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March 18, 1969: The controversial “Operation Menu” begins

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March 18, 1969: The controversial “Operation Menu” begins

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Operation Menu was a codename for the United States Strategic Air Command bombing campaign. The operation occurred during the Vietnam War and was conducted in Cambodia and Laos from March 18, 1969 to May 26, 1970. The bombings targeted bases and sanctuaries that were used by the People's Army of Vietnam and Viet Cong forces in order to disrupt their ability to train, resupply, and rest. The operation was revealed to the public on May 9, 1969 and caused international protest because the public did not agree with the United States targeting and bombing several neutral countries.

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November 3, 1969: Nixon implements the policy of Vietnamization 

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November 3, 1969: Nixon implements the policy of Vietnamization 

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Once Nixon became president, he sought to establish a schedule to gradually remove U.S. troops from Vietnam and replace them with South Vietnamese forces through a program called "Vietnamization". The removal of troops would eventually lead to the conflict being placed entirely in the hands of South Vietnam and cause them to be responsible for the war rather than the United States.

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December 1, 1969: Draft lottery instituted and many become “Draft Dodgers” 

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December 1, 1969: Draft lottery instituted and many become “Draft Dodgers” 

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On December 1, 1969, the United States held a draft lottery that randomly assigned young men to military service through the use of numbers. The men that had lower numbers would be the first ones to be called for military service. They were required to report to induction centers where they would be ordered into active duty and could be sent to the Vietnam War. "Draft dodgers" were a term used for men who illegally avoided the draft. There were over 300,000 draft dodgers who either resisted the draft directly or left the country to avoid it altogether.

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On May 4, 1970, members of the Ohio National Guard fired shots into a crowd of unarmed students at Kent State University. Thousands of students were protesting Nixon's expansion of the war with the presence of the National Guard on the campus. Tear gas was launched at the demonstrators followed by shots. As a result of the incident, four students were killed and nine students were injured. This sparked student strikes all over the nation which led to the closing of several colleges and universities.

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June 13, 1971: Pentagon Papers are published by the New York Times

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June 13, 1971: Pentagon Papers are published by the New York Times

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An anti-war activist named Daniel Ellsberg had stolen the Pentagon Papers, a top-secret study conducted by the Department of Defense that analyzed political and military involvement in Vietnam. Being unable to offer them to the U.S. Senate, he gave them to the New York Times who published them on June 13 after the Supreme Court had ruled that they had the right to publish it. The publication of these papers along with other revealed scandals and cover-ups led to the resignation of President Nixon in August 1974.

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January 27, 1973: Nixon signs the Paris Peace Accords 

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January 27, 1973: Nixon signs the Paris Peace Accords 

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An agreement to end the war and restore peace in Vietnam was signed by the United States, South Vietnam, and the Viet Cong in Paris. The agreement included a cease-fire throughout Vietnam, the withdrawal of all U.S. troops and advisors, and the dismantling of all U.S. bases within 60 days. In addition, both sides agreed to withdraw troops from Laos and Cambodia and prohibited the movement of troops and the establishment of bases through the countries.

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After the signing of Paris Peace Accords and the ending of U.S. involvement in Vietnam, the Vietnam War drew to a close and the Selective Service announced that there would no longer be draft calls. This decision came months after President Nixon was re-elected.

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February and March of 1973: John McCain and 591 POWs return

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February and March of 1973: John McCain and 591 POWs return

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Following the Paris peace settlement, American prisoners of war (POWs) started to be released after being held captive in North Vietnam. The release began when North Vietnam released 142 U.S. prisoners at Hanoi's Gia Lam Airport. John McCain was a prisoner of war in Vietnam for over 5 years until he and 108 other POWs were released on March 14, 1973. Over the next 50 days, 591 American POWs would be returned to American custody in an operation called "Operation Homecoming".

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August 9, 1974: Gerald Ford becomes president after Nixon resigns

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August 9, 1974: Gerald Ford becomes president after Nixon resigns

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Minutes after President Nixon had ended his term as the 37th president of the United States, Vice President Gerald Ford was sworn in as the 38th president of the United States. In September of 1974, Ford pardoned Nixon for any crimes he may have committed while in office to "end the national divisions" that were created because of his scandals.

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The Fall of Saigon was the capture of Saigon by North Vietnamese forces and was the last major event of the Vietnam War. Without much help from the United States, South Vietnamese forces fell back and faced defeat due to a lack of air support and weapons. By April 27, Saigon was surrounded by 100,000 North Vietnamese soldiers and began to occupy other parts of the city. The South Vietnamese offered to surrender, but they were ignored. A few other South Vietnamese units still fought for a little longer, but the Vietnam War was effectively over.