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the HIV is a virus

It is unable to survive out of the human body

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The Semen and Vaginal Fluid during Unprotected sexual intercourse

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The Semen and Vaginal Fluid during Unprotected sexual intercourse

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male homosexual who practiced anal intercourse

the mucous lining of the rectum is not as thick as vagina

It is less natural lubrication

The rectal lining will easily damaged during the sexual intercourse

The virus can pass from the semen into the blood

they having multiple of sex partner

This will allow the virus to spread more widely

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the infected blood or blood product

Using the contaminated hypodermic syringes

Ex. sharing of needles by the intravenous drug users

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From mother to child

Mother to fetus across placenta

Mother to baby by breast-feeding ( breast milk)

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Structure of HIV virus

HIV is a retrovirus

the genetic material that its contain is RNA

It contain 2 enzyme

Protease

Cleave new viral protein

Reverse Transcriptase

the enzyme uses RNA as template to produce viral DNA in human host cells

It have protein coat that made by capsomere

It has outer viral envelope that made of a lipid bilayer and protein

It have viral glycoprotein on the outer envelope

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the viral RNA and reverse transcriptase (RT) enter T helper lymphocytes

The reverse transcriptase ( RT) convert DNA into RNA

The viral DNA is incorporated into the host of DNA

The cells' machinery is used to express viral protein through the transcription and translation

The viral protein are assembled into many new viruses

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The Incubation Period

The HIV is a slow infection

It takes up to 10 years or more before symptoms develops

Flu- Like symptoms and then symptomless

The virus can stay dormant for year

They change the surface protein to hide from immune system

The HIV infection decreases the number of immune cells

infects cells of the immune system called as Helper T cell

The body is unable to defend against infections

This result in the attack of other pathogen leads to opportunity infections

The AIDS is not a disease

It is a collection of opportunistic disease

The immunodeficiency caused by the HIV infection

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What is The opportunistic infection ?

The infection caused by pathogens that take advantage of a host with weakened system

This associated with immunodeficiency caused by HIV and develop to AIDS

Symptoms and Effect

Oral Thrush

Pneumonia

Cancer like Kaposi's Sarcoma

Neurogenerative diseases like dementia

Tuberculosis ( TB )

Malaria

Malnutrition

Weight Loss

Diarrhea

Fever

Sweating

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''No cure of AIDS !!! ''

Drug therapy

It can only slow down the onset of AIDS

Zidovudine

It similar to the nucleotide base that contain thymine

It bind to the viral enzyme reverse transcription and inhibit it

It target the rural protease and inhibit it as well

The drug are EXPENSIVE and have a variety of side effects

The Combination Therapy

Must follow the strict pattern and timing of medication

If it not followed properly,...........

then the patient may develop strains of HIV resistant to drug

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Education

educate the public about the spread of the infections

and also how to minimize them

Encourage the usage of condoms / femidoms / dental dams

This can reducing the risk of infection during the sexual intercourse

This also can forming physical barriers between the body fluids

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Needle exchange

exchange used needles for sterile ones for drug abusers

The injecting frug user are advised to stop sharing needles

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Control Mother-to- Child transmission using drug 

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Control Mother-to- Child transmission using drug 

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HIV + women in high income of countries .......

They should avoid breastfeeding to reduce transmission

The viral particle and infected lymphocytes are founded in breast milk

BUT !!

HIV + women of low or middle income countries .........

They are advised to breast feed

Because milk can provide the protection against other diseases

and also lack of clean water outweigh the risk of transmitting HIV

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The screening of blood collected from blood donations 

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The screening of blood collected from blood donations 

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Donated blood is screen for HIV

heat- treated to kill any HIV

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What is the contact tracking

the person with HIV traces people he/she has put a risk of infection

and provide he/she a HIV test

The HIV Test

The HIV test promoted in high-risk group

EX. the male homosexuals, prostitues, injecting drug users, sex partners

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IS A PANDEMIC of whole world

But especially high number / high prevalence in AFRICA