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March 30, 1820: The First Missionaries Arrive in Hawaii

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March 30, 1820: The First Missionaries Arrive in Hawaii

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The first missionaries arrived in Hawaii on March 30, 1820 taking sail in Massachusetts on October 23, 1819. The ship they were on was called the Thaddeus and took 160 days until it finally landed on the Island of Hawaii. The missionaries that were on the boat and future missionaries started to teach the Hawaiians the English language letting them communicate with missionaries. They also taught them Christianity and wanted to convert the Hawaiians into Christians. The started to build more and more churches to try to convince as many people as possible to become Christian.

The first missionaries arriving in Hawaii influenced the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy by teaching them English. This made it so that Hawaiians could not communicate with people from the United States. This made it easier for the United States to trick them and get their own way to be able to overthrow and annex Hawaii. If the Hawaiians did not speak the same language it would be hard for the annexationists from the United States to get their way because of the language barrier. The missionaries teaching them English and Christianity also made the Hawaiians closer friends with the United States. This made it easier for the United States to eventually backstab and overthrow Hawaii when they don't expect it.

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The Great Mahele of 1848 started with the land commission dividing the land to give 1/3 to the King, 1/3 to the chiefs, and 1/3 to the makaainana or common people. However, it was never used and King Kamehameha III instead split the land between the 251 chiefs and the crown. Since the makaainana were kind of forgot in this land division the Kuleana Act of 1850 was made. This act gave makaainana a chance to buy land with a simple fee. However, many Hawaiians could not file the claim by the deadline leaving makaainana with less than one percent of the total land. In 1850, they passed another act that let foreigners own and sell land. This gave foreigners a lot of land that the makaainana could not take because they did not file the claim on time.

The Great Mahele influenced the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy by letting foreigners buy and own land. This made many foreigners come to the United States to start their economic ventures. This surge of people brought even more foreigners to the islands. This meant that foreigners owned more land than the Native Hawaiian themselves. This made them have a bigger power and influence on Hawaii to eventually overthrow the Hawaiian monarchy easily. Without the Great Mahele there would be almost no foreigners in Hawaii because they could not pay for land and the overthrow would be delayed.

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The Schofield Report marks the first time a nation spied on Pearl Harbor in January of 1873. John Schofield was sent on a journey with General B.S. Alexander by Secretary of War W. Belknap to see the commercial and military advantages of Pearl Harbor. He was in disguise of a two month vacation to Hawaii recording all of Pearl Harbor and what it has to offer. He concluded the naval and commercial benefits that could come out of Pearl Harbor for the United States in his report. He also stated that the United States taking Pearl River for Hawaii's Reciprocity Treaty would be a good deal. This report was kept hidden for 25 years until the United States was thinking about annexing Hawaii in 1879.

The Schofield Report influenced the overthrow of the Hawaiian Monarchy by having the United States know just how important Pearl Harbor could be. Before they spied on Pearl Harbor they didn't really have an in depth idea of how it looked like and how the land was structured. However, now that they know the advantages it could give to them they want to overthrow and annex Hawaii even more. This is so that they can get the naval and commercial benefits for themselves which could be very important for the future of the United States. If they do not get Pearl Harbor quick another strong nation might spy on it and want to take it for themselves because of how good it is. These reasons make the United States want to overthrow and annex Hawaii so that they can get Pearl Harbor before it is too late.

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The Reciprocity Treaty started when the whaling industry started to decline and turned into a sugar industry in Hawaii. Most of Hawaii's sugar farmers sent their high import tax sugar to the United States. Since sugar was their main export, Hawaii wanted a Reciprocity Treaty that let Hawaiian sugar into America tax free. However, no other nation could get economic privileges like taking Pearl Harbor which the United States really wanted. This treaty increased the sugar economy by a lot but was also another step for the United States to eventually annex Hawaii.

The Reciprocity Treaty influenced the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy because even though Hawaii's sugar economy was growing, it didn't matter to the United States because they just wanted Pearl Harbor. They used this treaty to make it so that no other strong nations like Great Britain, France, and Russia could acquire Pearl Harbor. This let the United States secure it for themselves to use as a naval base with the good location and structure. This Reciprocity Treaty also let the United States because closer friends with Hawaii as they let Hawaii sugar planters make a lot of money. Hawaii would be willing to give up more stuff to the United States and support them make Hawaii easier to be annexed.

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The Bayonet Constitution started when the Hawaiian League made an alliance with the Honolulu Rifles, a Caucasian military organization. Armed with weapons, they handed King Kalakaua Thurston's new constitution for the Hawaiian monarchy. The king was forced to sign the Bayonet Constitution because he was at gunpoint and refusing to sign it could lose his life. This constitution took away most off the power the monarch had and forced him to sign bills that he already vetoed. This constitution affected Queen Liliuokalani and ultimately led to the overthrow of Hawaii.

The Bayonet Constitution influenced the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy by giving the rest of King Kalakaua's reign and Queen Liliuokalani reign not much power to work with. This gave the opportunity for annexationists to take advantage of this lost of power and try to overthrow Hawaii. When King Kalakaua and Queen Liliuokalani tried to stop Hawaii from getting overthrown they couldn't do it because they didn't have enough power to just do whatever they want. An example is Queen Liliuokalani trying to make a new constitution to restore the power of the monarchy. However, the Bayonet Constitution made it so she couldn't put it into act immediately and had to ask her cabinet which failed. If the Bayonet Constitution did not happen the Hawaiian Monarchy would probably last a lot longer then it did.

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September 23, 1889: John Stevens Arrives in Hawaii

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September 23, 1889: John Stevens Arrives in Hawaii

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John Stevens was a U.S. Minister who arrived in Hawaii on September 23, 1889 to push for annexation. He was put on this journey by Secretary of State James Blaine for around 3 1/2 years to criticize the Hawaiian monarchy. He kept sending letters back to Blaine on the steps needed to be able to overthrow the Hawaiian monarchy. Blaine then sent a letter to President Harrison about how Hawaii is one of the three places that have value to be taken. After Blaine resigned he worked with new Secretary of State, John Foster to eventually overthrow the annex Hawaii.

John Stevens arrival in Hawaii influenced the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy by helping push for annexation on Hawaiian ground. Being in Hawaii itself really makes it easier to see what is going on and how to adjust the situation to be able to overthrow and annex Hawaii. Every time he found something new, he repeatedly sent letters back the United States. This helped them see what was actually happening in Hawaii and know what the next step to be able to overthrow Hawaii would be. This idea of seeing something in person and relaying it to a bigger group helped the United States Government be part of as well as help Hawaii get overthrown and annexed.

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January 14, 1893: The Committee of Safety is Formed

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January 14, 1893: The Committee of Safety is Formed

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The Committee of Safety was made up of 13 members of the Annexation Club. It included some Hawaiians, foreigners, and people from the Missionary Party. The goal of this group was to try to achieve United States annexation to Hawaii. They planned to overthrow Hawaii on January 17, 1893 with the Honolulu Rifles which succeeded. They also achieved annexation in 1898 with a Joint Congressional Resolution.

The Committee of Safety influenced the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy because they were the ones that actually took the steps to overthrow the Monarchy. For example, they partnered with the Honolulu Rifles to force the Bayonet Constitution. This gave the monarch no power making it easier to overthrow Hawaii. They eventually overthrew the monarchy with a provisional government that ended years of reign. No other group made as much as an impact as the Committee of Safety's impact in the overthrow of Hawaii.

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January 17, 1893: Provisional Government is Formed

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January 17, 1893: Provisional Government is Formed

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The temporary Provisional Government was established after U.S. Marines marched and surrounded Iolani Palace. The Queen's army had no chance and a new American influenced government was formed after the overthrow. They decided to make Sanford Dole the leader of the new Provisional Government in Hawaii. The Provisional Government took a long time but eventually got recognized by the United States Government. The Provisional Government eventually became a more permanent government called the Republic of Hawaii.

The establishment of the Provisional Government gave United States annexationists essentially has their own government on Hawaiian territory. This also kicked out the old government Queen Liliuokalani has reigned from and overthrew the Hawaiian monarchy. Now, their next step was to annex Hawaii so that they could officially acquire Pearl Harbor and maybe even have Hawaii as a state in the United States. Since the Spanish-American war started Hawaii wanted to acquire Pearl Harbor fast so they used the Provisional Government to be able to get Hawaii annexed by the United States. Without the Provisional Government, these actions would be much harder to achieve until Hawaii eventually got annexed.

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The Blount Report was made by James Blount after President Grover Cleveland wanted to take a look into the overthrown after Queen Liliuokalani's request. Grover Cleveland was a democratic who opposed the idea of the United States annexing Hawaii. Blount went to Hawaii for several months to see if the annexation was legal or not. At the end he concluded to Cleveland that the actions taken by the United States to Hawaii were legally and morally wrong. This led to Cleveland to accuse diplomats Stevens and Captain Wiltse of performing unlawful invasion into Hawaii.

The Blount Report made it so that the annexationists will try to annex Hawaii faster before the United States government can stop them. This is because since President Cleveland opposes annexation, he will try to stop Hawaii from being annexed. Also the Blount Report will tell Congress that the actions the annexationists are wrong and Congress will also try to stop Hawaii from being annexed. Both of these reasons will force people who are trying to annex Hawaii like Stevens and Captain Wiltse to hurry up before the United States could stop them. If the annexationists did not have this urge to hurry up then the Hawaii could still be a independent nation for a lot longer.

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The Morgan Report was made by U.S. Senator John Morgan who was an annexationist who held hearings about the overthrow as the Foreign Relations Committee chair. Almost everyone who was testified agreed with the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy such as John Stevens. He then made a report that said all of Steven's actions were legal and the U.S. government should recognize the Provisional Government in Hawaii. He included the Hawaiian Monarchy was barbaric and was made to be a American state. The Blount Report saw annexation as illegal while the Morgan Report saw the annexation is legal.

The Morgan Report made it so that the overthrow of Hawaii was declared legal which made the annexationists push even more to be able to achieve annexation. They knew that now was their opportunity to overthrow the Hawaiian monarchy before something could get in their way and stop them. If they not hurry another report or treaty could be made that stopped them or made it harder for the United States to be able to annex Hawaii. The Morgan Report also took the opposite side as the Blount Report which helped even out if the overthrow was legal or not. Without the Morgan Report, most people will probably go off the Blount Report and agree that the overthrow was indeed legal.

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January 24, 1895: The Queen Abdicates her Throne

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January 24, 1895: The Queen Abdicates her Throne

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Queen Liliuokalani took the throne in January 29, 1891 after King Kalakaua had died. She got put in house arrest after trying to draft a new constitution to bring back the power of the monarchy. Queen Liliuokalani was forced to abdicate the throne on January 24, 1895 after many Native Hawaiian lives were being threatened to be killed. She decided to do this because she did not want any more bloodshed to happen to her people. This action that was taken ended the Hawaiian monarchy after more than 80 years on ruling.

Before Queen Liliuokalani abdicated her throne she tried to draft a new constitution that would restore the power of the monarchy. However, the constitution never went through and the queen never got all her power back. This is because her cabinet members refused to sign the document and told their lead annexationists that now is the perfect time to annex Hawaii. Queen Liliuokalani also tried to write two appeals to both President Harrison and soon to be President Cleveland. However, President Harrison wanted to annex Hawaii and tried to quickly get the necessary 2/3 vote through Congress but didn't succeed. President Cleveland would continue to oppose annexation until President McKinley took office.

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The annexation of Hawaii happened on July 7, 1898 after William McKinley was elected president in 1897. President McKinley was part of the republican party which supported manifest destiny and was in favor of annexing Hawaii. However, they were not able to get the two-thirds of the vote to get through senate and was also facing thousands of Native Hawaiians opposing annexation. In 1898, the United States went to war with Spain and needed the land as well as Pearl Harbor to help them win. This led Hawaii to get annexed by a Joint Congressional Resolution.

The annexationists didn't really want to actually overthrow the monarchy. They just wanted the United States to annex Hawaii because it is in the middle of the Pacific Ocean which was a good location to gain power in the Pacific. Also they could use Pearl Harbor to help them fight a variety of wars with it's great land surrounding and territorial position. However, to get to annexation, they would first have to overthrow the Hawaiian monarchy and remove their power. This way the United States can come in at the right time and annex it for future use.