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Time Period: 14th to 17th century (primarily in Europe).

Meaning: "Renaissance" means "rebirth" in French, signifying the revival of art, science, culture, and learning after the Middle Ages.

Origins: Began in Italy and spread throughout Europe.

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Art:

Artists like Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael revolutionized visual arts by using techniques like perspective and realism.

Masterpieces include the Mona Lisa and the Sistine Chapel ceiling.

Literature:

Writers like William Shakespeare and Dante Alighieri produced timeless works.

Invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg helped spread ideas quickly.

Philosophy and Humanism:

Focused on human potential and achievements.

Philosophers like Erasmus and Thomas More emphasized reason, individualism, and education.

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Marked a transition to the modern age.

Encouraged scientific inquiry, creativity, and cultural exchange.

Laid the foundation for the Enlightenment and the scientific revolution.

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Reformation:

The Renaissance's focus on individualism and personal interpretation of texts helped fuel the Protestant Reformation, led by figures like Martin Luther, challenging the authority of the Catholic Church.

Education:

The Renaissance revived interest in classical learning and scholarship, leading to the creation of universities and the flourishing of education in Europe.

Long-Term Influence:

The Renaissance laid the groundwork for modern science, philosophy, and art. The Enlightenment, the Scientific Revolution, and the Industrial Revolution all built upon Renaissance ideas and discoveries.

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End of the Middle Ages: The Renaissance began as a response to the restrictive intellectual environment of the Middle Ages, where the Church held immense power over thought and knowledge.

Rebirth of Classical Antiquity: Scholars and artists turned back to the classical ideas of Ancient Greece and Rome, which emphasized humanism, individualism, and a more scientific approach to understanding the world.