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1.	 In which part of the surface of the world is this civilization located? 

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1.	 In which part of the surface of the world is this civilization located? 

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- Indus Valley Civilization was located in India. Two cities were formed in this civilization, Mohenjo-daro and Harappan cities. These cities gave helpful and important information about the Indus Valley Civilization.

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3.	 How does the geography of the region shape the civilization that grew in it?

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3.	 How does the geography of the region shape the civilization that grew in it?

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They farmed.

Since the land was near the Indus River, the land was rich and fertile which allowed the farmers to
plant and harvest multiple crops. This supplied them lots of food.
They were able to build homes and make tools.
This served as a habitual thing to do among the citizens living in the civilization.

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2.	What are the physical features that define the region where this civilization is located?

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2.	What are the physical features that define the region where this civilization is located?

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Indus River

Himalayan Mountains

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2. What are these stages or phases and what must we remember about these?

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2. What are these stages or phases and what must we remember about these?

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- The three different phases in the Indus Valley Civilization are...

: the Early Harappan Stage, the Mature Harappan Phase and the Late Harappan Phase. The Early Harappan Stage started during 3300 to 260 BCE, Mature Harappan Stage started during 2600 to 1900 BCE and the Late Harappan Phase started during 1900 to 1300 BCE.

We can remember that this phase was important to the civilization due its formation of a landmark and the civilization are experts in town planning, water management and many more, what we can remember about Mature Harappan Phase is their characteristics ; the characteristics involved are personal cleanliness or hygiene, ceramics, casting, forging of metals etc. And Lastly for the Late Harappan Phase they are divided into two areas called "Citadel" and the lower town.

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Citation

https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/paper1/indus-valley-civilization

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation

https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/world-history/world-history-beginnings/ancient-india/a/the-indus-river-valley-civilizations#:~:text=The%20Indus%20Valley%20Civilization%20is,from%201900%20to%201300%20BCE

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent

http://thingsasian.com/story/legacy-india%E2%80%99s-first-civilization#:~:text=Long%20after%20the%20Indus%20civilization,cultures%20of%20India%20and%20Pakistan.

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1. How does the form of government, religion, laws, culture, customs, traditions, division of labor, social classes, religion, education, health, and other aspects of daily life looks like in this civilization?

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1. How does the form of government, religion, laws, culture, customs, traditions, division of labor, social classes, religion, education, health, and other aspects of daily life looks like in this civilization?

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Life- The Government of Indus Valley was a monarchy, it’s a form of government with supreme authority such as Kings. But the Indus Valley Civilization calls them Rajahs.

- Speaking of the Government, there are some laws that they must follow.

1. Treat women nicely and kindly.

2. Take care of nature. Don't throw trash everywhere instead throw them at trash bins or cans.

3. No war and violence and no taxes.

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- A scribe would teach some children how to read and write and a priest would teach religious lessons

- There are also some religions such as  Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism.

- They worshiped fertility symbols which were round or pierced stones, a practice that was performed before the worship of Shiva and Parvati. They may have believed in magical rituals

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- The main social classes are the Gods, Brahmins (priests and academics), Kshatriya (warriors and kings), Vaishya (landowners), Shudra (commoners), and then the Untouchables

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1. What are the development, invention, or innovations made by this civilization? (Provide images of artifacts

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1. What are the development, invention, or innovations made by this civilization? (Provide images of artifacts

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Legacy-  Harappans are known for seal carving or cutting of patterns into the bottom face of a seal for stamping. They used these seals for the identification of property and to stamp clay on trade goods. Seals decorated with animal figures, such as elephants, tigers, and water buffalos are the most commonly discovered so far.

This civilization during the bronze age developed new techniques in the science of working with copper, bronze, lead, and tin

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- They achieved many notable advances in technology, including great accuracy in their systems and tools for measuring length.

- They were among the first to develop a system of standardized weights and measures.

Fire baked bricks were uniform in size and moisture resistant, these were important in building baths and sewages.

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-  They cooked with wood and charcoal and their homes had a shower, toilet and waste disposal system.

-  Long after the Indus civilization, skills such as trading, farming and brick-making were passed on.

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1. The region where this civilization emerged may have been a host to different groups of people. Who are these groups and what must we remember about them?

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1. The region where this civilization emerged may have been a host to different groups of people. Who are these groups and what must we remember about them?

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-   Jati is the term for the caste system as it works in India. India had four varnas, or classes, made up of thousands of jatis.

Brahmin: The people who performed religious practices were the Brahmins. A Brahmin is a member of Hinduism's highest caste, or varna. The caste from whom priests are selected is regarded as the Brahmins, and it is to them that the sacred knowledge of the community is distributed and preserved.

Kshatriya: The Kshatriya are referred to as the warrior people who rule the armed forces and government. They are responsible for maintaining community security and economic stability. Additionally, in their traditional society, they are the second class of the varnas.

Vaishya: Occupying the third varna were the Vaishyas. Of the four varnas, or social classes, of the Indus Valley Civilization—traditionally referred to as commoners—the Vaishya have the third-ranking status. Agriculture, caring for livestock, marketing, and other commercial activities make up the majority of Vaishyas' occupations.

Shudra: The Shudra class comprised those who undertook manual labor and actually had fewer rights than the three groups above them. A member of the Shudra is usually classified as a servant or peasant. They are ranked at the very bottom of the caste.

The "untouchables," on the other hand, are the group that did not fall under any varna. They performed duties that many Indians regarded as dishonorable and dirty, such as picking up garbage and handling corpses. Many Indians believed that being near the untouchables caused unfortunate tendencies and might be harmful, so they forced them to live far away from others. According to Heidi Schults, the word "untouchable" is synonymous with the term "dalit". This is the name given by the politically engaged population to themselves. The term means "oppressed".

Dalit had broadly come to replace the harijan, the name given to the untouchables by Gandhi. For some activists, "dalits" used to refer to all of India's oppressed individuals or disadvantaged groups, whether Hindus, Muslims, Christians, tribal minorities, or women.