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Tripoli, Libya: Cost of Living, Prices for Rent & Food

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The average cost of living in Tripoli is $528, which is in the top 12% of the least expensive cities in the world, ranked 8223rd out of 9294 in our global list and 1st out of 13 in Libya.

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Average prices of more than 40 products and services in Tripoli, LibyaJun 2023. Prices of restaurants, food, transportation, utilities and housing are included.

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Information about crime in Tripoli, Libya. Shows how much people think the problem in their community are property crimes (home broken, car theft, etc.), violent crimes (being mugged or robbed, being attacked or insulted), corruption and other crimes.

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Pollution > Papua New Guinea > Port Moresby

Index

Pollution Index:

81.15

Pollution Exp Scale:

143.68

Pollution in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea

Purity and Cleanliness in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea

Contributors: 33

Last update: October 2022

These data are based on perceptions of visitors of this website in the past 3 years.

If the value is 0, it means it is perceived as very low, and if the value is 100, it means it is perceived as very high.

Sign Up for Our Newsletter:

Nearby cities:

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Pollution > Papua New Guinea > Port Moresby Index Pollution Index: 81.15 Pollution Exp Scale: 143.68 Contributors: 33 Last update: October 2022 These data are based on perceptions of visitors of this website in the past 3 years.

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https://livingcost.org/cost/nigeria/lagos

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https://www.greenbiz.com/article/delivering-benefits-through-impactful-renewable-energy-procurement

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https://usa.streetsblog.org/2013/08/02/infographic-u-s-dot-promotes-the-health-benefits-of-active-transportation/

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https://www.miracle-recreation.com/blog/benefits-of-parks-in-your-community/?lang=can

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https://www.housingwire.com/articles/43303-nlihc-reveals-benefits-of-affordable-housing/

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Take a look at North America's first hydrogen-powered train, which emits only water and will start service this summer

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Running from June to October in Quebec, the Coradia iLint will be North America's first hydrogen train.

The train, developed by Alstom, first entered commercial operations in Germany in 2018.

It can be a greener alternative to diesel on non-electrified train tracks - over 90% of tracks in North America.

North America will have its very first hydrogen-powered train this summer season.

Alstom, a French rail transportation company, announced earlier this year that it's shipping one of its new hydrogen-powered Coradia iLint trains to Quebec for a summer demonstration.

The train will be operated by rail service Train De Charlevoix, and people traveling on the picturesque route along the St. Lawrence River will be able to get an innovative, hydrogen-fueled ride starting June 9.

The hydrogen train runs thanks to fuel cells - battery-like systems that don't require recharging - which produce electrical energy from the hydrogen in the train's tanks. Hydrogen produces heat and electricity when combined with oxygen, and the whole thing only emits water vapor and condensed water as an emission.

Alstom first started running two of its bright blue Coradia iLint trains in Europe in 2018, and it has delivered 41 more since then. They are considered the first hydrogen-powered trains in the world.

Take a look at the Coradia iLint train:

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Take a look at North America's first hydrogen-powered train, which emits only water and will start service this summer

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Running from June to October in Quebec, the Coradia iLint will be North America's first hydrogen train. The train, developed by Alstom, first entered commercial operations in Germany in 2018. It can be a greener alternative to diesel on non-electrified train tracks - over 90% of tracks in North America.

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https://www.factmonster.com/atlas/asia/bangladesh

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https://www.britannica.com/place/Lagos-Nigeria

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https://www.britannica.com/place/Damascus

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https://iranprimer.usip.org/blog/2019/oct/09/iran-urges-turkey-show-restraint-syria

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https://padlet.com/rmedw3/year-7-liveability-data-ihg6njepa1sudgwr

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Cost of living

One person

Family of 4

😀 Quality of life

🏙️ Population

The average cost of living in Damascus is $639, which is in the top 21% of the least expensive cities in the world, ranked 7363rd out of 9294 in our global list and 1st out of 10 in Syria.

The median after-tax salary is $50.2, which is enough to cover living expenses for 0.1 months. Ranked 7483rd (TOP 81%) in the list of best places to live in the world and 1st best city to live in Syria. With an estimated population of 1.75M, Damascus is the 2nd largest city in Syria.

Why living in Damascus costs 12.7 times more than the average salary? Because we have a developed country lifestyle as a reference and in some least developed countries maintaining such a standard of living is hard and expensive. Thus, living costs in Damascus for locals and expats differ significantly.

✈️ Closest airport

24 km

Damascus International Airport

😷 Air quality

Moderate

18.9 µg/m³

🎓 Best university rank

3571

Damascus University

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Prices in Damascus

Prices for goods and services in Damascus are partly crowdsourced by our visitors, just like yourself. Please consider telling us about your city.

🏦 Mortgage Interest Rate for 20 Years

Cost of living in other countries

Damascus Cost of Living comparisons

Cost of Living in nearby cities

Big cities near Damascus

Near Damascus

Distance

City

Cost of living

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Damascus: Cost of Living, Salaries, Prices for Rent & food

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Cost of living One person Family of 4 😀 Quality of life 🏙️ Population The average cost of living in Damascus is $639, which is in the top 21% of the least expensive cities in the world, ranked 7363rd out of 9294 in our global list and 1st out of 10 in Syria.

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Cost of living

One person

Family of 4

😀 Quality of life

🏙️ Population

The average cost of living in Tehran is $833, which is in the top 34% of the least expensive cities in the world, ranked 6091st out of 9294 in our global list and 13th out of 102 in Iran.

The median after-tax salary is $288, which is enough to cover living expenses for 0.3 months. Ranked 4832nd (TOP 52%) in the list of best places to live in the world and 1st best city to live in Iran. With an estimated population of 8.69M, Tehran is the 1st largest city in Iran.

Why living in Tehran costs 2.9 times more than the average salary? Because we have a developed country lifestyle as a reference and in some least developed countries maintaining such a standard of living is hard and expensive. Thus, living costs in Tehran for locals and expats differ significantly.

✈️ Closest airport

9 km

Mehrabad International Airport

😷 Air quality

Moderate

31.7 µg/m³

🎓 Best university rank

369

University of Tehran

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Prices in Tehran

Prices for goods and services in Tehran are partly crowdsourced by our visitors, just like yourself. Please consider telling us about your city.

🏦 Mortgage Interest Rate for 20 Years

Cost of living in other countries

Tehran Cost of Living comparisons

Cost of Living in nearby cities

Big cities near Tehran

Near Tehran in Iran

Distance

City

Cost of living

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Cost of Living & Prices in Tehran: rent, food, transport

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Cost of living One person Family of 4 😀 Quality of life 🏙️ Population The average cost of living in Tehran is $833, which is in the top 34% of the least expensive cities in the world, ranked 6091st out of 9294 in our global list and 13th out of 102 in Iran.

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Information about crime in Tehran, Iran. Shows how much people think the problem in their community are property crimes (home broken, car theft, etc.), violent crimes (being mugged or robbed, being attacked or insulted), corruption and other crimes.

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Situated in the northern center of the country, Tehran is Iran's capital city - which is also its largest city. Iran is situated between the Middle East and Asia and has a history of changing its capital city - Tehran being the 32nd one chosen. The population of the city of Tehran has been steadily growing over the last few decades and is now around 8.3 million. There is an estimated number of nearly 8.5 million in the middle of 2014. Interestingly, the Tehran metro system, which opened in 1999 - currently boasts the cleanest train carriages in the world.

City Size and Population Density

The 8.3 million people of Tehran make their homes in the 1,700 square kilometers in the sprawling urban city. The city is very densely populated, with an average of 1.6 people per room in the houses across the city - and 11,800 residents per square kilometer.

Population Growth Impact

With the city's population growing, the areas suffering most are the south and east of the city - the newer parts of the city are still catching up in terms of population numbers. The structure of the city has had a history of flux with buildings, boundaries and road layouts being altered over time. There still remains "Old Tehran", with its traditional buildings, ancient bazaar's and other architectural treasures. Most of Tehran today has a cosmopolitan feel and this is mostly felt in the northern area where individuals are more liberal in their outlook. This area of Tehran is wealthy - and is also where the newest and more upper class shops are being developed.

Tehran Population Demographics

Despite the modern and international flavor of the city, 75% of people living in Tehran would identify themselves as Persian and 63% of inhabitants were born there. Around 99% of the residents in Tehran would speak and understand Persian. 13%, however, do have a good level of understanding of a European language. The most prevalent religion in Tehran is a discipline of Islam, but there are other minority religions including Christianity. A small number of Sikh's are also residents here.

The city has a reputation for the oppression of women and being restrictive in acceptable behaviors. Women still have to respect a very strict dress code. In addition, places of worship still have male and female sections. Compounding this is the fact that there is not a heavy presence of foreign companies operating in Tehran; however, Tehran continues to be one of the best in the world on the stock exchange. The mean age of Tehran is 31.2 compared with the country of Iran's mean age being 27.9. Unsurprisingly, the older members of the city are more central and in the wealthy areas in the north with the younger members more commonly situated around the outskirts of the city.

Tehran Population Growth

The city as a whole is growing in terms of population numbers and economy. In 2008, it was the least expensive capital city in the world in relation to cost of living; today, prices are rising rapidly and have reached 56th in the world on the GDP scale. In Tehran, cars are very popular with its residents and is one of the world's busiest cities in regards to traffic. It will be interesting to watch how Tehran develops with its struggle between a desire to grow and become an economical player - and that of its strictly traditional religious history.

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Situated in the northern center of the country, Tehran is Iran's capital city - which is also its largest city. Iran is situated between the Middle East and Asia and has a history of changing its capital city - Tehran being the 32nd one chosen.

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Cost of living

One person

Family of 4

😀 Quality of life

🏙️ Population

The average cost of living in Port Moresby is $529, which is in the top 12% of the least expensive cities in the world, ranked 8220th out of 9294 in our global list and 1st out of 2 in Papua New Guinea.

The median after-tax salary is $378, which is enough to cover living expenses for 0.7 months. Ranked 6019th (TOP 65%) in the list of best places to live in the world and 1st best city to live in Papua New Guinea. With an estimated population of 317K, Port Moresby is the 1st largest city in Papua New Guinea.

✈️ Closest airport

9 km

Port Moresby Jacksons International Airport

😷 Air quality

Excellent

5.4 µg/m³

🎓 Best university rank

3735

University of Papua New Guinea

Share this infographic!

Prices in Port Moresby

Prices for goods and services in Port Moresby are partly crowdsourced by our visitors, just like yourself. Please consider telling us about your city.

🏦 Mortgage Interest Rate for 20 Years

Cost of living in other countries

Port Moresby Cost of Living comparisons

Cost of Living in nearby cities

Big cities near Port Moresby

Near Port Moresby

Distance

City

Cost of living

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Cost of Living in Port Moresby: rent, food, transport [2023]

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The average cost of living in Port Moresby is $529, which is in the top 12% of the least expensive cities in the world, ranked 8220th out of 9294 in our global list and 1st out of 2 in Papua New Guinea.

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Cost of Living & Prices in Dhaka: rent, food, transport

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The average cost of living in Dhaka is $464, which is in the top 8% of the least expensive cities in the world, ranked 8592nd out of 9294 in our global list and 2nd out of 15 in Bangladesh.

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Lagos, Nigeria: Cost of Living, Prices for Rent & Food

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The average cost of living in Lagos is $1449, which is in the top 32% of the most expensive cities in the world, ranked 2949th out of 9294 in our global list and 2nd out of 33 in Nigeria.

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Information about crime in Damascus, Syria. Shows how much people think the problem in their community are property crimes (home broken, car theft, etc.), violent crimes (being mugged or robbed, being attacked or insulted), corruption and other crimes.

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https://www.aqi.in/dashboard/iran/tehran

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http://country.eiu.com/article.aspx?articleid=972495081&Country=Papua%20New%20Guinea&t

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Crime has a considerable social and economic impact on Papua New Guinea (PNG). Rates of violent crime and sexual assault are among the highest in the world, and women and young men bear the burden to a disproportionate degree. In addition to the human cost, crime has a detrimental effect on the country's economic development. Despite various efforts to combat criminal activity and improve policing, crime will continue to have a substantial negative impact both socially and economically in PNG throughout the forecast period.
Trends in crime

The incidence of crime in PNG is extremely high, with a reported murder rate of 13 per 100,000 in 2011 according to the UN's Human Development Report. However, there is significant under-reporting of crime in official statistics, so that the true extent of the problem is difficult to determine. In a 2014 report on crime in PNG the World Bank estimates that only one in every eight crimes is reported to the police, suggesting that crime rates are significantly higher than indicated by official data. Moreover, the burden of crime is not evenly distributed throughout the country, with the urban centres of the capital, Port Moresby, and Lae having higher rates of all types of crime. According to World Bank data, the homicide rate in Lae, the second-largest city in PNG, was 66 per 100,000-one the highest levels in the world.

Rape is common in PNG, with the UN's special rapporteur stating that violence against women is pervasive in the country. The results of a survey conducted in Bougainville and reported in a peer-reviewed academic medical journal, the Lancet, found that 41% of men surveyed in PNG admitted to raping a female non-partner and 8% to raping a man. Rates of domestic violence are also extremely high. According to statistics quoted by PNG's minister of health, 68% of women report that they have been victims of violent crime. The impact of this high incidence of violence is severe, with 55% of women and 30% of men responding to a World Bank survey stating that fear of crime significantly limits their freedom of movement. The effect is especially pronounced in urban areas with 59% of residents saying that their freedom of movement is curtailed, compared with 40% of those in rural districts.

PNG's police force is in disarray

PNG's police force, the Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary, is under-resourced and ineffective at combating crime. The number of officers is low, with the UN reporting that there are only 48 police officers per 100,000 people in PNG-well below the Asia-Pacific average. In addition, the police are underfunded: private companies quoted in the World Bank's report stated that they had to pay the police to attend crimes because of police under-resourcing. Levels of trust in the police force among the population are low, partly because corruption and also violence committed by the police against the public are common. In October the prime minister, Peter O'Neill, announced the creation of a new task force within the police to combat violence by officers against the members of the public.

Foreign donors have recognised that improved policing in PNG would further their development aims. One component of Australia's substantial aid to PNG comes in the form of assistance to the country's police force and judicial system, and currently includes 73 Australian Federal Police officers and 11 prosecutors. In 2014 the Australian government also contributed K61m (US$25m) for law and justice infrastructure, including separate facilities for women as well as training facilities. In addition, Australia supports 14 family and sexual-violence units in police stations across PNG, which have dealt with 28,000 cases in the past three years. However, despite this large-scale aid, PNG's crime problem does not appear to be diminishing.

In May 2013 Mr O'Neill announced a range of new laws to combat lawlessness in PNG. The measures included higher penalties for kidnapping and theft. In addition, the government expanded the number of crimes that carry the death penalty from murder, piracy and treason to include aggravated rape, robbery with violence and "sorcery-related killings". The death penalty was reinstated in 1991, but despite the popularity of this move with the public, it has not yet led to any executions. It is unlikely that the measures introduced last year will have any material effect on the country's crime rates, but they do at least reflect an attempt by the government to respond to public pressure for action to reduce the impact of crime.

Economic impact of crime

Road transport is essential to PNG's economic development. PNG is the second-least urbanised country in the world, with only 12.6% of the population living in urban areas in 2013, according to the UN's International Human Development Indicators. Trucks transport goods and people from remote regions of PNG to the country's cities and markets. However, even on major roads vehicles are frequently subject to attacks by armed groups. Some of these incidents stem from traditional land-ownership practices, which include payment for the use of such lands and for the right to transport goods through them. Haulage companies have to hire "road liaison" officers to negotiate payments and the safe passage of their vehicles. However, many such attacks are motivated by the desire for profit, with armed gangs seeking to extort money from trucking firms or steal the contents of their vehicles. In order to remain safe, lorries and passenger vehicles avoid travelling at night and often go in convoy with security escorts. Haulage companies face significant economic losses as a direct result of crime and also owing to the costs of crime-mitigation steps, which include electronic monitoring and physical security measures to strengthen the cabs of trucks and prevent fuel theft.

High cost of crime to business

The direct costs of crime to businesses in PNG are substantial, according to the World Bank's 2014 survey: 84% of enterprises surveyed reported that they paid for security, well above the 54% average rate in the Bank's East Asia and Pacific region. In addition, 81% of businesses in PNG said that crime was a determinant of their future investment and expansion decisions, with 67% stating that it was a constraint on their growth (the comparable average for East Asia and the Pacific was 16%). The development of PNG's nascent tourism industry is constrained by the country's high levels of crime. Attacks on trekking parties and warnings on the government's travel-advice websites discourage potential tourists from visiting PNG. The Australia government's warnings highlight the dangers of sexual assault and violent crime in the country.

Mineral-extraction operations often employ large security forces, with the Porgera gold mine, for example, employing 450 guards. These forces have to contend with both illegal mining and attacks on mine compounds, but have often themselves been accused of disproportionate violence. Human rights groups have documented numerous examples of sexual and other assault by private security contractors. Police services in mining areas are generally insufficient to maintain order. The Porgera facility is the largest gold mine in PNG, and the adjacent Porgera township has been under a state of emergency since May as part of a crackdown on illegal mining and lawlessness in the area.

Crime is a serious problem in PNG, and although the problem has been acknowledged by the government there has so far been little action. An expanded, and more professional, police force is needed, but there seems little prospect of this in the near future. It is unlikely that there will be any material improvement in law and order in PNG in the next few years, and the negative impact of crime on the population and on economic activity will therefore continue.

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Crime has a considerable social and economic impact on Papua New Guinea (PNG). Rates of violent crime and sexual assault are among the highest in the world, and women and young men bear the burden to a disproportionate degree. In addition to the human cost, crime has a detrimental effect on the country's economic development.

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Damascus's 2023 population is now estimated at These population estimates and projections come from the latest revision of the 2,584,771. In 1950, the population of Damascus was 414,409. Damascus has grown by 82,010 in the last year, which represents a 3.28% annual change. UN World Urbanization Prospects. These estimates represent the Urban agglomeration of Damascus, which typically includes Damascus's population in addition to adjacent suburban areas.

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Information about crime in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea. Shows how much people think the problem in their community are property crimes (home broken, car theft, etc.), violent crimes (being mugged or robbed, being attacked or insulted), corruption and other crimes.

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Crime > Bangladesh > Dhaka

Index

Crime Index:

63.30

Safety Index:

36.70

Crime rates in Dhaka, Bangladesh

Safety in Dhaka, Bangladesh

Contributors: 326

Last update: May 2023

These data are based on perceptions of visitors of this website in the past 3 years.

If the value is 0, it means it is perceived as very low, and if the value is 100, it means it is perceived as very high.

Sign Up for Our Newsletter:

Nearby cities:

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Crime > Bangladesh > Dhaka Index Crime Index: 63.30 Safety Index: 36.70 Contributors: 326 Last update: May 2023 These data are based on perceptions of visitors of this website in the past 3 years. If the value is 0, it means it is perceived as very low, and if the value is 100, it means it is perceived as very high.

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Crime > Nigeria > Lagos

Index

Crime Index:

64.82

Safety Index:

35.18

Crime rates in Lagos, Nigeria

Safety in Lagos, Nigeria

Contributors: 186

Last update: December 2020

These data are based on perceptions of visitors of this website in the past 3 years.

If the value is 0, it means it is perceived as very low, and if the value is 100, it means it is perceived as very high.

Nearby cities:

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Crime > Nigeria > Lagos Index Crime Index: 64.82 Safety Index: 35.18 Contributors: 186 Last update: December 2020 These data are based on perceptions of visitors of this website in the past 3 years. If the value is 0, it means it is perceived as very low, and if the value is 100, it means it is perceived as very high.

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https://9jaflaver.com/abuja-crime-is-nigerias-capital-city-one-of-the-safest-in-the-world/

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Lagos is a port city and the most populous city in Nigeria. The metropolitan area originated on islands, including Lagos Island, that were protected from the Atlantic Ocean by sand spits. The city has expanded onto the mainland west of the lagoon, however, with Ikeja, the capital of Lagos, and Agege over 25 miles northwest of Lagos Island. Lagos has a population estimated at 21 million in 2016, which makes it the largest city in Africa.

The Lagos State Government estimates the population of Lagos at 17.5 million, although this number has been disputed by the Nigerian Government and found to be unreliable by the National Population Commission of Nigeria, which put the population at over 21 million in 2016. Lagos surpassed Cairo in size in 2012 to become the largest city of Africa. The population was estimated at just 11.2 million in 2011 by the United Nations.

City Size and Population Density

The city of Lagos covers an immense area, coming in with a total of 1,171.28 square kilometers (452.23 square miles). With the population continuing to grow, and currently exceeding at least 17 million residents, the population density is around 6,871 residents per square kilometer (17,800 per square mile).

Lagos Demographics

Lagos was originally inhabited by the Awori group of the Yoruba people. Today, it has a very diverse population due to heavy migration from other parts of Nigeria and surrounding countries. The Yoruba are the dominant ethnic group. There are more than 250 ethnic groups represented in Lagos, however, including the Hausa, Igbo, and Fulani. Small minorities of American, British, East Indian, Chinese, white Zimbabwean, Greek, Syrian, Lebanese and Japanese are also present in the city. In the mid-19th century, many ex-slaves of Afro-Brazilian and Afro-Cuban descent and emigrants from Sierra Leone created communities in Lagos, along with ex-slaves from the Americas. They became missionaries and merchants in the city.

While there are many millionaires in Lagos, about 66% of the population lives in slums. The city has been dubbed the " mega-city of slums," with millions living in and around the lagoons with no access to roads, clean water, electricity or waste disposal. The World Bank has identified 9 of the largest slums of the city for upgrading with a $200 million loan from the United States, which would benefit about one million people. One large slum is Makoko, which has no security and rampant crime.

Lagos Population Growth

Lagos has enjoyed tremendous growth, reaching 21 million from just 1.4 million as recently as 1970. The city now generates 25% of Nigeria's total gross domestic product, and it has many millionaires. It is also the 8th fastest growing city in Africa. Unlike the rest of Nigeria, Lagos is an excellent example of what is possible when the government offers energy and other initiatives to its residents.

Oddly enough, in 1999 the United Nations predicted that the city's metropolitan area, which had only about 290,000 inhabitants in 1950, would exceed 20 million by 2010 and thus become one of the ten most populated cities in the world. It is certainly close - between the predictions and current estimates - and we will continue to watch as the growth unfolds in this city.

Lagos is also a window to the future. In about 25 years, at the rate Nigeria is currently growing, it will have a population of 300 million, or the same as the present-day United States, all living in an area the size of Nevada, New Mexico, and Arizona. With the population doubling over the last 15 years, living standards across Nigeria remain poor. Today, 25% of Africans are Nigerian.

By 2050, Lagos' population is expected to double once more, which will make it the 3rd largest city in the world but with less infrastructure than any other large cities of the world.

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Lagos is a port city and the most populous city in Nigeria. The metropolitan area originated on islands, including Lagos Island, that were protected from the Atlantic Ocean by sand spits. The city has expanded onto the mainland west of the lagoon, however, with Ikeja, the capital of Lagos, and Agege over 25 miles northwest of Lagos Island.

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Mapped: Air Pollution Levels Around the World in 2022

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Mapped: Air Pollution Levels Around the World
This was originally posted on Elements. Sign up to the free mailing list to get beautiful visualizations on natural resource megatrends in your email every week.
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that air pollution leads to 7 million premature deaths every year.

Out of the six common air pollutants, particulate matter measuring 2.5 microns or smaller in diameter, or PM2.5, is accepted as the most harmful to human health. This is due to its prevalence in the atmosphere and the broad range of adverse health effects associated with its exposure, such as heart disease, stroke, lung cancer and chronic respiratory diseases.

With that context in mind, this visualization uses IQAir's World Air Quality Report to map out the 2022 average PM2.5 concentrations in select major cities around the globe, expressed in micrograms per cubic meter (μg/m³).

Understanding the WHO Air Pollution Guidelines

Did you know that in 2019, only 1% of the global population lived in places where WHO global air quality guidelines were met?

Designed to protect public health from the harmful effects of air pollution, the guidelines cover a range of air pollutants, including particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and carbon monoxide.

The healthy limits for PM2.5 are set at an annual average of 0-5 μg/m³.

WHO Classification

Annual Average PM2.5 Concentration (μg/m³)

% of countries within classification, 2022*

* Percentages are calculated as a proportion of the 131 countries that had sufficient air quality data and were included in IQAir's World Air Quality Report in 2022.

According to IQAir's World Air Quality Report, only 13 countries or territories met the recommended concentration of PM2.5 in 2022. Among them were Australia, Finland, Puerto Rico, Iceland, Bermuda, and Guam.

Above this guideline, many countries fell within the four interim targets, while nearly 14% recorded air pollution levels that exceeded all target levels.

The Effects of Air Quality on Mortality

While it can be a little difficult to grasp what the above concentrations represent, thinking of them in terms of their effect on mortality can shed some light on their significance.

According to the WHO, non-accidental mortality rates multiply by 1.08 per 10 µg/m³ increase in PM2.5 concentration, but only up to 35 μg/m³. Above that, mortality growth rates may not be linear, resulting in many more deaths.

Here is an example to highlight what that means.

Say that, for a population living within the WHO PM2.5 guideline, the non-accidental mortality rate is arbitrarily set to 100 deaths for a given period.

If this area's PM2.5 concentration goes up to 10 μg/m³, putting them at Interim Target 4, they would see 104 deaths in that same amount of time.

At Interim Target 3, where their PM2.5 concentration would be 15 μg/m³, they would see 108 deaths.

At Interim Target 2, they'd see 117.

Finally, at Interim Target 1, they'd see 126.

Beyond Interim Target 1 (above 35 μg/m³), deaths would potentially grow much faster. As of 2022, around 14% of countries report levels above this threshold, including Chad, India, Pakistan, Qatar, and Nigeria.

The State of Air Pollution Around the World

While many cities in North America and Europe have seen steady and relatively lower PM2.5 concentrations during the last few years, many cities (especially those in Asia) have been making strides in lowering their air pollution levels.

Nonetheless, many of them still record PM2.5 concentrations that are more than six times the WHO guideline.

City

2022 annual average PM2.5 concentration (μg/m³)

2018 annual average PM2.5 concentration (μg/m³)

Most parts of the world did not meet the annual WHO recommendation for clean and healthy air in 2022.

However, the cost of inaction toward cleaner air is very high. In addition to the millions of premature deaths each year, the global cost of health damages associated with air pollution currently sits at $8.1 trillion.

Unfortunately, things that are integral to our quality of life, such as industrial activities, transportation, energy production, and agricultural practices, are also the leading causes of air pollution around the world.

As such, a multi-faceted approach to lowering pollution is essential to protect lives, especially to benefit those already more vulnerable to poor air quality, such as kids and the elderly.

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Mapped: Air Pollution Levels Around the World in 2022

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This was originally posted on Elements. Sign up to the free mailing list to get beautiful visualizations on natural resource megatrends in your email every week. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that air pollution leads to 7 million premature deaths every year.

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https://www.globalfuturecities.org/sites/default/files/2020-07/Nigeria_Lagos_CCR.pdf

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Map of central Lagos area showing the power stations

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Map of central Lagos area showing the power stations

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https://humanglemedia.com/the-cost-of-lagos-poor-air-quality-on-lives-and-properties/

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Dhaka Population 2021 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs)

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Dhaka’s 2021 population is now estimated at 21,741,090. In 1950, the population of Dhaka was 335,760. Dhaka has grown by 735,230 since 2015, which represents a 3.50% annual change. These population estimates and projections come from the latest revision of the UN World Urbanization Prospects. These…

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https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-Cost-of-Air-Pollution-in-Lagos-Croitoru-Chang/699a2a1e7bee34d61e1a8eef8f3f90c75e72590d

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Ambient air pollution is a major contributor to mortality and morbidity. Fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) is especially harmful to health because it can pass lung barriers and enter the blood stream, causing premature deaths, and respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.

Globally, exposure to ambient PM 2.5 caused 2.9 million premature deaths in 2017, or about 9 percent of total deaths in the world. In West Africa, it was responsible for about 80,000 premature deaths the same year. The problem is particularly acute in Nigeria which had the highest number of premature deaths due to ambient PM 2.5 in the region.

Lagos, a coastal city of 24 million people, exemplifies how air quality is upending Africa megacities' growth, health and livelihoods. Despite growing concern about air pollution, there is currently no reliable estimate of the impact of ambient air pollution, nor a comprehensive air pollution control plan.

The study 'The Cost of Air Pollution in Lagos' addresses these knowledge gaps. It estimates the impact of ambient PM 2.5 on health, analyzes the main pollution sources, and recommends a set of possible options to control air pollution in Lagos.
Key Findings

The study estimates that illness and premature deaths due to ambient air pollution caused losses of $2.1 billion in 2018, representing 2.1% of Lagos State's GDP.

In 2018, ambient air pollution led to about11,200 premature deaths, the highest in West Africa. Children under five were the most affected, accounting for 60 percent of total deaths while adults suffered from heart disease, lung cancer, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

While WHO recommends an acceptable annual mean PM2.5 concentration level of 10 μg/m³, Lagos has recorded levels of 68 μg/m3, in the same range as other polluted megacities such as Beijing (73 μg/m3), Cairo (76 μg/m3) and Mumbai (64 μg/m3).

Road transport is the main source of ambient air pollution. Each day, 227 vehicles clog each kilometer of road. Most vehicles are over 15 years old, using old emission technologies and fuel with high sulfur levels: 200 times higher than U.S. standards for diesel.

Industrial emissions are the second source of air pollution. Industrial and commercial zones like Apapa, Idumota, Ikeja and Odogunyan, where cement, chemicals, furniture, refinery, steel industries are concentrated, have high levels of pollution. In Odogunyan, a PM2.5 concentration of 1 770 μg/m3 was recorded in a period of 24h.

Generators supply half of Lagos' total energy demand and are the third source of air pollution. The poor combustion of the gasoline and oil used to operate the generators pollutes the air and causes huge health damage.

The World Bank Pollution Management and Environment Health Program (PMEH) offers opportunities to collaborate with the Lagos State Government to create incentives and policies that will improve the air quality.

Air quality investment shortfalls can be curtailed through innovative financing. The IFC 's Breath Better Bond offers opportunities to tackle air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions by investing in climate-friendly infrastructure projects.

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Ambient air pollution is a major contributor to mortality and morbidity. Fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) is especially harmful to health because it can pass lung barriers and enter the blood stream, causing premature deaths, and respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.

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Port Moresby is a city located in Papua New Guinea. The city, which is also known as Moresby or Pom City, is the one of the largest in the South Pacific. It is an important center of trade, and in recent years has seen significant population growth. According to the most recent census, the population of the city is just over 400,000 people.

City Size and Population Density

The city of Port Moresby covers a surface area of 240 kilometers squared (90 square miles). This gives a rough population density of 1,500 residents per square kilometer (3,900 people living per square mile).

Port Moresby Demographics

There are a variety of ethnic groups that call Port Moresby home. These groups include Papuans, Negritos, Micronesians, Melanesians, and Polynesians.

The primary religion of the area is Protestant, making up approximately 70% of the population. This is broken down across groups including Evangelical Lutherans, United Church, Pentecostal, Anglican, Baptists, and more.

The languages of Tok Pisin, English and Hiri Motu are spoken in Port Moresby. There are a large group of children through age 14, as well as a large group of people in the 25 to 54 demographics.

Port Moresby History

Since its early days, Port Moresby has always been a spot designated for trade. The Motuan people would trade sago and pots for canoe logs and food.

John Moresby was the first European to arrive at Port Moresby. In the late 1800s, he claimed the land for the British. Later, Queensland tried to annex the southeastern corner of New Guinea Island, but this was not approved by the British. A protectorate over Papua as British New Guinea was established a few years later.

In the early 1900s, the Papua Act transferred Papua and Port Moresby to Australians. It was during this time that the city began to grow. Port facilities were improved, grocery stores and butcher shops were opened, and electricity was brought to the city.

During the 1940s, the city also became an important area for Allied bases during World War II. It was also during the 1940s that the Territory of Papua and New Guinea was combined and Port Moresby was named as capital.

It was during the 1970s that Papua New Guinea gained its independence. Government buildings, businesses, and cultural buildings were built as a result. Once the city gained its independence, the population grew significantly, climbing from 120,000 in 1980 to almost 200,000 during the 1990s.

Port Moresby Population Growth

In recent years, Port Moresby has seen impressive growth. Between 2000 and 2011, the city had an annual growth rate of 2.1%. Today, the growth rate averages about 1.78%, bringing steady growth to the city through the years ahead.

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Port Moresby is a city located in Papua New Guinea. The city, which is also known as Moresby or Pom City, is the one of the largest in the South Pacific. It is an important center of trade, and in recent years has seen significant population growth.

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Tehran Air Quality Index (AQI) : Real-Time Air Pollution | Iran

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Current Tehran Air Quality Index (AQI) is 50 GOOD level with real-time air pollution PM2.5 (27 µg/m³), PM10 (27 µg/m³), temperature (22˚C) in Iran.

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A Bangladeshi woman collects contaminated water from the Buriganga River.

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https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-04-06/millions-drinking-arsenic-laced-water-in-bangladesh:-report/7305730

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Water Pollution - Cost of Clean drinking Water

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Water Pollution - Cost of Clean drinking Water

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https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2016/mar/22/papua-new-guinea-worst-access-clean-water-wateraid

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https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2013/03/05/syrias-education-crisis-in-three-charts/

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https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2013/03/05/syrias-education-crisis-in-three-charts/

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Inefficient sewage management, dysfunctional water treatment are causes of water pollution, say experts

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https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/chemicals-industrial-waste-contamination-turn-6-bangladesh-rivers-untreatable/2534527

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http://www.salaryexplorer.com/salary-survey.php?loc=2323&loctype=3

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Average Salary in Damascus 2023 - The Complete Guide

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Graph 1. Population development in Syria (left-hand axis), Damascus City and Rural Damascus (right-hand axis) between 1960 and 2016 in millions. Source: CBS (2019).

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Graph 1. Population development in Syria (left-hand axis), Damascus City and Rural Damascus (right-hand axis) between 1960 and 2016 in millions. Source: CBS (2019).

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https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0197397519309464#fig6

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Map 5. The social status of districts in the Damascus Metropolitan Region in 2019. S

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Map 5. The social status of districts in the Damascus Metropolitan Region in 2019. S

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https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0197397519309464

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More than 250,000 Syrians have lost their lives in four-and-a-half years of armed conflict, which began with anti-government protests before escalating into a full-scale civil war. More than 11 million others have been forced from their homes as forces loyal to President Bashar al-Assad and those opposed to his rule battle each other - as well as jihadist militants from so-called Islamic State. This is the story of the civil war so far, in eight short chapters.

1. Uprising turns violent

Opposition supporters eventually began to take up arms, first to defend themselves and later to expel security forces from their local areas.

2. Descent into civil war

Violence escalated and the country descended into civil war as rebel brigades were formed to battle government forces for control of cities, towns and the countryside. Fighting reached the capital Damascus and second city of Aleppo in 2012.

By June 2013, the UN said 90,000 people had been killed in the conflict. By August 2015, that figure had climbed to 250,000, according to activists and the UN.

3. War crimes

The UN Security Council has demanded all parties end the indiscriminate use of weapons in populated areas, but civilians continue to die in their thousands. Many have been killed by barrel bombs dropped by government aircraft on gatherings in rebel-held areas - attacks which the UN says may constitute massacres.

IS has also been accused by the UN of waging a campaign of terror. It has inflicted severe punishments on those who transgress or refuse to accept its rules, including hundreds of public executions and amputations. Its fighters have also carried out mass killings of rival armed groups, members of the security forces and religious minorities, and beheaded hostages, including several Westerners.

4. Chemical weapons

Facing the prospect of US military intervention, President Assad agreed to the complete removal and destruction of Syria's chemical weapons arsenal.

5. Humanitarian crisis

More than 4.5 million people have fled Syria since the start of the conflict, most of them women and children. Neighbouring Lebanon, Jordan and Turkey have struggled to cope with one of the largest refugee exoduses in recent history. About 10% of Syrian refugees have sought safety in Europe, sowing political divisions as countries argue over sharing the burden.

The warring parties have compounded the problems by refusing humanitarian agencies access to civilians in need. Up to 4.5 million people in Syria live in hard-to-reach areas, including nearly 400,000 people in 15 besieged locations who do not have access to life-saving aid.

6. Rebels and the rise of the jihadists

The armed rebellion has evolved significantly since its inception. Secular moderates are now outnumbered by Islamists and jihadists, whose brutal tactics have caused global outrage.

In September 2014, a US-led coalition launched air strikes inside Syria in an effort to "degrade and ultimately destroy" IS. But the coalition has avoided attacks that might benefit Mr Assad's forces. Russia began an air campaign targeting "terrorists" in Syria a year later, but opposition activists say its strikes have mostly killed Western-backed rebels and civilians.

In the political arena, opposition groups are also deeply divided, with rival alliances battling for supremacy. The most prominent is the National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces, backed by several Western and Gulf Arab states. However, the exile group has little influence on the ground in Syria and its primacy is rejected by many opponents of Mr Assad.

7. Peace efforts

Talks in early 2014, known as Geneva II, broke down after only two rounds, with then-UN special envoy Lakhdar Brahimi blaming the Syrian government's refusal to discuss opposition demands.

8. Proxy war

What began as another Arab Spring uprising against an autocratic ruler has mushroomed into a brutal proxy war that has drawn in regional and world powers.

Iran and Russia have propped up the Alawite-led government of President Assad and gradually increased their support. Tehran is believed to be spending billions of dollars a year to bolster Mr Assad, providing military advisers and subsidised weapons, as well as lines of credit and oil transfers. Russia has meanwhile launched an air campaign against Mr Assad's opponents.

The Syrian government has also enjoyed the support of Lebanon's Shia Islamist Hezbollah movement, whose fighters have provided important battlefield support since 2013.

The Sunni-dominated opposition has, meanwhile, attracted varying degrees of support from its international backers - Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Qatar and Jordan, along with the US, UK and France.

Until late 2015, rebel appeals for anti-aircraft weapons to stop devastating government air strikes were rejected by the US and its allies, amid concern that they might end up in the hands of jihadist militants. A US programme to train and arm 5,000 rebels to take the fight to IS on the ground also suffered a series of setbacks before being abandoned.

Produced by Lucy Rodgers, David Gritten, James Offer and Patrick Asare

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More than 250,000 Syrians have lost their lives in four-and-a-half years of armed conflict, which began with anti-government protests before escalating into a full-scale civil war. More than 11 million others have been forced from their homes as forces loyal to President Bashar al-Assad and those opposed to his rule battle each other - as well as jihadist militants from so-called Islamic State.

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The Statista "Chart of the Day" currently focuses on two sectors: "Media and Technology", updated daily and featuring the latest statistics from the media, internet, telecommunications and consumer electronics industries; and "Economy and Society", which current data from the United States and around the world relating to economic and political issues as well as sports and entertainment.

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Infographic: The World's Least Liveable Cities

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The Statista "Chart of the Day" currently focuses on two sectors: "Media and Technology", updated daily and featuring the latest statistics from the media, internet, telecommunications and consumer electronics industries; and "Economy and Society", which current data from the United States and around the world relating to economic and political issues as well as sports and entertainment.

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A few weeks ago, we suggested that Hong Kong was the "smart growth" ideal, for having the highest urban population density in the high income world. But, if you expand the universe to the poorer, developing countries, Hong Kong barely holds a candle to Dhaka. Dhaka's 14.6 million people live in just 125 square miles (325 square kilometers). At more than 115,000 people per square mile (Figure 1), or 45,000 per square kilometer (Figure 2), the capital of Bangladesh is nearly 75 percent more dense than Hong Kong.
The Ultimate in Average Urban Area Density
None of the world's megacities comes close to Dhaka's population density. Mumbai is about one-third less dense, despite its reputation as crowded and congested. The only other megacity (minimum 10 million population) more than one-third as dense as Dhaka is Karachi. Twenty three other megacities fall at least two-thirds short of Dhaka's density (such as Jakarta, Seoul and Paris). New York's core, Manhattan, is 40 percent less dense, and the New York urban area does not reach 1/20th of Dhaka's density

No city in the world uses land so efficiently as Dhaka. But this comes at a price. With an urban area ranked among the 20 most populous in the world, Dhaka's average income is so low that it does not even place in the top 100 metropolitan area economies as measured by the Brookings Institution. Thus, the world's most dense urban area is among the least economically productive. Brookings rated the principally suburban and exurban Hartford metropolitan area number one, with an urban density approximately 1/100th that of Dhaka, Hartford includes the old core city; but as well as the much more substantial primarily suburban or even exurban areas.. Hartford is among the least dense urban areas in the world, at half as dense as Portland and one-fourth as dense as Los Angeles. So much for the illusion that urban density and productivity are joined at the hip.

Despite Dhaka's hyper-density, critics complain about Dhaka's urban sprawl. If Dhaka is "urban sprawl," then the term is meaningless. Perhaps the critics would prefer the rural poor to live in even more crowded shantytowns, or maybe better yet, that they go back home to even more desperate rural poverty. Aspiration is not a bad thing, and if that means cities with more people, covering more land area, so be it.

Not only does Dhaka have the highest average urban density, but it also has some of the highest neighborhood densities: some slum (shantytown) population densities reach 4,200 per acre, which converts to more than 2,500,000 per square mile or more than 1,000,000 per square kilometer. Estimates of the slum population vary, ranging from a quarter to 60 percent of the area population.
Dhaka in the Neighborhood
Dhaka is only 150 miles (250 kilometers) from Kolkata. Both cities were located in the province of Bengal for all but six years of the centuries long period of British rule. After the division of India and Pakistan in 1947, Dhaka was located in East Pakistan. Kolkata became the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal. For most of their histories, Kolkata was larger than Dhaka. But the Dhaka urban area has just overtaken Kolkata in population. By 2025, the United Nations forecasts that Dhaka will reach 23 million, well ahead of Kolkata's projected 19 million (Figure 3).

Dhaka's growth has been spectacular. In 1970, just before East Pakistan separated from Pakistan to become Bangladesh, the urban area had a population of 1.3 million. Its population grew by more than 10 times, Dhaka growth over four decades trails only Shenzhen among the megacities, which expanded by 30 times over the same period.
The Metropolitan Area
Dhaka's metropolitan area (which includes the urban area and economically integrated rural environs) added approximately 5,000,000 new residents between 2001 and 2011. Dhaka added at least a 50 percent to its population, rising from just under 10 million population to just over 15 million during the decade (Note 1). Few, if any of the world's largest metropolitan areas or urban areas have achieved such a large percentage population increase in a period of 10 years. Even so, Dhaka's population added fewer people than some larger metropolitan areas over a similar period, such as Karachi, Jakarta and Shanghai (Figure 4).
Spatial Expansion
Consistent with the trend since cities escaped walls, Dhaka has been expanding spatially as its population has increased. Over the past decade, the core municipality, Dhaka, increased its population 45 percent. The suburban and exurban population increase was nearly twice as great, at 85 percent (Figure 5). The core city of Dhaka managed to capture just over one-half the population growth, but because of its larger size, the slower percentage growth rate still resulted in half the additional population being in the city (Figure 6). Dhaka thus further confirms the axiom that as cities become larger, they become less dense.

River City
Dhaka may be the worst situated urban area in the world. Dhaka is located in wetlands and virtually surrounded by rivers, some of the greatest in the world.

Dhaka is 20 miles (32 kilometers) east of the Padma River, which is the main course of the Ganges River.

Only a few miles north of this point, the Padma is joined by the Jamuna River, which is the main course of the Brahmaputra River.

The Meghna River, the secondary Brahmaputra River course is 15 miles (25 kilometers) to the east of Dhaka.

Little more than 30 miles (50 kilometers to the south is the confluence of the Padma River and the Meghna River, which flows the last few miles to the Bay of Bengal as the Meghna.

Though Dhaka is 100 miles (160 kilometers) from the Bay of Bengal (the Indian Ocean), the lowest parts of the city are little more than five feet (two meters) above sea level. This means serious flooding. The risk is illustrated in Figure 7. The extent of the risk is illustrated by the fact that the areas not prone to flooding cover less land than the urban area. That means that the necessary urban expansion will be very expensive. With the understandable exodus from rural areas to the city, the problems of high density and, particularly slums could become more acute.
A City Designed for a Metro?
The river courses and wetlands have forced Dhaka into a generally north-south orientation. The urban area averages from three to seven miles east to west (five to 11 kilometers) and is nearly 30 miles (50 kilometers north to south. The more circular development that would be expected for an inland urban area is precluded by the rivers and wetlands.

This unusual city form could serve the city well, however, as it builds its first Metro line. Stations on the planned north to south line will be within a long walk of a much of the urban area. It is hard to imagine an urban form and density more suited for a Metro. Construction is supposed to begin within the next two years.

Not only is Dhaka the largest world urban area without an urban rail system, it is also the largest without a motorway (freeway). That too will soon change, as two should be under construction soon.
Political Reform and the Future
Meanwhile, in an attempt to improve city services, the national government has divided the city of Dhaka into two. The Dhaka City Corporation has now been replaced by the Dhaka North City Corporation and the Dhaka South City Corporation. There is an increasing body of literature suggesting that smaller municipalities perform better (and spend less) than larger municipalities. The Dhaka demerger may be the first significant such move since the 1986 breakup of the Greater London Council by the Thatcher government (Note 2).

Dhaka begins the next decade undertaking significant challenges in infrastructure, economic growth and government reform. However, perhaps the biggest challenge will be to figure out where to put the additional five million people expected by the 2021 census.
Wendell Cox is a Visiting Professor, Conservatoire National des Arts et Metiers, Paris and the author of "War on the Dream: How Anti-Sprawl Policy Threatens the Quality of Life."
-----

Note 1: There was an undercount in the 2011 census, ranging from 3.8 percent in rural areas to 5.3 percent in urban areas. This complicates comparison between the 2001 and 2011 census data.

Note 2: Even after the subsequent creation of the Greater London Council, by the Blair government, most local functions were not transferred, remaining in the 32 local boroughs. A forced amalgamation of Montréal with suburbs was partially reversed by voter referenda in the early 2000s.

----

Photograph: Farmview Supermarket Transit Transfer Center, on one of the urban area's few north-south arterial roadways. (by author)

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A few weeks ago, we suggested that Hong Kong was the "smart growth" ideal, for having the highest urban population density in the high income world. But, if you expand the universe to the poorer, developing countries, Hong Kong barely holds a candle to Dhaka.

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Papua New Guinea is one of the most challenging parts of the world to run a digital business. Image: REUTERS/David Gray

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This Pacific island is working towards a digital revolution

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Papua New Guinea is one of the most challenging parts of the world to run a digital business. Image: REUTERS/David Gray Senior Writer, Formative Content Stay up to date: Technological Transformation Follow Mobile internet use is forecast to expand rapidly in Papua New Guinea.

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1. PNG is one of the most diverse and resource rich countries in the world and the government has a comprehensive set of development plans for promoting overall growth by harnessing these resources.

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Evaluation of House Rent Prices and Their Affordability in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea

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Access to affordable housing has been a long-standing issue for households in most cities. This paper reports on a study of house rent prices in Port Moresby, factors influencing them, and affordability of the prices. Data was obtained from houses that were advertised for rent in Port Moresby for a…

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Papua_New_Guinea#/media/File:Papua_New_Guinea_single_age_population_pyramid_2020.png

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Demographics of Papua New Guinea

Population

9,593,498 (2022 est.)

Growth rate

2.35% (2022 est.)

Birth rate

29.03 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)

Death rate

5.54 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)

Life expectancy

69.43 years

Fertility rate

3.92 children born/woman (2022 est.)

Infant mortality rate

33.59 deaths/1,000 live births

Net migration rate

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)

Nationality

Papua New Guinean

The indigenous population of Papua New Guinea is one of the most heterogeneous in the world. Papua New Guinea has several thousand separate communities, most with only a few hundred people. Divided by language, customs, and tradition, some of these communities have engaged in endemic warfare with their neighbors for centuries. It is the second most populous nation in Oceania, with a total population estimated variously as being between 9.5 and 10.1 million inhabitants.

The isolation created by the mountainous terrain is so great that some groups, until recently, were unaware of the existence of neighboring groups only a few kilometers away. The diversity, reflected in a folk saying, "For each village, a different culture", is perhaps best shown in the local languages. The island of New Guinea contains about 850 languages. The languages that are neither Austronesian nor Australian are considered Papuan languages; this is a geographical rather than linguistic demarcation. Of the Papuan languages, the largest linguistic grouping is considered to be Trans-New Guinean, with between 300 and 500 languages likely belonging to the group in addition to a huge variety of dialects. The remainder of the Papuan languages belong to smaller, unrelated groupings as well as to isolates. Native languages are spoken by a few hundred to a few thousand, although Enga language, used in Enga Province, is spoken by some 130,000 people.

Tok Pisin serves as the lingua franca. English is the language of business and government, and all schooling from Grade 2 Primary is in English.

The overall population density is low, although pockets of overpopulation exist. Papua New Guinea's Western Province averages one person per square kilometer (3 per sq. mi.). The Simbu Province in the New Guinea highlands averages 20 persons per square kilometer (52 persons/sq mi) and has areas containing up to 200 people farming a square kilometer of land. The highlands have 40% of the population.

A considerable urban drift towards Port Moresby and other major centers has occurred in recent years. Between 1978 and 1988, Port Moresby grew nearly 8% per year, Lae 6%, Mount Hagen 6.5%, Goroka 4%, and Madang 3%. The trend toward urbanization accelerated in the 1990s, bringing in its wake squatter settlements, unemployment, and attendant social problems. Almost two-thirds of the population is Christian. Of these, more than 700,000 are Roman Catholic, more than 500,000 Lutheran, and the balance are members of other Protestant denominations. Although the major churches are under indigenous leadership, a large number of missionaries remain in the country. The non-Christian portion of the indigenous population practices a wide variety of indigenous religions that are an integral part of traditional culture. These religions are mainly types of animism and veneration of the dead.

The World Bank estimates the number of international migrants in Papua New Guinea to be about 0.3% of the population. According to the 2000 and 2011 census, the most common places of origin for international migrants were the United States, Australia, the Philippines, and Indonesia. Since independence, about 900 foreigners have become naturalized citizens as of August 1999. An estimated 20,000 Chinese people live in Papua New Guinea.

The traditional Papua New Guinea social structure includes the following characteristics:

The practice of subsistence economy;

Recognition of bonds of kinship with obligations extending beyond the immediate family group;

Generally egalitarian relationships with an emphasis on acquired, rather than inherited, status; and

A strong attachment of the people to land.

Most Papua New Guineans still adhere strongly to this traditional social structure, which has its roots in village life.

Total Fertility Rate (TFR) (Wanted Fertility Rate) and Crude Birth Rate (CBR):

Registration of vital events in Papua New Guinea is not complete. The website Our World in Data prepared the following estimates based on statistics from the Population Department of the United Nations.

Mid-year population (thousands)

Live births (thousands)

Deaths (thousands)

Natural change (thousands)

Crude birth rate (per 1000)

Crude death rate (per 1000)

Natural change (per 1000)

Total fertility rate (TFR)

Infant mortality (per 1000 live births)

Life expectancy (in years)

The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook 2022

9,593,498 (2022 estimate)

0-14 years: 31,98% (male 1,182,539/female 1,139,358)

15-24 years: 19.87% (male 731,453/female 711,164)

25-54 years: 37.68% (male 1,397,903/female 1,337,143)

55-64 years: 5.83% (male 218,529/female 204,717)

65 years and over: 4.64% (male 164,734/female 171,916) (2022 est.)

29.03 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)

5.54 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)

At birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

0-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15-24 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

25-54 years: 1.02 male(s)/female

55-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 1.0 male(s)/female

Total Population: 1.03 male(s)/female (2022 est.)

145 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Total: 33.59 deaths/1,000 live births

Male: 36.91 deaths/1,000 live births

Female: 30.12 deaths/1,000 live births (2022 est.)

3.92 children born/woman (2022 est.)

Papua New Guineans (noun)

Papua New Guinean (adjective)

Total population: 64.2%

Male: 65.6%

Female: 62.8%

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Demographics of Papua New Guinea - Wikipedia

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Demographics of Papua New Guinea Population 9,593,498 (2022 est.) Growth rate 2.35% (2022 est.) Birth rate 29.03 births/1,000 population (2022 est.) Death rate 5.54 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.) Life expectancy 69.43 years Fertility rate 3.92 children born/woman (2022 est.) Infant mortality rate 33.59 deaths/1,000 live births Net migration rate 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)

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https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/HOMELESSNESS-IN-LAGOS-NIGERIA-%3A-CHALLENGES-TO-David/50f4775178cfc0e8edbcd92c45e78587e9cd116b

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Under the bridges. In doorways. On street corners. You don't have to look too hard to see that homelessness is a big problem in Nigeria's biggest city, Lagos.

Amnesty International suggests that more than 30,000 have been forcibly evicted from settlements, and a further 300,000 are under threat.

Many flee to Lagos after being displaced by Boko Haram in the north-east of the country.

We spent a day with Godwin who came to Lagos to look for a better life, but found himself sleeping under a flyover in the city.
Video Journalists: Joshua Akinyemi and Mariam Koné.

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Homeless in Lagos: A day under the bridge

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Under the bridges. In doorways. On street corners. You don't have to look too hard to see that homelessness is a big problem in Nigeria's biggest city, Lagos. Amnesty International suggests that more than 30,000 have been forcibly evicted from settlements, and a further 300,000 are under threat.

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The first graph shows the climate in Damascus, Syria in metric units and the second in English units. The climate graphs depict monthly average temperatures, precipitation, wet days, sunlight hours, relative humidity and wind speed.

Damascus Climate Graph in Metric Units

Damascus Climograph in English Units

Damascus Climate Graphs Discussion

We are pleased to announce the release of the new discussion section. Here you will discover a wealth of knowledge about the various aspects of the local climate presented by our international community. We would like to invite you to help get discussion started by visiting those locations you are familiar with. Is there something noteworthy about the climate there that you can enlighten us about? Discussion is subdivided into specific topics such as the months of the year and aspects such as day length and temperature. When you have an idea of something fascinating to share please visit the specific page most fitting and add your post using the simple interface. No registration or third party network login is necessary.

Currently under general maintenance.

Climate Graphs for Closest locations to Damascus, Syria:

Latakia, Syrian Arab Republic - 245.7 kms (152.7 miles) NNW

Famagusta, Cyprus - 303.4 kms (188.6 miles) NW

Tartous, Syrian Arab Republic - 173.7 kms (107.9 miles) NNW

Larnaca, Cyprus - 312 kms (193.9 miles) WNW

Tripoli, Lebanon - 132.9 kms (82.6 miles) NNW

Cedars, Bsharri, Lebanon - 102.6 kms (63.8 miles) NNW

Beirut, Lebanon - 105.3 kms (65.4 miles) WNW

Haifa, Israel - 155.3 kms (96.5 miles) WSW

Irbid, Jordan - 113.7 kms (70.7 miles) SSW

Mafraq, Jordan - 118.5 kms (73.7 miles) SSW

Deir-Alla, Jordan - 156.8 kms (97.4 miles) SSW

Bet Dagan, Israel - 222.9 kms (138.5 miles) SW

Tel Aviv, Israel - 217.4 kms (135.1 miles) SW

Amman, Jordan - 166.1 kms (103.2 miles) SSW

Jerusalem, Israel - 210 kms (130.5 miles) SW

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The first graph shows the climate in Damascus, Syria in metric units and the second in English units. The climate graphs depict monthly average temperatures, precipitation, wet days, sunlight hours, relative humidity and wind speed. We are pleased to announce the release of the new discussion section.

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Why Assad's Damascus is the world's least liveable city - levant24

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Why Assad's Damascus is the world's least liveable city - levant24

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Why Assad's Damascus is the world's least liveable city

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Infographic: The World's Next Megacities

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By 2050, 70 percent of the world's population will live in cities, up from 54 percent in 2020, according to a new report by the Institute for Economics & Peace. This increase is being driven by both population growth and a continued shift towards urbanization, particularly to so called 'megacities' - metropolises that have a population of 10 million or more.

Urbanization takes place because of both push and pull factors. The IEA describes how in the Democratic Republic of Congo's capital of Kinshasa, factors pushing people away from rural areas include issues of violence and a general lack of security, the presence of criminal groups, lack of policing, ecological degradation, and the fact there are too many people for the available agricultural land. Meanwhile, a pull factor could be the attraction of an increase in the standard of living.

There are currently 33 megacities worldwide. Tokyo (37.3 million), Delhi (32.3 million), Shanghai (28.7 million), Dhaka (22.6 million), São Paulo (22.5 million) and Mexico City (22.1 million) take the lead as the most populous of these. By 2050, 14 more cities are set to join their ranks, with a total increased population of some 213 million people. The new order will then become Delhi (49.6 million), Dhaka (34.6 million), Tokyo (32.6 million), Cairo (32.6 million) and Mumbai (32.4 million).

In addition to a rise in the number of people living in these cities, the countries themselves will also likely see economic growth. According to AXA, Manila in the Philippines and Bangalore in India are expected to see close to 150 percent GDP growth by the end of the decade.

Africa is the only world region expected to still see strong population growth by the end of the century, according to the Pew Research Center, while all other regions' growth rates will start to tail off. This is reflected in our chart, as it's notably the African megacities that will see the biggest population rate increases. Meanwhile, only three megacities will see decreases in their population size: the Russian capital of Moscow (-3 percent), and Japan's Osaka (-12 percent) and Tokyo (-12 percent). Despite Tokyo's shrinkage, brought on by an aging population and declining birth rate, the capital will still rank as the world's fourth most populated megacity in 2050.

The 33 cities that have already hit megacity status are the following: Delhi, Dhaka, Cairo, Tokyo, Mumbai, Shanghai, Kinshasa, Lagos, Karachi, Mexico City, São Paulo, Beijing, Kolkata, New York City, Manila, Lahore, Bangalore, Chongqing, Buenos Aires, Osaka, Hyderabad, Tianjin, Guangzhou, Los Angeles, Rio de Janeiro, Bangkok, Jakarta, Shenzhen, Lima, Paris and Moscow.

It's important to note here that different sources cite different statistics, and that especially with forecasts, situations can change. For instance, where the United Nations initially predicted that India would overtake China as the biggest country in 2027, it is now expected to take place in April of this year. In terms of megacity status, according to UN data from 2018, several additional cities, including Kuala Lumpur in Malaysia and Wuhan in China, will make the roundup even by 2035. Read more on the nature of conflicting reports here.

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Infographic: The World's Next Megacities

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By 2050, 70 percent of the world's population will live in cities, up from 54 percent in 2020, according to a new report by the Institute for Economics & Peace. This increase is being driven by both population growth and a continued shift towards urbanization, particularly to so called 'megacities' - metropolises that have a population of 10 million or more.

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Benefits of face recognition to reduce crime

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Benefits of face recognition to reduce crime

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https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/10/facial-recognition-technology-law-enforcement-human-rights/