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To help students with comprehension in reading:
Teachers can ask students open-ended questions pertaining to the context and readings.

These comprehension questions could look like this:

“What is the setting of the story?”
“What is the problem occurring in the story?”
“What caused those events to happen?”
“Who are the characters? Main characters?”
“What parts of the story are confusing you?”

Asking questions that get the students thinking deeper into the story and the events and details in the story will help the students develop reading comprehension.

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Another way to support development of student comprehension:
Teachers can instruct students with how to take proper notes. Proper note taking skills could include following and filling out a story graphic organizer. This will help students break the story down into smaller positions for students to think about smaller parts of the story at one specific time.

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30 meaningful vocabulary activities for every grade. We Are Teachers. (2023, April 12). https://www.weareteachers.com/vocabulary-activities/

Building your child’s vocabulary. Reading Rockets. (2020, October 22). https://www.readingrockets.org/article/building-your-child-s-vocabulary

Comprehension. Reading Rockets. (2015, March 23). https://www.readingrockets.org/helping/target/comprehension

Du Plessis, L. (2022, May 10). 25 Fantastic Phonics activities for Kids. Teaching Expertise. https://www.teachingexpertise.com/classroom-ideas/phonics-activities/

Fluency. Reading Rockets. (2016, April 14). https://www.readingrockets.org/helping/target/fluency

Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Vocabulary definition & meaning. Merriam-Webster. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/vocabulary

Phonological and phonemic awareness: Introduction. Reading Rockets. (2022, October 3). https://www.readingrockets.org/teaching/reading101-course/modules/phonological-and-phonemic-awareness-introduction

Vocabulary. Reading Rockets. (2019, December 10). https://www.readingrockets.org/helping/target/vocabulary

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A classroom activity teachers can use in the classroom could be “List-Group-Label” to help build student vocabulary. This video goes into further detail describing the “List-Group-Label” strategy for classrooms.

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A way to support your young reader at home is:
Teach the reader to pause during their reading. During this pause, encourage the student to think back to what was just read, and if they understand what they read.

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A classroom activity to help improve fluency:
Have students carefully listen as the teacher reads. After the teacher is done reading, have students match the teacher’s reading voice as they read to themselves or a peer. Teacher can instruct students to practice reading with certain emotions, such as excitement, sadness, or enthusiasm.

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Phonics Game for Kindergarten or First Grade | Susan's Sunday Spotlight

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“What’s Missing?” Classroom Phonics Game:
During this game, which can be done as a whole class, the teacher has words, with missing letters.
Examples:
M__P
T__P
FL__P
The students would study the words and try to figure out what vowel was missing from these words.
This will help students recognize what sound is missing, and what letter creates that sound to fit in the missing space.

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Phonics Game for Kindergarten or First Grade | Susan's Sunday Spotlight

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Blending Sounds to Hear a Word:
The teacher will give the student a set of sounds. The student will take the letter sounds to figure out what word is created when the letter sounds are blended together.

Example:
The teacher can say “What word am I creating when I use these sounds
/f/ /i/ /n/ ? ”
Students will blend the letter sounds together to say the word ‘fin’.

This activity will help students build their phonemic awareness by using the letter sounds they know, and putting the sounds together to hear a word.

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A fun way to help students develop their vocabulary is playing a game of “Pop!” This is a card game in which the cards inside the popcorn bags have vocabulary words on them. Each students takes a turn picking a word out of the bag, and providing the correct definition of the word. If the student gives the correct definition, they get to keep their word card. If not, the student must return the word card to the bag. if a student pulls a “pop!” Card, they must return all of their word cards back into the popcorn bag. (We Are Teachers).

This activity helps to make learning and memorizing vocabulary words more fun, engaging and exciting.

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Spin & Rhyme Activity

This fun game-type activity is a fun way to help students develop their phonics awareness as well as onset rimes.

The first wheel has initial letters, followed by a second wheel with the ending combination of letters. The students will take the initial letter sound and blend it together with the ending combination sound to hear the word they have created on the spinner. By only spinning the initial letter, the word changes but ends with the same sound as the previous word, which helps create rhyming patterns and awareness.

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Another classroom activity to help improve fluency:
Teacher can include timed, repeated readings into the daily instructional reading time. Students will read the same text, each day, for one minute each session. The student should improve fluency each day.

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The following link is a resource for families to use to help in the development of reading comprehension. This website offers assistance in which types of questions to ask your reader while they are reading, to check-in with their reading comprehension. The link below goes into deeper instruction on how to encourage students with higher order thinking (HOT).

https://www.readingrockets.org/article/how-increase-higher-order-thinking

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Here is a simple & easy activity for parents and families to help in teaching phonics to their child:

Parents can write letters on pieces of paper
Put the letters in a paper bag, bowel or basket
Child takes turns reaching into the bag, and reading the letter, and making the correct sound that corresponds to the letter

This activity helps students in matching an memorizing letters to letter sounds.

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To help students with fluency at home:
Parents can read aloud regularly and frequently at home. Including daily or nightly reading will help students hear what a strong fluent reader sounds like.
Parents can also have their student read aloud to them regularly and frequently. Parents can encourage, support and correct the student while they are reading to help encourage developed fluency. Parents can remind their student of proper fluency reading techniques, such as pausing at punctuation marks, and stopping between sentences.

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Below is a link for families to become familiar with phonics. This link will give parents an inside view about what phonics is, how their child should be developing in their phonics, and different approaches to teaching phonics to their child.

https://www.readingrockets.org/article/explaining-phonics-instruction

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Segmentation of Words:
Teachers will give the class a word and ask the students what sounds they hear in the word. This will help students recognize which sounds are within a word.

Example:
The teacher will ask students “What sounds do you hear in the word ‘red’?
The students will break apart the word into segmented sounds
/r/ /e/ /d/

Being able to recognize what sounds create specific words will build phonemic awareness and help students associate letters, letter sounds, and how they create words.

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This website goes into further detail about what fluency is, and what a student struggling in fluency may look like. There are also elaborated tips on how to help and support your student as they develop in fluency.

https://www.readingrockets.org/helping/target/fluency

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These at home activities is something that parents and families can do at home to help students develop their vocabulary.
1.) Read aloud to your child each night - this helps the student hear new words often. Students can ask for clarification of words while reading together as a family.

2.) Explore the World with Words - By talking to your child about the world around them, students will begin to grow their vocabulary and make connections between what they are seeing, and the words they are connected with. This will also help in establishing more verbs and adjectives in a students vocabulary.

3.) Grocery Store Vocabulary - While at the grocery store, use the grocery list to help your child expand their vocabulary. Ask your child, “what is below the red box of pasta”, or “what do you see at the end of the aisle?” Simple and fun questions like this can help build your child’s vocabulary

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The following link is for families to help their child develop and grow their vocabulary. This website helps parents learn how to teach their students different words that have similar meanings. This is a simple way to build a child’s vocabulary:

https://www.readingrockets.org/article/building-your-child-s-vocabulary

The next link is a great resource for families to use at home to help develop their child’s vocabulary:

https://www.readingrockets.org/reading-101-guide-parents/prek/vocabulary-activities-your-pre-k-child

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Rhyming Words:
Parents can help their child develop their phonemic awareness in fun ways such as rhyming games.

Parents can ask their students to come up with a list of vocabulary words that rhyme with simple words.

Example:
Parents can play a rhyming game to see how many words they can rhyme with the word provided, such as “stop”
-mop
-top
-pop
-cop
-bop
Etc..
The student will be given another word, and try to see if they can get more words to rhyme than the previous word. This helps in their brain engaging in letter sounds, and rhyming awareness.

Initial Letter Sound Association:
Another activity parents can do with their child is to ask their child to come up with words that start with certain letters.
Example:
The parent/family can ask the child “what word(s) can you think of start with the letter ‘p’?”
-plane
-pink
- pine
-potty

These simple activities are an easy, prep-free way to help students create words that have the same ending sound, or rhyme sound to help build phonemic awareness. This can be done during dinner time, homework time, in the car or during family walks or any other family time that could easily incorporate this activity with their child.

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The link provided below from K5 Learning will help families find online learning resources to help with phonemic awareness. The website offers different printable worksheets, online activities and games, and online workbook references.

https://www.k5learning.com/

The next link is a great resource for families with students struggling with phonics and phonemic / phonological awareness. There are a list of online supplemental materials, online tutorials and teaching techniques to help families with students learning phonics:

https://improvingliteracy.org/kit/phonological-phonemic-awareness