, and effective policies and practices. Public health works to address the underlying causes of a disease or injury before they occur, promote healthy behaviors, and control the spread of outbreaks. Public health researchers and practitioners then work with communities and populations to implement and evaluate programs and policies that are based on research. Policymakers, researchers, and advocates have successfully used the public health approach in the United States to drastically decrease premature death rates, reduce injury, and improve the health and well-being of the population, including by eradicating diseases like polio, promoting widespread usage of vaccines, reducing smoking-related deaths, addressing environmental toxins, and decreasing motor vehicle crashes.

Applying the Public Health Approach to Prevent Firearm Suicide

The social ecological model is a public health framework that is used to show the interplay between risk and protective factors for health outcomes and to develop parallel policies and programs that address these factors. The model spans four levels: individual, relationship, community, and society.

Access to firearms is a significant risk factor for firearm suicide, and addressing firearm access is a critical component of any suicide prevention strategy. Prevent Firearm Suicide is a project of the Educational Fund to Stop Gun Violence that applies the social ecological model for firearm suicide prevention, by sharing the available programs and policies that reduce access to firearms from individuals when they are at an elevated risk for suicide. These interventions span the four levels of the model and include safer firearm storage (individual), lethal means safety counseling (relationship), gun shop projects (community), and extreme risk laws (society). To learn more, visit PreventFirearmSuicide.com.

Recommendations
Apply the public health approach for effective gun violence prevention.
Public health is the science of reducing and preventing injury, disease, and death and promoting the health and well-being of populations through the use of data, research, and effective policies and practices. The public health approach has been successfully applied to tackle a wide variety of complex health problems at the population level. Gun violence is a public health epidemic that requires a public health solution. We recommend:

Better data collection: Federal, state, and local governments should collect more comprehensive gun violence data for fatal and non-fatal firearm injuries, shootings that may not involve physical injuries, and firearm-involved crimes where no shots were fired, including domestic violence-related threats. Federal, state, and local governments should make data publicly available where possible and particularly to researchers studying gun violence and its prevention.

Research funding: Enhanced research funding is key for advancing knowledge and improving public health interventions and outcomes. Federal, state, and local governments, in addition to foundations and universities, should dedicate funding to research gun violence prevention.

Evidence-based policies and practices: Gun violence takes many forms and is a multifaceted problem that requires a multitude of data-driven solutions. Gun violence prevention policies and practices should be evidence-based.

Implementation and evaluation: Policies and practices should be continuously monitored and evaluated to ensure equitable implementation and ongoing effectiveness.

RESOURCES

Educational Materials

Reports

Fact Sheets

Comprehensive Website

Read More

Research

Allchin A, Chaplin V, & Horwitz J. (2019). Limiting access to lethal means: applying the social ecological model for firearm suicide prevention. Injury Prevention.

Branas CC, Flescher A, Formica MK, Galea S, Hennig N, Liller KD ... & Ying J. (2017). Academic public health and the firearm crisis: an agenda for action. American Journal of Public Health.

Decker MR, Wilcox HC, Holliday CN, & Webster DW. (2018). An integrated public health approach to interpersonal violence and suicide prevention and response. Public Health Reports.

Cook PJ. Expanding the public health approach to gun violence prevention. (2018). Annals of Internal Medicine.

Hemenway D & Miller M. (2013). Public health approach to the prevention of gun violence. New England Journal of Medicine.

McGinty EE, Siddiqi S, Linden S, Horwitz J, & Frattaroli S. (2019). Improving the use of evidence in public health policy development, enactment and implementation: a multiple-case study. Health Education Research.

Mozaffarian D, Hemenway D, & Ludwig DS. (2013). Curbing gun violence: lessons from public health successes. Journal of the American Medical Association.

Maa J & Darzi A. (2018). Firearm injuries and violence prevention-The potential power of a Surgeon General's report. New England Journal of Medicine.

Rajan S, Branas CC, Hargarten S, & Allegrante JP. (2018). Funding for gun violence research is key to the health and safety of the nation. American Journal of Public Health.

Zeoli AM & Webster DW. (2019). Firearm policies that work. Journal of the American Medical Association.

Additional Resources

Why is Gun Violence a Public Health Epidemic?

Gun violence is a public health epidemic that affects the well-being and public safety of all Americans. In 2019, nearly 40,000 Americans were killed by gun violence, more than the number of Americans killed in car crashes.2 An additional 71,000 Americans suffer nonfatal firearm injuries,3 and millions of Americans face the trauma of losing a loved one or living in fear of being shot. The impacts of gun violence, both direct and indirect, inflict an enormous burden on American society. When a child is shot and killed, they lose decades of potential: the potential to grow up, have a family, contribute to society, and pursue their passions in life. When compared to other communicable and infectious diseases, gun violence often poses a larger burden on society in terms of potential years of life lost. In 2019, firearm deaths accounted for 925,023 years of potential life lost before the age of 65 - more than diabetes, stroke, and liver disease combined.4

Scope of Gun Violence

Americans are impacted by various forms of gun violence - including suicide, homicide, and unintentional deaths, as well as nonfatal gunshot injuries, threats, and exposure to gun violence in communities and society.

Firearm Suicide:

Each year more than 23,000 Americans die by firearm suicide.6

Half of all suicide deaths are by firearm.7

Suicide attempts by firearm are almost always deadly - 9 out of 10 firearm suicide attempts result in death.8

Access to a firearm in the home increases the odds of suicide more than three-fold.9

Firearm Homicide:

Each year 14,000 Americans die by firearm homicide.11

Three out of four homicides are committed with a firearm.11

Access to firearms - such as the presence of a gun in the home - doubles the risk for homicide victimization.12, 13

The firearm homicide rate in the United States is 25.2 times higher than other industrialized countries.14

Domestic Violence:
Police-Involved Shootings:

1,000 Americans are shot and killed by police every year.18

Black Americans are disproportionately impacted by police-involved shootings and are killed at more than twice the rate as White Americans.19

Unintentional Shootings: Nonfatal Firearm Injuries: Exposure to Gun Violence:

How public health differs from healthcare

People often assume that public health is the same as healthcare. While both strive to improve health and well-being, they approach this goal differently. In healthcare, the focus is on improving the health of the individual. In contrast, public health focuses on improving the health of an entire population through large-scale interventions and prevention programs.

Public health works to address the many factors that determine the health and well-being of populations. These factors are often referred to as risk and protective factors. They are characteristics or behaviors in individuals, families, communities, and the larger society that increase or decrease the likelihood of premature death, injury, or poor health.

What is the Public Health Approach?

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and World Health Organization outline a public health approach to violence prevention based on four steps: (1) define and monitor the problem, (2) identify risk and protective factors, (3) develop and test prevention strategies, (4) ensure widespread adoption of effective strategies. 29, 30

Preventing Car Crashes

Preventing Gun Deaths

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Public Health Approach to Gun Violence Prevention - The Educational Fund to Stop Gun Violence

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Each day more than 100 Americans die by firearms.7 These deaths are preventable. A comprehensive public health approach is needed to address the gun violence epidemic. This approach brings together a wide range of experts to determine the problem, identify key risk factors, develop evidence-based policies and programs, and ensure effective implementation and evaluation.

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An article from the World Health Organization on gun violence in Colombia 

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An article from the World Health Organization on gun violence in Colombia 

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Yes, Political Rhetoric Can Incite Violence

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Yes, Political Rhetoric Can Incite Violence

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Nathan Kalmoe is assistant professor of political communication at Louisiana State University in the Manship School of Mass Communication and Department of Political Science.

Over the past week, a gunman targeted an African-American church in Kentucky in what is being investigated as a hate crime; another shooter, shouting ant-Semitic epithets, killed 11 people at a Jewish synagogue in Pittsburgh; and a third man mailed 14 pipe bombs to Democratic ex-presidents, members of Congress and other critics of President Donald Trump. After this spate of violence, many Americans are wondering whether the president's hostile political rhetoric-attacking "globalists," minorities, the media and Democratic "mobs"-contributed to the attacks; Democrats are accusing him of direct incitement, while some Republicans, including the White House, call that idea absurd.

What does social and psychological research tell us about the potential link between political rhetoric and violence? Can words really lead to actions? Cause and effect are hard to establish conclusively, especially in individual cases. But researchers have good circumstantial evidence from the real world as well as evidence from scientific experiments concluding, overall, that rhetoric is probably not the main cause in most attacks-but violent, hateful language can inflame people who are already inclined toward violence and focus their rage.

In a series of experiments I conducted in 2010, I found that exposure to mildly violent political metaphors such as "fighting for our future" increased general support for political violence among people with aggressive personalities.

After participants answered personality questions about aggression, I randomly assigned them to read a short campaign speech that included either violent metaphors or nonviolent substitutes. Then, participants responded to questions about political threats, property damage and physical violence against leaders. Among interpersonally aggressive people, those who read the violent text had higher average political violence scores compared with those who saw nonviolent language. People with low aggressive personality scores were unaffected by language differences. In other words, aggressive people are already more likely to support political violence, and violent language makes them more so. The mild metaphors I used in these studies match well with common political language, so the explicit violent language we have heard recently could have stronger effects.

My findings are consistent with other research about how media violence primes aggressive behavior in people who are predisposed to it. What's more, perpetrators of political violence, most of whom are men, often have histories of interpersonal violence and domestic abuse.

We also have evidence that Trump's own words have caused audiences to behave worse in the past. In national experiments from 2016 and 2017, University of Massachusetts political scientist Brian Schaffner found that exposure to Trump's racist comments about Mexicans during his campaign made people more likely to write offensive statements that were toward not just Mexicans but other groups. Indeed, people with prejudices toward one group often dislike other groups, suggesting that bigoted language has consequences beyond targeted groups.Furthermore,people whose racial and religious identities align with the demographics of their political party are more hostile toward partisan opponents, as Lilliana Mason, of the University of Maryland, College Park shows in her book.

Thankfully, the vast majority of Americans reject violence in politics entirely. This was the case in the 1990s and in my 2010 studies. More recently, in 2017, Mason and I fielded a national survey that found similarly low levels of support for partisan violence, even when participants reported intensepartisanhostility in other questions. And even among those who hold violent views, very few act on them. Of course, as we've seen, even a few people can do horrible damage.

Vilification in general makes it easier to harm people without damaging one's good self-image, a process psychologists call " moral disengagement." Vilifying rhetoric has contributed to mass violence and even genocide when weaponized against minority groups, as in Nazi Germany, and in Rwanda and the Balkans during the 1990s. This campaign season, the president and other Republicans have praised violence against journalists, described refugees as violent monsters, and promoted cynical conspiracy theories combining anti-Semitism, racism and unfounded fears of election fraud. Political scientist Erin Cassese, of the University of Delaware, has found that partisan dehumanization is common in campaigns, too.

Of course, violent rhetoric and demonization are not new in politics. The American founders accused one other of treason in partisan newspapers. Yale historian Joanne Freeman's recent book, Field of Blood, documents how vitriolic rhetoric between 19th-century congressmen caused dozens of brawls before the Civil War. Hyperpartisan vitriol, conspiracy-mongering and threats led directly to the war itself-the nation's bloodiest. Extreme rhetoric also coincided with real violence in the political turmoil of the 1960s and 70s-assassinations and hundreds of bombings. More recently, we have witnessed several abortion clinic attacks, the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing, the 2017 shooting of the Republican congressional baseball team, brawls at political events, Islamist-inspired attacks and scores of violent hate crimes. The Secret Service and FBI investigate hundreds of threats against leaders each year, along with recurring assassination attempts.

What's new is violent, demonizing rhetoric directly from a president. That's alarming because he has the country's loudest megaphone, which has brought extreme language and views into mainstream politics. Consider that multiple people charged with crimes, or their lawyers, have recently pointed to Trump's words as bearing some responsibility for their own acts.

We might usefully distinguish between a general climate fueling violent hate and more detailed inspirations for violence. Both are worrisome. But naming specific individuals and groups as "enemies of the people" focuses ire on specific targets. American leaders and citizens singled out in this way have subsequently received deluges of hateful, bigoted and violent messages. It is no surprise to see the next step into physical violence against those targets, with perpetrators spouting the same rhetoric.

The president is not alone in this language. Fox News and far-right websites alternately lead the president, then follow. Other politicians either share or parrot those views. That echo chamber expands the audience and reinforces the animosity by creating the impression of party consensus against certain "enemies." Partisan citizens generally take their opinion cues from these party leaders. True, Trump has denounced hate and violence on occasion, but he subsequently undercuts his denunciations. Heated rhetoric by Democratic leaders, while it certainly exists, comes nowhere close.

Of course, conflict is inherent in politics, and leaders have a responsibility to criticize opponents to inform the public. Anger can have a mobilizing effect and can drive desirable, nonviolent political action-even contentious protest-but it's also the emotional fuel of aggression.

Ultimately, leaders bear responsibility for protecting the peace and upholding norms necessary for a healthy democracy. There may not be legal consequences for violent, hateful words from the nation's highest officials-and violence against them is out of the question-but we can ensure that they face electoral consequences when they channel violent prejudices.

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Yes, Political Rhetoric Can Incite Violence

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People already inclined toward aggression become even more so when exposed to hostile political speech.

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Ringing the wrong doorbell, pulling into the wrong driveway, accidentally getting in the wrong car: Mundane, everyday mistakes ended in the shootings of several young people - and the death of one of them - last month when the men on the receiving end of the errors reached for their firearms and decided to shoot.

The shootings captured public attention nationwide, breaking through the unfortunate white noise of pervasive gun violence for their brazenness and similarities. They have reignited the fight over so-called "stand your ground" laws expanding the legal protections around self-defense. And critics, too, have pointed to the incidents as the natural end result of a society flooded with firearms.

But experts and gun control advocates say the shootings are a symptom of a much broader cause: the proliferation of rhetoric on the pro-gun right and among conservatives in general about persistent, pervasive threats, danger and crime, and also of guns as the only means of personal safety against the criminals that lurk around every corner.

"For seven years, all of us here today have been engaged in an epic struggle against the corrupt forces and communist maniacs - and they're all over the place - that are absolutely trying to destroy our country," former President Donald Trump said this month in a speech at the National Rifle Association's annual meeting. "They want to take away your guns while throwing open the jailhouse doors and releasing bloodthirsty criminals into your communities."

Wayne LaPierre, the embattled chief executive officer of the pro-gun organization, expressed similar sentiments.

"You don't need the government to tell you the sky is blue, water's wet or that you have the God-given right to self-defense," he said.
'This Could Happen to Anybody'
In Kansas City, Missouri, Ralph Yarl, a Black teenager, rang the wrong doorbell on April 13 while trying to pick up his siblings from a friend's house. The octogenarian homeowner inside the house shot Yarl in the head in what he said was self-defense, in an action prosecutors say had a "racial component."

Two days later in upstate New York, a car full of young people pulled into the wrong driveway while looking for another friend's house. The homeowner shot at the car from the porch. Twenty-year-old Kaylin Gillis died.

And just days after that, a man shot two teenage cheerleaders in Elgin, Texas, after one of them tried to get into his car by accident, thinking it was her ride. She realized her mistake, exited the car and tried to apologize. But the man opened fire.

Yarl's shooting made headlines in part because it highlighted issues relating to race, and public attention quickly turned to the other shootings in the days after.

Though the U.S. experiences gun violence at the highest rate of any developed nation, the shootings broke through the news cycle in part because they easily inspired empathy.

Gun Control and Gun Rights Cartoons

"This could happen to anybody. I mean, there was a racial factor involved in at least one of these. But beyond that, it's just like, this could happen to me or this could happen to my kid," says Michael Lawlor, an associate professor of criminal justice at the University of New Haven and a former member of the Connecticut House of Representatives. Lawlor, a Democrat, also served as the state's undersecretary for criminal justice policy.

Focus turned, then, on Missouri's "stand your ground" law, which is similar to a law of the same name that is in place in Texas. Gun rights advocates have pushed for years to enact the measures, which expand protections around the use of force when acting in self-defense. Under the law, a person has the right to use deadly force when acting in self-defense anywhere they have a legal right to be, and without first retreating - in other words, using force does not have to be a last resort.

The laws burst onto the public debate stage in 2012, when Florida police noted it as the reason they refused to arrest George Zimmerman, who fatally shot Trayvon Martin, a Black unarmed teenager. Zimmerman was later charged and then acquitted.

New York has a similar, albeit more limited, law called the "castle doctrine" that allows for use of force by a person defending their own home - or castle, so to speak.

And the passage of "stand your ground" laws has happened in concert with a focused emphasis by the pro-gun right on crime, threats and self-defense.

While promoting firearms as a tool for self-defense is not a new idea, the expansion of laws allowing for use of deadly force may contribute to a climate where gun owners are more ready to do so, says Matthew Lacombe, an associate professor of political science at Case Western University who specializes in gun politics, the NRA and political ideology.

"The NRA narrative that you might use guns for armed self-defense is not new. What is newer is liberalization of particularly state-level laws pertaining to how, when and why you can use lethal force to defend yourself," Lacombe says.

The men who perpetrated the recent shootings will likely not be covered under such laws, Lacombe notes. But in a wider context, "it's probably the case that the general shift legally has encouraged more and more people to think about self-defense in these terms, encouraged more people to buy guns specifically for self-defense purposes, and in some ways emboldened them in terms of what they see as a reasonable use of them," he says.

The NRA Institute for Legislative Action, which has championed the laws, did not respond to a request for comment about the recent shootings and self-defense laws.

Politicians and advocates for more restrictive gun control laws have pointed the finger at "stand your ground" laws for such an emboldenment.

"I think we now have a shoot-first, ask-later policy in this state - or at least that is what people have interpreted it to be," Missouri state Rep. Maggie Nurrenbern, a Democrat, was quoted by The Kansas City Star as saying in the wake of Yarl's shooting. Nurrenbern introduced a measure in the legislature earlier this year to limit the state's law, but the bill went nowhere.

The context around the laws, including a focus on firearms as a means for self-defense as opposed to other uses, Lacombe says, is critical for understanding what effect they may have on society.

"It's not just the laws, it's also the sort of marketing campaigns and rhetoric surrounding the laws, which I think have increasingly turned the gun-rights space into one focused on armed self-defense specifically, as opposed to other uses of guns," Lacombe says.

Part of that context also includes a pervasive narrative pushed by pro-gun advocates and the NRA that has intertwined gun rights and core values like freedom, making expansive gun rights a core part of the conservative ideology - even identity.

"Owning a gun isn't just having an object that you might use for recreation or self-defense, but it's more of a sort of symbol of who you are and what you stand for. And part of that relates to self-sufficiency," Lacombe says of the narrative. "We think of self-sufficiency as being politically coded - you know, 'I don't need handouts' - but it's also in recent years come to even involve notions of protection."

Republicans, in particular, have in recent years emphasized crime and threats in their electoral messaging around - a threat they say is posed by an "invasion" of illegal immigration, the threat posed by criminals emboldened by Democrats' soft-on-crime policies, the threat of eroding rights and norms.

"The sinister forces trying to kill America have done everything they can to stop me, to silence you, and to turn this nation into a socialist dumping ground for criminals, junkies, Marxists, thugs, radicals and dangerous refugees that no other country wants," Trump told the crowd at the Conservative Political Action Conference earlier this year. "If those opposing us succeed, our once-beautiful USA will be a failed country that no one will even recognize - a lawless, open-borders, crime-ridden, filthy, communist nightmare."

Trump is considered the current front-runner for the 2024 Republican presidential nomination. His comments echo narratives threaded through many right-leaning news and commentary shows and other forms of media, as well as the electoral strategies of other candidates.

Fear is an old and effective political motivator, experts say, and that motivation was also on display at the NRA's annual meeting earlier this month, with speeches replete with warnings about self-defense, crime and protecting freedoms from those who want to take it away by force.

"Threat is a pretty powerful motivator, so associating support for gun rights with addressing different types of threats is something that historically has worked pretty well for the NRA," Lacombe says.

Lawlor, the criminal justice professor and former state legislator, describes fear and threat as a "political business model" that shifts and changes in topic over the years but remains a pervasive strategy.

"In 2004, the presidential election was all about gay marriage. Right now, It's all about drag queens. A couple of cycles ago, it was all about immigrant caravans. There is always something that can be that thing that everyone should be scared of," Lawlor says. "And so, we're back to crime now. That's where we are now - that you should be scared that someone's going to steal your car or break into your house."

Though crime rates vary by city, the violent crime rate in the U.S. overall has plummeted since the 1990s, when gang violence associated with an epidemic of crack cocaine fueled urban homicide rates. In fact, violent crime rates have been slashed by more than half - though polling shows that Americans believe the number has gone up, despite the data.

The result of threat-based rhetoric, Lawlor argues, can be what happened in Missouri - a senior citizen "who's watching Fox News all day with the volume all the way on max, has a gun, of course, to protect themselves, and he's been told that sooner or later, some Black guy is going to show and try and kill you or break into your house or whatever."

'There's a 16-year-old kid knocking on his door by mistake, and - boom, right? So this outcome is predictable," he says.

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'Stand Your Ground,' Self-Defense and the Rhetoric That Emboldened Recent Shooters

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Pro-gun groups on the right have for years promoted the right to armed self-defense and warned of pervasive threats. Experts and critics say the recent shootings of innocent people are the consequence.

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A treasure trove of articles about the global issues pertaining to gun violence. Some of these may be a bit more in depth than what you are looking for, but it covers such a broad spectrum that it's worth sharing =) -Ms. Dierker

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To receive regular alerts about Small Arms Survey publications, news, and project-specific announcements:

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Mexico Sues U.S. Gun Manufacturers For Contributing To Arms Trafficking Deaths

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In an unusual lawsuit filed in Boston, the Mexican government argues that the companies’ negligent and illegal commercial practices have unleashed tremendous bloodshed in Mexico.

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smallarmssurvey.org

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The following article from CNN describes how Parkland students launched a movement after the 2018 mass shooting at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School.

Just five weeks ago, a gunman killed 17 of their friends and teachers at school and changed the course of their lives. This weekend, the students of Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School led a historic march for gun control, what they called a March for Our Lives. Here's how the Parkland, Florida, students went from experiencing a mass tragedy to launching a mass movement.
They took immediate action
Within days of the February 14 shooting, the students made clear that thoughts and prayers were not enough for them -- they wanted concrete legislative solutions to the epidemic of mass shootings and an end to the influence of the National Rifle Association.

At a rally in Fort Lauderdale, senior Emma González called BS on politicians who said no law could have prevented the massacre.

"Maybe the adults have gotten used to saying 'it is what it is,' but if us students have learned anything, it's that if you don't study, you will fail," González said. "And in this case if you actively do nothing, people continually end up dead, so it's time to start doing something."

Her classmates insisted that the time for action was now, and that could help them heal. They adopted the rallying cry #NeverAgain, and a nascent movement formed.
They engaged with the media
National news outlets descended on Parkland to cover the shooting. They found survivors willing to relive the most terrifying moments of their lives and connect them to policies on gun violence.

Seniors David Hogg, an aspiring broadcast journalist, and González, president of her school's Gay-Straight Alliance, remained poised and eloquent as they fielded reporters' questions.

Junior Cameron Kasky laid out the stakes in a CNN opinion article: "We can't ignore the issues of gun control that this tragedy raises. And so, I'm asking -- no, demanding -- we take action now."
They announced plans to march
By February 18, the students put everyone on notice: They planned to march for their lives in Washington on March 24.

From the start, they pledged to center students' voices as gun violence survivors and future voters and invited teens across the country to join them.

"One of the things we've been hearing is that it's not the time yet to talk about gun control," Kasky said. "So here's the time that we're going to talk about gun control: March 24."

The rally was intended to give students everywhere a chance to "beg for their lives," he said.

The march had three primary demands:

Pass a law to ban the assault weapons;

Stop the sale of high-capacity magazines;

Implement laws that require background checks on all gun purchases, including online and at gun shows.

They raised funds
A GoFundMe campaign to support the rally raised more than $1.7 million in three days on top of $2 million in private donations from Hollywood personalities including George and Amal Clooney, Oprah Winfrey, Steven Spielberg and Jeffrey Katzenberg.

The funds would make the March 24 rally possible, paying for supplies, equipment and coordination of the massive event. As of Sunday, more than 42,000 people had donated nearly $3.5 million to the online fundraiser.
They built excitement through small victories
While some shooting victims were still hospitalized and funerals were beginning, students boarded a bus to the state capitol for a lobbying day.

The experience galvanized them in different directions, and many continued to fight along with Stoneman Douglas parents at the state level for stricter gun laws. They didn't get the assault weapons ban they wanted. But they took heart in Gov. Rick Scott's passage of measures opposed by the NRA, such as raising the minimum age for gun purchases.

Momentum grew for their cause as companies cut ties with the NRA. At a CNN town hall, they went head to head with Sen. Marco Rubio and NRA spokeswoman Dana Loesch on gun laws.

Meanwhile, they continued to put pressure on the federal government to pass universal background checks.

On March 14, one month after the shooting, scores of students across the United States walked out of class to honor the 17 victims and make sure that calls for change take into account the broader context of gun violence.

"We are standing in solidarity with the youth from the mass shooting, but we also know the repercussions of what's going to happen next could fall on black and brown people," said Keno Walker, who helped high school students organize walkouts in Miami.
They welcomed support
As #NeverAgain supporters set their sights on the Washington rally, partner organizations stepped up.

Giffords, the gun safety advocacy group named for congresswoman Gabrielle Giffords, a mass shooting survivor, provided transportation to Washington for some Stoneman Douglas families with the help of New England Patriots CEO Robert Kraft, who provided the team's jet to help families get to Washington.

Other Stoneman Douglas students traveled with families and friends to the march. Senior Julia Bishop said she chose to attend the rally in Washington in order to "feel the heart of support" contained within the movement.

"I wanted to stand on Capitol Hill in the shadow of our country's legislature and express how truly enraged I am that my friends are now dead due to gun violence and there had been nothing done about it."

Everytown for Gun Safety supplied operational and logistical resources for marches in Atlanta, Chicago, Columbus, Ohio; Dallas, Denver, Las Vegas, Milwaukee and New Orleans, the group said Sunday. Additionally, the organization said it gave out $5,000 grants to more than 200 local organizers across the country to ensure they had operational resources. The group helped to support transportation for students from cities including Boston, Baltimore, Chicago, New York City, Pittsburgh and Philadelphia to travel to the march in D.C.

Ben and Jerry's also chipped in with grants to fund bus transportation to the march.

For entertainment, Miley Cyrus, Ariana Grande, Jennifer Hudson, Common, Demi Lovato and Vic Mensa committed to performing.

Meanwhile, people in the nation's capital lent a hand. Eleven mothers from metro D.C. banded together to find free housing for participants from out of town. Chef José Andrés' ThinkFoodGroup and various DC restaurants offered free and discounted food to student marchers.
They invited more voices
The day before the rally, Stoneman Douglas senior David Hogg said the media's biggest mistake while covering the school's shooting was "not giving black students a voice."

When they took the stage at March for Our Lives, Hogg and his classmates made sure to not make the same mistake. Speakers from Chicago, Brooklyn and Los Angeles also appeared onstage to describe how gun violence affected their communities.

"We recognize that Parkland received more attention because of its affluence," Jaclyn Corin, a survivor of the Parkland shooting, said in her speech. "But we share this stage today and forever with those communities who have always stared down the barrel of a gun."

Corin was joined onstage by Yolanda Renee King, Martin Luther King Jr.'s granddaughter. The 9-year-old said that like her grandfather, she too has a dream, in which "enough is enough."

Naomi Wadler, an elementary school student from Virginia, said she was speaking on behalf of African-American girls "whose stories don't make the front page" of national newspapers.
They encouraged everyone to attend
The students invited others to join them and provided a toolkit to help people organize their own marches. More than 800 groups marched in cities across the US and internationally, including in London, Madrid, Rome and Tokyo.

In Boston, Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School graduate Leslie Chiu said the march was about gun violence in general, not just school shootings.

"This is not just in Parkland," she said. "It is in every community, especially those of color. . . . This is not a moment. This is a movement."
They promised there's more to come
Student-activists elsewhere are calling for another national walkout on April 20, the 19th anniversary of the Columbine High School shooting. The Network for Public Education is urging people on the same day to bring attention to school safety through walkouts, sit-ins or rallies.

Otherwise, #NeverAgain is turning its attention to the November midterms to vote out politicians who don't appear to support gun law reform.

"They've gotten used to being protective of their position, the safety of inaction," Hogg told the crowd in Washington on Saturday.

"To those politicians supported by the NRA that allow the continued slaughter of our children and our future, I say get your resumés ready."

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How the Parkland Students Pulled off a Massive National Protest in Only 5 Weeks

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Learn about the movement to end gun violence launched by Parkland students after the mass shooting at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School.

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Brokenhearted, not broken: The scale of loss in the Christchurch mosque shootings

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Great craters of grief have been left upon communities around the world as a result of the Christchurch mosque shootings.

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Former NZ PM Jacinda Ardern discusses gun control in New Zealand following Christchurch

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Former NZ PM Jacinda Ardern discusses gun control in New Zealand following Christchurch

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"We Will Buy Them Back And We Will Destroy Them" - PM Jacinda Ardern On Gun Control In New Zealand

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Jacinda Ardern- Harvard speech on gun control

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Jacinda Ardern- Harvard speech on gun control

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Gun control speech begins at 2:30

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Jacinda Ardern receives standing ovation for Harvard speech on gun control and democracy

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3 Things we know about mass shootings after Parkland

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3 Things we know about mass shootings after Parkland

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In the aftermath of the Parkland, Florida, high school shooting on Valentine's Day 2018, many Americans hoped that, finally, something would be done to address the problem of gun violence in the nation's schools.

Despite the outpouring of grief and calls for action that followed the shooting at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School, school shootings continue to occur with alarming frequency. While progress has been made in some areas, such as increased funding for school security and mental health resources, there is still much work to be done to ensure the safety and well-being of students and educators in schools across the country.
READ MORE: How to talk to children about gun violence
On Jan. 6, 2023, in Newport News, Virginia, a 6-year-old student is alleged to have intentionally shot his teacher. He is among the youngest school shooting perpetrators dating back to 1970.

And as criminologists who track any time a gun is fired at a K-12 school, including deliberate attacks, suicides, accidental shootings, gang-related violence and shootings at after-hours school events, we know this case is only the tip of the iceberg.

School shootings got more common, not rarer, after Parkland

Another emerging challenge for school leaders is the 264 fights in five years that escalated into shootings. Unlike any planned attacks, these cases were simple disputes that turned deadly because students were armed at school.
READ MORE: 5 years after massacre, Parkland families continue honoring lost loved ones with charitable work
There were a record 302 shootings on school property in 2022. In April, one month before Uvalde, a sniper fired hundreds of shots during dismissal at the Edmund Burke School in Washington, D.C. Then, in October, at Central Visual Performing Arts High School in south St. Louis, a 19-year-old armed with a semi-automatic rifle and hundreds of rounds of ammunition shot and killed a teacher and a 15-year-old student, and injured seven other people.

Among the 250 shootings at schools in 2021, a 12-year-old girl, who wrote plans to target scores of her Rigby, Idaho, middle school classmates, wounded three students before a heroic teacher disarmed her in the hallway.

In total, since Parkland, 198 people have been killed, including 84 students, teachers and school staff, and another 637 people wounded in school shootings.

Equipment is not prevention

Since Parkland, school safety has been a priority for parents and policymakers, but efforts to physically fortify schools to keep intruders at bay often are detached from the reality that most school shooters are current or former students of the schools they target.

Having been trained in lockdown procedures since kindergarten, students know exactly how a school will respond to an active shooter and even plan for it; they navigate security daily. At Uvalde, the shooter was a former student who entered through a back door. The shooter in St. Louis was a former student who broke a side window to open a locked door.
READ MORE: How school shootings impact survivors in the long term
Some technologies could even inadvertently endanger students. Most classroom barricades violate the Americans with Disabilities Act and other federal codes designed to help people evacuate from fires and other dangerous situations. And much like body armor can make a mass shooter harder to stop, so too, potentially, could a school's new bulletproof furniture.

Preventing the next Parkland

But research shows that school shootings are not inevitable. They are preventable.

Nearly all school shooters exhibit warning signs before pulling the trigger, from changes in their behavior to verbal or written threats. From Parkland to Uvalde, these warnings were not recognized or reported until it was too late. Schools must think beyond metal detectors, security cameras and other high-tech gadgets and gizmos to invest in multidisciplinary behavioral intervention and threat assessment systems to respond to warning signs. There is federal money and resources available to do this thanks to the Bipartisan Safer Communities Act, passed in the wake of Uvalde in the summer of 2022.

Five years after Parkland, school shootings have become more frequent and deadly. The status quo is not working. Instead of accepting that more young lives will be lost and that the best schools and police can do is lock down and rehearse emergency responses, we believe school safety must shift to focus on upstream prevention.
This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

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3 things we know about mass shootings after Parkland

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Some Americans hoped the Parkland shooting in 2018 would herald a turning point for gun violence in schools. Shootings, and deaths, have continued - and gotten more frequent.

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The purpose of this posting is to inform you about what happened. You do not have to watch the videos within the article.

**Warning the videos inside this post are triggering and are from the event. Please be mindful before watching any

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The teen gunman accused of opening fire with a semi-automatic rifle at his former high school in Parkland, Florida, has been charged with 17 counts of premeditated murder, officials said Thursday.

Authorities said the suspect, identified as 19-year-old Nikolas Cruz, concealed himself in the crowd fleeing Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School following the massacre on Wednesday afternoon. He was arrested in nearby Coral Springs.
Related: These are the 17 victims of the Parkland school shooting
Fourteen others were wounded, five with life-threatening injuries, hospital officials said.

Cruz had recently been expelled from Douglas for disciplinary reasons and was enrolled elsewhere in the district, the schools superintendent in Broward County, Robert Runcie, said. Cruz took an Uber to the Douglas campus on Wednesday, Runcie told NBC News.
What We Know:

17 people were killed and another 14 were wounded.

Suspect identified as Nikolas Cruz, who has been charged with 17 counts of premeditated murder. He may appear in court Thursday.

Cruz, 19, was believed to have used an AR-15 style semi-automatic rifle.

Broward County Sheriff's Office set to hold a news conference at 10:30 a.m. ET Thursday.

A YouTube user named "Nikolas Cruz" reportedly posted "I'm going to be a professional school shooter" on the site.

President Donald Trump has tweeted that there were "many signs the Florida shooter was mentally disturbed." He will address the nation at 11 a.m. ET.

The gunman was believed to have been armed with an AR-15-style semi-automatic rifle and multiple magazines, said Broward County Sheriff Scott Israel. It was unclear whether he had any other weapons, Israel said.

There was no indication that the gunman had an accomplice or accomplices, federal and local authorities said.

Cruz was taken into custody off campus about an hour after he "committed this horrific, detestable act," said Israel, who added investigators were reviewing social media postings that he described as "very disturbing." The suspect was treated for "labored breathing" as a precaution but was later released from the hospital, according to officials.

"You come to the conclusion this is just absolutely pure evil," said Florida Gov. Rick Scott, his hands clutched over his chest.

The FBI was alerted six months ago after a YouTube user named "Nikolas Cruz" posted a comment stating "I'm going to be a professional school shooter" on the video site, BuzzFeed reported early Thursday.

Cruz's mother died in early November and he had been staying with a local family - whose son is a junior at Douglas, the family's attorney told NBC Miami.

"He lived here without any concerns or issues for almost three months, and they are shocked and horrified by the allegations being made," the lawyer, Jim Lewis, said, adding that his clients are fully cooperating with investigators.
Related: Florida shooting leaves families distraught
The general store chain Dollar Tree confirmed that Cruz had worked at its Parkland branch.

The gunfire began outside the school and continued inside, where 12 of the victims were killed, Israel said.

All of those victims have been identified, he said, but no identities will be made public until the families have been notified.

Brandon Minoff, a senior at the school who said he had two classes with Cruz two years ago, said that while it was "surreal" to hear Cruz named as the suspect, "I wasn't surprised."

"I got paired with him for a project, and he started talking to me about his life - how he was held back twice, expelled from two private schools. He likes to do reckless stuff," Minoff said.

"He had aspirations to join the military," Minoff said. "He enjoyed hunting."

Sebastian Toala, another senior, told NBC Miami: "I never really got close to him, because I always had a feeling there was something wrong."

Parkland, in north Broward County, is about 30 miles northwest of Fort Lauderdale. The shooting on the sprawling campus happened despite the presence of police officers at the school.

Runcie, the school superintendent, said at least two police cars were typically on campus "on a daily basis."

While students filed out of the school with their hands up, heavily armed SWAT team members conducted a class-by-class search to make sure there were "no other shooters" - and to retrieve any bodies, he said.

"This is a terrible day for Broward County, the state of Florida, the United States," Israel said. "There really are no words."

The first sign that something awful was happening Wednesday came around 2:30 p.m., not long before classes were supposed to have been dismissed, when authorities were called to respond to an active shooter.

For more than an hour, the school was at the mercy of a gunman on the loose.

"He was outside and inside the school," Israel said.

Just after 4 p.m., the Broward County Sheriff's Office announced on Twitter that the suspect had been apprehended. Not long after, stunned survivors began sharing their accounts of what happened.

Several students told NBC News that the school had gone through a fire drill earlier in the day. They said the fire alarm sounded again just before the shots were heard.

Relieved parents like Lisette Rozenblet, whose daughter attends the school, also said she was told that a fire alarm was pulled about the time the shots began. But her daughter's teacher, sensing that it might be a trap, told the students to stay in the classroom, she said.

"Her biggest fear is a school shooting," Rozenblet said of her daughter. "She is always begging me to be home-schooled because she was scared of this."

Joel Leffler, whose son and daughter attend the school, said both of his kids were safe - but in shock.

"My son called me as it was unfolding, running. He had to jump a fence," Leffler said. "My son heard around eight gun shots as he was running out."

When he reached his daughter by phone, she was whispering, he said.

"My daughter, who was there in the freshman hall where the shooting took place - she's in shock right now, and she's being taken out by SWAT," Leffler said. "She saw multiple dead bodies."

President Donald Trump tweeted Thursday that there were "many signs the Florida shooter was mentally disturbed." He was scheduled to address the nation Thursday at 11 a.m. ET.

Scott, a Republican whom the National Rifle Association's Political Victory Fund gave an "A+" rating, didn't directly answer reporters' questions Wednesday about how the gunman was able to obtain a semi-automatic rifle.

"There is a time to continue to have these conversations about how, through law enforcement, how through mental illness funding, to keep people safe, and we'll continue to do that," the governor said.

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'Pure evil': 17 killed in mass shooting at Florida high school

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Nikolas Cruz, 19, a former student at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, Florida, is charged with 17 counts of premeditated murder.

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On February 14, 2018, an expelled student entered Parkland, Florida's Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School and opened fire, killing 17 people and wounding 17 others, in what became at the time the deadliest shooting at a high school in United States history.

Dressed in a maroon shirt adorned with the school logo, Nikolas Cruz exited his Uber outside the campus at 2:19 p.m. He approached the school wearing a backpack filled with magazines and carrying a black duffel packed with his legally purchased AR-15 semi-automatic rifle.

School staff had been warned after Cruz's expulsion for "disciplinary reasons" in 2017 that the troubled teen was a risk to student safety. When a staff member saw him outside, he hesitated to call a " Code Red." The gunman was halfway through his six-minute rampage before anyone issued a warning. By then, it was too late.

Cruz entered the high school's Freshman Building, on campus-which was mostly filled with freshman students-at 2:21 p.m. and unpacked his rifle in a stairwell. According to NBC Miami, freshman Chris McKenna, 15, spotted Cruz there and received a chilling warning from the gunman. "You better get out of here. Things are going to start getting messy." McKenna ran outside, where he spotted Aaron Feis, a coach and school security monitor who took him to the baseball field 500 feet away and turned back to "check it out."

Cruz exited the stairwell into a first-floor hallway, firing a stream of bullets down the corridor, shattering windows and shooting through doors. In just under two minutes, he murdered 11 people and injured 13 others. He then headed up the stairs. He was on the second floor for less than a minute, firing but hitting no one, before going to the third floor where he killed his last six victims, and injured four more in the final 45 seconds of the attack.

Terrified students ran for their lives. Others remained holed up, hiding in classrooms, closets and bathrooms, desperate to reach their parents. Many began broadcasting the horror on social media through video and live posts.

According to the South Florida Sun Sentinel, Cruz left the hallways and went to the faculty lounge, where he set up a bipod-like a tripod on which to rest the gun-reloaded his weapon and began firing, like a sniper, at the fleeing students outside. Only hurricane impact-resistant glass in the windows kept the death toll from growing.

In all, Cruz's attack lasted less than four minutes and left 17 dead. At 2:28 p.m., just seven minutes after entering the building, he ditched the rifle in another stairwell and left the school, attempting to blend in with the crowd of escaping students. The gunman successfully left the campus, running to a Walmart at 2:50 p.m, stopping at a Subway restaurant to get a drink and eventually heading to McDonalds. He was apprehended shortly thereafter after being spotted by a Broward County police officer.

"He looked like a typical high school student, and for a quick moment I thought, 'Could this be the person who I need to stop?'" said Officer Michael Leonard in an interview after arresting Cruz.

Broward Sheriff's deputy school resource officer Scot Peterson, who was assigned to the school that day, would later be accused of retreating during the shooting while victims were still under attack. Peterson was arrested in June 2019 and faced charges of neglect of a child, culpable negligence and perjury.

The devastation felt by the Florida community-once considered the safest city in the state -was immeasurable. Previous school shootings throughout the country had prompted Stoneman Douglas (and other schools) to practice active shooter drills, and the school had employed an armed officer on campus. But it hadn't been enough to stop the carnage. Chants for "No More Guns!" broke out at candlelight vigils and over a thousand people showed up to funerals in the days after.

Student survivors took to social media to make their anger known, giving interviews and becoming activists for gun safety legislation. One student, David Hogg, went from school newspaper reporter to activist when his plea to legislators in a CNN interview went viral.

" Please, take action," he begged lawmakers.

Just days after the shooting, several Marjory Stoneman Douglas students formed Never Again MSD, an anti-gun violence organization and political action committee. On March 24, these and other students helped organize the March for Our Lives, a demonstration in support of gun violence prevention. Students across the country were encouraged to stage walkouts, and a rally was held in Washington, D.C. There, advocates from around the country-some survivors of school shootings, and others whose daily lives were affected by gun violence-spoke to a crowd of thousands, demanding legislative change.

Three weeks later, Florida Governor Rick Scott, a supporter of the NRA, responded. He signed a bill imposing a 21-year-old legal age requirement for gun purchases and a three-day waiting period on all gun transactions. The law also controversially permitted the arming of some school employees. It was the first time in 30 years Florida had passed any gun control measures, though many felt the legislation did not go far enough.

During the summer and fall of 2018, Never Again MSD traveled throughout the country on a bus tour advocating for gun control and voter registration. The group visited 30 states and registered some 50,000 voters.

Nikolas Cruz was charged with 17 counts of first-degree murder and 17 counts of attempted murder. He later pleaded guilty to all charges.

Fact Check

We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate.

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Teen gunman kills 17, injures 17 at Parkland, Florida high school | February 14, 2018 | HISTORY

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On February 14, 2018, an expelled student entered Parkland, Florida's Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School and opened fire, killing 17 people and wounding 17 others, in what became at the time the deadliest shooting at a high school in United States history. Dressed in a maroon shirt adorned with the school logo, Nikolas Cruz exited [...]

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Parkland shooting victim - parents visit school

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Parkland shooting victim - parents visit school

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Parent of Parkland High School Shooting victim visits school five years later

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Parkland Shooting Survivor Details Being Shot 4 Times

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From this subsection you will find additional information to support your learning. This section is for general resources, the others are labelled with their specific resource topic

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How to use rhetoric to get what you want

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How to use rhetoric to get what you want

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How to use rhetoric to get what you want

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How do you get what you want, using just your words? Aristotle set out to answer exactly that question over two thousand years ago with a treatise on rhetoric. Camille A. Langston describes the fundamentals of deliberative rhetoric and shares some tips for appealing to an audience’s ethos, logos, and pathos in your next speech. [Directed by Hector Herrera, narrated by Addison Anderson].

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Extension - Comparison of NRA to Survivors 

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Extension - Comparison of NRA to Survivors 

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Have a look to compare the persuasive skills and rhetoric used by the gun lobbyist - there is a 35 minute speech from Wayne LaPierre, the group’s chief executive

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https://sdgs.un.org/goals

The UNs list of goals for 2030

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Opinion Piece: Why Americans won’t give up their guns?

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Opinion Piece: Why Americans won’t give up their guns?

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Article from the Guardian and Gary Younge and key questions for extension of context

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Create a new document and edit with others at the same time -- from your computer, phone or tablet. Get stuff done with or without an internet connection. Use Docs to edit Word files. Free from Google.

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Hidden Meanings Behind Childish Gambino's 'This Is America' Video Explained

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Childish Gambino - This Is America (Official Video)

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Emma X Gonzalez's March for Our Lives speech

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Emma X Gonzalez's March for Our Lives speech

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Emma Gonzalez's powerful March for Our Lives speech in full