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Overall:

The food safety topic and its challenges are often neglected and not considered a public health threat, for many.

Approaches covering the three aspects leading to zoonotic transmissions are crucial in order to ensure safety for every population.

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The goals of our group were clear and achieved:

Providing a basic understanding of food safety;

Providing basic knowledge on pathogens that are causing zoonosis;

Introducing notable outbreaks in the EU;

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The literature used covers:

The definition of food safety;

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United Nation Environment Programme and International Livestock Research Institute (2020). Preventing the Next Pandemic: Zoonotic diseases and how to break the chain of transmission. Nairobi, Kenya. (Page 10-19 & Page 45-53) preventing-future-zoonotic-disease-outbreaks-protecting-environment-animals-and

Fung, F., Wang, H., & Menon, S. (2018). Food safety in the 21st century. Biomedical Journal, 41(2), 88–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bj.2018.03.003

Griffith, C. C. (2006). Food safety: where from and where to? British Food Journal, 108(1), 6–15. https://doi.org/10.1108/00070700610637599 (Page 2-3)

Food incident preparedness and response. European Food Safety Authority. (2023, April 17). https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/topics/topic/food-incident-preparedness-and-response#:~:text=It%20is%20used%20by%20risk,if%20more%20information%20is%20needed

Url, B., & Ammon, A. (2021, May 3). Memorandum of understanding between the European Food Safety Authority and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. European Food Safety Authority. https://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2021-05/efsa-ecdc-mou-signed.pdf

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1. Define what zoonotic diseases are AND identify at least two reasons zoonotic outbreaks occur. (3 pts)

Answer key:
Zoonotic diseases are diseases transmitted from animals to humans via bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi and causes illness.
Reasons outbreaks occur (2 must be mentioned by the student):

Intensive urbanization and industrialisation

Alteration of food supplies

Wildlife exploitation

Unsustainable agriculture

Globalisation

High demand for animal products

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2. Why is traceability so crucial for food chains? (3 pts)

Answer key:
Traceability is essential in food safety chains, since if an outbreak were to happen, authorities and impacted parties could plan how to control the outbreak, this would lead to a faster response so the impact can be lower or have a faster recovery, additionally it can prevent the situation from happening again since the root problem would be identified and accommodated.

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To gain full points students must:

Mention that authorities and impacted parties can trace pathogens, and plan how to control or prevent them from spreading.

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3. What does the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) do? (3 pts)

Answer key:
The EFSA is involved in preparedness and response during multi-country food or feed safety incidents or crises. They develop and maintain urgent response structures, procedures, and mechanisms, providing scientific and communication activities during such incidents.

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To gain full points students must:

Identify: the institutions must be prepared to handle crises, communicate with possible affected parties, create structured plans and gather scientific evidence for food safety advice.

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4. What impact did Pasteur have in food safety? (0.5 pts)

A)He was the first to observe and describe various microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungus using microscopes, thereby adding to the field of microbiology.
B) He was responsible for developing a technique where liquids are heated at high temperatures to kill harmful microbes that might be present; such as milk.
C) He contributed to the development of international regulations for food safety.
D) He was the person who discovered the optimal temperatures each food should be stored at.

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Every step of the food chain, with focus on agriculture and livestock production;

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The topic is important and it is useful for FP students because it gives an introduction to an important part of public health which is food safety and zoonosis.

Besides EPH, this topic is also covering science and laws in the European Union.

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5. What led to the outbreak of the Mad Cow disease, in the UK, during the late 20th century? (0.5 pts)
A) Using meat and bone meals to feed livestock.
B) Livestock lived in an unhygienic environment.
C) Cross contamination occurred between animals of different species.
D) The pathogen was transmitted through the meat processing machine.

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Spelling mistakes corrected;

Correction of bullet points;

Feedback related to content was positive.

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While maintaining food safety, good health is promoted for everyone by preventing the contraction of food-borne pathogens.

An overview of most common pathogens, outbreaks, management and recommendation is given.

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For all of these reasons, we believe that food safety and zoonosis are an important topic to add to the Foundation Programme, as it would introduce all of the areas mentioned previously and help students to encompass a view on similar topics for future bachelors.

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Salmonella outbreak in chocolate eggs, in Europe, during 2022;

The role of authorities in managing this outbreak.

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Introduction:

Brief introduction of the history of food safety;

Statistics on the burden of foodborne illnesses;

The creation of the European Food Safety Authority.

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Emphasis on the general concept of food safety;

Adding the full names of institutions (INFOSAN and ECDC).

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Learning goal about the creation of the EFSA was removed;

A new learning goal about how the EU manages zoonoses and food safety was added in tutor instruction notes.

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A brief timeline of how food safety evolved throughout the ages;

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EU institutions that manage and inspect standards.

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Definition of zoonoses and most common diseases in the EU;

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What can cause an outbreak?

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Notable outbreaks in the Union: Mad Cow disease and Salmonella;

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Management of outbreaks;

EU competence;

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Recommended strategies.

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Be able to understand the role of European institutions towards food safety;

Understand recommendations and suggestions for preventing  such incidents

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Onderzoeksraad voor Veiligheid. (2019, June 20). Emerging food safety risks – Detecting and assessing food safety risks in the Netherlands [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RFqyysqI_Rk

Union, E. (2012). The European Food Safety Authority at a Glance.

What we do. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. (2010, December 13). https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/about-ecdc/what-we-do

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Brice, J., Soldi, R., Alarcon-Lopez, P., Guitian, J., Drewe, J., Breinbauer, D. B., Torres-Cortes, F., & Wheeler, K. (2021). The Relation Between Different Zoonotic Pandemics and the Livestock Sector.

Food Safety. (n.d.). https://www.food-safety.com/articles/8247-eu-data-for-foodborne-illnesses-in-2021-shows-very-high-amr-in-campylobacter

Gizaw, Z. (2019). Public health risks related to food safety issues in the food market: a systematic literature review.

Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, 24(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12199-019-0825-5

General Food Law. (n.d.). Food Safety. https://food.ec.europa.eu/horizontal-topics/general-food-law_en

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Sarno, E., Pezzutto, D., Rossi, M., Liebana, E., & Rizzi, V. (2021). A Review of Significant European Foodborne Outbreaks in the Last Decade. Journal of Food Protection, 84(12), 2059–2070. https://doi.org/10.4315/jfp-21-096Scotch

M., Brownstein, J. S., Vegso, S., Galusha, D., & Rabinowitz, P. M. (2011). Human vs. Animal Outbreaks of the 2009 Swine-Origin H1N1 Influenza A epidemic. EcoHealth, 8(3), 376–380. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-011-0706-x

Setbon, M., Raude, J., Fischler, C., & Flahault, A. (2005). Risk Perception of the “Mad Cow Disease” in France: Determinants and Consequences. Risk Analysis, 25(4), 813–826. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2005.00634.x

Shaheen, M. A. (2022). The concept of one health applied to the problem of zoonotic diseases. Reviews in Medical Virology, 32(4). https://doi.org/10.1002/rmv.2326

The European Union One Health 2020 Zoonoses Report. (2021). EFSA Journal, 19(12). https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6971