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Phonetics - Consonants: Crash Course Linguistics #8

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Difference between Comparative Linguistics and Contrastive linguistics

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Difference between Comparative Linguistics and Contrastive linguistics

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Comparative linguistics compares and contrasts genetically related languages over time, while Contrastive Linguistics compares and contrasts languages that are culturally related.

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In other words, Contrastive Analysis  is a branch of applied linguistics that studies the similarities and differences between different languages to develop it in the area of language teaching and learning.
The interest in foreign language teaching increased in the US after World War II, was based on comparing the mother tongue with the foreign language being learned. Then it was known as Comparative Linguistics, it later became known as Contrastive Linguistics, Contrastive Study, Contrastive Analysis and Differential Linguistics, where all these terms are used interchangeably in the same context.

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- Allophones are predictable and non-significant, are usually relativelysimilar sounds, but these sounds are in mutually exclusive and complementary distribution.

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The variant sounds are known as allophones.
They are the different pronunciations of the same phoneme /t/.

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- Allophones are the set of variants of the same phoneme in a language, which doesn't change the meaning, just alter their pronunciation.

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1. Can you hand me a pen/pɛn/? or Can you hand me a pin/pɪn/?
2. Machine or Mechanism
3. Sweet and Sweat

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Contrastive Analysis (CA) is a subdiscipline of linguistics that focuses on comparing and contrasting two or more languages or language subsystems to identify their differences and similarities. Linguists, whether particularists or generalists, employ CA to study language families, history, and universality. CA examines languages synchronically (at a specific point in time) or diachronically (over different historical periods) and can be conducted in isolation or through comparative approaches.

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Phonology is devoted to the study of sound systems, patterns and rules of language. In linguistics, phonology is a subfield concerned with understanding how languages use sounds and combine them to build words.

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1. The phoneme /b/ is found in words such as "bat", "big" and "book". It is a voiced bilabial occlusal phoneme, where the lips come together and then separate to release air.

2. The phoneme /k/ is found in words such as "cat", "key" and "back". It is a voiceless velar occlusive phoneme, where the back of the tongue approaches the soft palate and then separates.

3. The phoneme /θ/ is found in words such as "think," "thanks," and "bath." It is a dull dental fricative phoneme, produced by placing the tongue between the upper teeth and making a soft fricative sound.

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Phonemes are the smallest units of sound in a language. They represent the different sound forms and are contrasted in a language. They are not letters, but distinctive sounds. Phonemic analysis is important for understanding linguistic structure and changes.

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Phonology, phonemics, phonemes, phonetics and allophones.

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ɪə  | Near, ear, clear, tear.
eə  | Hair, there, care.
eɪ  | Face, space, rain.

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Study sound of the speech, perceived and reproduced.
Interested speech sounds and their acoustic properties.

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< man > / mæn /
<men> / men/
< bad> / bæd/
< pad> / pæd/

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It is the abstract study of the phonological system of a particular language.
It concerned with how human speech is perceived once it is heard.