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The Dred Scott Decision in 1857 declared that African Americans, whether enslaved or free, could not be American citizens and had no standing to sue in federal court. This ruling was a devastating blow to the fight against slavery and was later overturned by the 13th and 14th Amendments, laying the groundwork for future civil rights progress.

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The 13th Amendment, ratified in 1865, abolished slavery in the United States, marking a pivotal moment in American history. This amendment was a direct response to the Dred Scott decision, fundamentally changing the Constitution by officially outlawing slavery.

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The 14th Amendment, adopted in 1868, granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States, including formerly enslaved people, and guaranteed all citizens "equal protection under the laws." This amendment significantly altered the Constitution by ensuring rights regardless of race.

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The 15th Amendment, ratified in 1870, prohibited the federal government and each state from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's "race, color, or previous condition of servitude." This was a crucial step forward in the fight for equal rights.

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Plessy v. Ferguson, a 1896 Supreme Court case, upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the doctrine of "separate but equal." This case entrenched segregation and inequality for decades, until it was overturned by Brown v. Board of Education.

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Jim Crow laws, enacted in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, mandated racial segregation in all public facilities in the Southern United States, legitimizing the results of Plessy and creating a legal framework for discrimination and oppression.

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The 19th Amendment, ratified in 1920, granted women the right to vote, marking a significant constitutional change in expanding civil rights beyond racial lines and towards gender equality.

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Brown v. Board of Education, a landmark 1954 Supreme Court decision, declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional. This decision overturned Plessy v. Ferguson, challenging the foundation of segregation and sparking the civil rights movement.

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The Civil Rights Act of 1964, landmark legislation in the United States, outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. It ended unequal voter registration requirements and racial segregation in schools, workplaces, and facilities that served the general public.

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The Voting Rights Act of 1965 aimed to overcome legal barriers at the state and local levels that prevented African Americans from exercising their right to vote as guaranteed under the 15th Amendment. This act is considered one of the most far-reaching pieces of civil rights legislation in U.S. history.

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The United Farm Workers (UFW) grape boycott, led by Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta in the late 1960s, aimed to improve working conditions and rights for Latin American farmworkers. By organizing a nationwide boycott of grapes, the UFW brought attention to the plight of agricultural workers, garnering support and solidarity from various groups across the United States. This movement not only led to significant improvements in labor conditions but also served as a catalyst for advancing civil rights for Latin American workers, empowering them to demand fair treatment and better wages.

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The Stonewall Protests were a series of protests that responded to a police raid of a gay bar in New York City. They helped advance LGBTQ rights by providing visibility to the movement.

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Affirmative Action refers to policies that support members of disadvantaged groups that have previously suffered from discrimination. Originating in the Civil Rights movement and reinforced by Executive Orders, these policies aim to correct past injustices and promote equality.

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Title IX was a civil rights law that prevents discrimination based on sex in publicly funded educational institutes.

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Roe v. Wade, a 1973 landmark Supreme Court case, ruled that the Constitution of the United States protects a pregnant woman's liberty to choose to have an abortion without excessive government restriction. This decision emphasizes the Constitution's implicit right to privacy.

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Bakke v. Regents of the University of California, a 1978 Supreme Court decision, upheld affirmative action, allowing race to be one of several factors in college admission policy. However, it struck down the use of racial quotas, setting limits on affirmative action.

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The Americans with Disabilities Act prohibits any discrimination based on a person's disabilities. Areas of discrimination include hiring, transport, and accommodations. Public areas are now required to have accommodations for those with disabilities.