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Phonology- is the study of how languages systenatically organize their speech sounds.

Morphology- is the study of word formation and construction. And how they relate to one another within a language.

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Why Phonology & Morphology are Important to Acamedic and Language Learning for ELLs?

Phonology is important because it is a "how to guide" for sounds. Students can learn about intonation and how speakers stress different syllables like in making a statement or asking a question.

Morphology is important because we use morphenes to convey meaning. Morphological awareness is important when students learn to read for information or textbooks because the language is more academic,

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4 Phonology Activities That Can Be Differentiated for ELLs.

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4 Phonology Activities That Can Be Differentiated for ELLs.

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1. "Sound Snacker, Sound Smacker"- make two containers, one with a happy face (the snacker) and the other sad (the smacker). Sort the picture cards by initial sounds like /M/.

Extend the activity by using other pictures.

2. "Phoneme Feud"- students play a word segmenting game. Place the picture cards face down in two stacks. Have the students play in pairs who can name the most phonemes like /KEY/- /K/ and long /E/.

Extend the activity by using other pictures.

3. "What's My Word"- students use the listening center or saved teacher made recordings on Schoology. The has a copy of the worksheet and the teacher reads a script. Blend the sounds and write down the number 11 by the picture that has the sounds /P/, /L/, /A/, /N/, /T/.

Extend the activity by using other pictures.

4. "Make It, Find It, Keep It"- students place cards with squares face down, have cards with stars face up. Students manipulate phonemes like "Stop becomes Top" by removing initial sound. Student finds the matching pair and keeps the cards. Student who has the most matches wins.

Extend the activity by counting the number of phonemes.

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4 Morphology Activities That Can Be Differentiated For ELLs

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4 Morphology Activities That Can Be Differentiated For ELLs

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1. "Compound Word Trivia"- students take turns reading trivia cards and finding compound words on gameboard. Correct answers are covered with game pieces (not included). Trivia like (Five- legged sea creature)

Extend the activity by making more gameboards and trivia cards.

2. 'Affix Match"- students take turns to match prefixes and suffixes to their meanings.

Extend the activity by making more affixes and definitions.

3. "Root- A- Word"- students try to identify words that have the same root. Students take turns choosing face down card and write down the meaning of word families.

Extend the activity by playing memory with the words and the roots.

4. "Meaningful Affixes"- students in groups assemble bases and affixes to make the provided definitions.

Extend the activity by writing down the words and using them in sentences to demonstrate meaning.

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One At- Home Activity To Help ELL Families

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One At- Home Activity To Help ELL Families

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Duolingo is a free language learning app that can be used to learn English and other foreign languages for other classes. In my state you have to have 2 years of a foreign language to go to college. The program is very versatile and user friendly.

Duolingo seems to have gotten a complete overhaul in the last few years.

That the students can do their work on their phones, makes them more inclined to to do it.

https://schools.duolingo.com/

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Digital Toolkit Part 2: Syntax, Semantics, and Pragmatics

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Digital Toolkit Part 2: Syntax, Semantics, and Pragmatics

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Syntax- is the study of sentence structure and the rules of grammar.

Semantics- is the study of the meanings of words and sentences.

Pragmatics- is the study of sentences within a certain context.

Pragmatics is concerned with what the speaker implies and what the listener infers based off of factors like situational context, individuals' mental state, preceding dialogue, other elements.

The word syntax comes from anicent Greek meaning "coordination" or "ordering together". Along with diction, it is one of the key ways writers convey meaning in a text.

The Four Rules of English Syntax:

1. A complete sentence requires a subject and verb and expresses a complete thought (called an independent clause).

2. Separate ideas require separate sentences (multiple independent clauses in a single sentence is considered a run- on sentence).

3. English word order follows subject- verb- object sequence (it's usually the same in French and Spanish).

4. A dependent clause contains a subject and verb but does not contain a complete thought.

Semantics is how one's tone, lexicon, grammatical structure, and other elements come together in a sentence to communicate meaning.

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Can you draw with all the colors of the wind?

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Four Classroom Activities For Pragmatics, Syntax, and Semantics

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Four Classroom Activities For Pragmatics, Syntax, and Semantics

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Pragmatics

1. The pragmatic art of complaining in English. Class discussions that compare students' native language (L1) and culture with the target language (L2) and culture increases students' awareness of cultural norms.

2. The students compare complaining in L1 language to L2. Do the ELLs complain tje same in L1 to a child, a friend, and a boss.

3. Read accounts; texts, listen to audio, watch videos of people complaining in other cultures. Give the ELLs a worksheet with spaces for effective and non- effective complaining.

4. Present ELLs with a script/guideline for the steps to effective complaining. For example: your next door neighbor is having a loud party, and you have to get up early tomorrow.

Semantics

1. Semantic gradient- is a list of words placed on a contium like microscopic on one end to gargantuam (it's antonym) on the other. Words like small, big, little enormous, miniature in between.

Extend the activity by using pictures or a list words and letting ELLs translate them.

2. Point out new and interesting words as you read and through out the day.

3. Play "Simon Says", a fun way to introduce new vocabulary and check for understanding.

4. Make a semantic map a graphic organizer showing the connections between words that fit themes like "Things You Would See On A Farm" or "Things That Make Someone A Powerful Superhero".

Syntax

1. Sentence Anagram- anagrams are a special kind of word play where letters of words are rearranged to spell other words. Only here we are rearranging words in a sentence.

Like "night, wait, the, until, hatchings"

"The hatchlings wait until night."

2. Sentence Elaborations- the teacher start with questions "Who, What, Who, Where, How, Which" asking the students to provide details.

Extend the activity that the teaher leading a whole group or small groups working togrther.

3. Sentence Combining- where 2 simple sentences from a the weekly text are written on sentence strips cut into single words and combined into more complex sentences.

Like: "Turtles have shells that cover their backs. The shells cover their stomachs too."

"Turtles have shells that cover their backs and shells."

4. Ask "Who, What, Where, How, When" question: The wet, hairy dog crawled under my bed during the thunderstorm.

Who: the dog (the noun)

What: crawled (the action verb)

Where/ How: under the bed/ during the thunderstorm (adverbs that describe the action)

How/ Which: wet, hairy (adjectives that describe noun)

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At- Home Activities and Websites To Help ELLs and Their Families

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At- Home Activities and Websites To Help ELLs and Their Families

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Syntax- Brain Pop Language Arts Grammar has mini- movies and activities about clauses, roots- prefixes- suffixes, idioms and cliches, figurative language and more.

Extend the activity by using Brain Pop as a refresher to remind older students and an introduction for younger.

https://www.brainpop.com/unit/grammar/

Pragmatics- IXL Language Arts Eighth Grade- has lessons about words in context, Greek and Latin roots, word choice, prefixes and suffixes.

Extend the activity by letting the students work on the assignments in class and at home. IXL can be extra credit.

https://www.ixl.com/ela/grade-8

Semantics- PBS has a series of short teen mental health podcasts. There is a podcast about "How to Record A Podcast". A perfect, modern teaching device already used by students. There are listening and speaking challenges and ways to handle tone. There are differences between talking to co- hosts, guests, and an audience.

Extend the activity- make a podcast a weekly rotating activity in the class where different students host, produce, obtain guests, promote a show. Keep the show short- only 15 minutes.

https://www.story-maker.org/library/how-to-record-a-podcast/

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Five Resources for Professional Development and Knowledge for Teaching and Learning English Language Structures 

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Five Resources for Professional Development and Knowledge for Teaching and Learning English Language Structures 

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1. PBS has a series on leaning any topic under the sun called "Crash Course". This series is on "Linguistitics" with video on phonetics, semantics, pragmatics, and more.

https://www.pbssocal.org/shows/crash-course-linguistics#episodes

2. Literacy How is a professional development website about reading.

https://literacyhow.org/

3. Master Class is a website where masters in every area teach you how to do things: cooking, film making, playing an instrument. For writing it is R.L. Stine, James Patterson, Judy Blume, etc.

https://www.masterclass.com/articles/categories/writing

4. Department of Elementary and Secondary Education.

https://www.doe.mass.edu/massliteracy/skilled-reading/language-comprehend/syntax.html

5. Science Direct's Pramatic Competence

https://www-sciencedirect-com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/science/article/pii/S0346251X17306772?via%253Dihu

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PBS' "Crash Course" covers many subjects

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Resources For Professional Development and Knowledge In English Learning Structures

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Resources For Professional Development and Knowledge In English Learning Structures

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PBS has a series of videos on learning called "Crash Course" on any subject you can think of. This series about "Linguistics" including pragmatics, semantics, phonetics, syntax, and more.