# data[].attributes.body
The Greek philosopher and mathematician Hippocrates introduced the idea of ​​examining injuries and causes of death to determine a suspect's guilt. Hippocratic medicine is now considered passive. The therapeutic approach was based on the healing power of nature (vis medicatrix naturae in Latin). According to this doctrine, the body naturally contains the intrinsic power to heal itself (physis) and care for itself. Hippocratic therapy focused simply on facilitating this natural process. To do so, Hippocrates believed that "rest and immobility [were] of great importance." Hippocratic medicine was generally very gentle on the patient: treatment was gentle and stressed the importance of keeping the patient clean and sterile. For example, only clean water or wine was used for wounds, although "dry" treatments were preferable. Balsamic liniments were sometimes used.

# data[].attributes.headline
Theory of the four important elements  492—432

# data[].attributes.subject
Theory of the four important elements  492—432

# data[].attributes.body
The Greek philosopher Empedocles introduces the theory of the four elements, which later influences forensic chemistry. Empedocles (of Acagras in Sicily) was a philosopher and poet: one of the most important of the philosophers working before Socrates (the Presocratics), and a poet of outstanding ability and of great influence upon later poets such as Lucretius. His works On Nature and Purifications (whether they are two poems or only one – see below) exist in more than 150 fragments. He has been regarded variously as a materialist physicist, a shamanic magician, a mystical theologian, a healer, a democratic politician, a living god, and a fraud. To him is attributed the invention of the four-element theory of matter (earth, air, fire, and water), one of the earliest theories of particle physics, put forward seemingly to rescue the phenomenal world from the static monism of Parmenides.

# data[].attributes.headline
1248, written in China during the Song Dynasty by Song Ci

# data[].attributes.subject
1248, written in China during the Song Dynasty by Song Ci

# data[].attributes.body
Forensic science is said to have been first used in China in the 13th century, when Judge Song Ci wrote a book called “The Case of Hsi and Ho,” which described the investigative procedures to be carried out in a crime, such as observing the crime scene, collecting evidence, performing an autopsy, and interpreting the evidence.

In Europe, the history of forensic science began in the 17th century, when Italian physician Paolo Zacchia wrote a book on forensic medicine, which addressed topics such as identifying bodies and determining the cause of death.

# data[].attributes.wish_content.attachment_props.alternative_text
1248, written in China during the Song Dynasty by Song Ci

# data[].attributes.headline
First recorded autopsy in history. 1302-1400

# data[].attributes.subject
First recorded autopsy in history. 1302-1400

# data[].attributes.body
Italian forensic doctor Antonio Benivieni performs the first recorded autopsy in history.While forensic pathology has become a vital tool in solving crime over recent years, it remains a vague term to many criminal justice practitioners. Chronicling the development of autopsy and forensic pathology in the United States will introduce this modern field. An examination of forensic pathology will also explain how its role has evolved to accommodate legal and civil issues. The utility of forensic pathology extends well beyond the medical realm by affecting the core of the medicolegal investigative system in the United States. An autopsy, also called postmortem examination,1​ obduction or necropsy,2​ is a medical procedure that uses dissection, in order to obtain private anatomical information about the cause, nature, extent and complications of the disease that the subject suffered in life and that allows to formulate a final or definitive medical diagnosis to give an explanation of the doubtful clinical observations and evaluate a given treatment.3​4​ It is usually carried out by a specialist doctor called a pathologist.

# data[].attributes.body
In 1598, Fortunato Fedele published “De Relationibus Medicarum”, which is a treatise on medical opinions, in which all the public and judicial cases that doctors usually issue opinions on are set out4.

# data[].attributes.headline
1609 FRANCOIS DEMELLE, French, publishes the first treatise on systematic examination of documents.

# data[].attributes.subject
1609 FRANCOIS DEMELLE, French, publishes the first treatise on systematic examination of documents.

# data[].attributes.body
1609 Francois Demelle publishes the first treatise on systematic document examination. 1628 Birth of Italian Marcello Malpighi, credited with noticing patterns in the skin of fingers.

# data[].attributes.headline
Mathieu Joseph Bonaventure Orfila (1787–1853)

# data[].attributes.subject
Mathieu Joseph Bonaventure Orfila (1787–1853)

# data[].attributes.body
Mathieu Joseph Bonaventure Orfila (1787–1853), often called the "Father of Toxicology," was the first great 19th-century exponent of forensic medicine. Orfila worked to make chemical analysis a routine part of forensic medicine, and made studies of asphyxiation, the decomposition of bodies, and exhumation. He helped to develop tests for the presence of blood in a forensic context and is credited as one of the first people to use a microscope to assess blood and semen stains. He also worked to improve public health systems and medical training.

# data[].attributes.wish_content.attachment_props.alternative_text
Mathieu Joseph Bonaventure Orfila (1787–1853)

# data[].attributes.headline
22 April 1853 – 13 February  law enforcement officer and biometrics researcher

# data[].attributes.subject
22 April 1853 – 13 February  law enforcement officer and biometrics researcher

# data[].attributes.body
1914) was a French police officer and biometrics researcher who applied the anthropological technique of anthropometry to law enforcement creating an identification system based on physical measurements.

Anthropometry was the first scientific system used by police to identify criminals. Before that time, criminals could only be identified by name or photograph. The method was eventually supplanted by He is also the inventor of the mug shot. Photographing of criminals began in the 1840s only a few years after the invention of photography, but it was not until 1888 that Bertillon standardized the process.

# data[].attributes.wish_content.attachment_props.alternative_text
law enforcement officer and biometrics researcher

# data[].attributes.body
In 1865 Francis Galton (1822-1911) published 'Hereditary Talent and Character', an elaborate attempt to prove the heritability of intelligence on the basis of pedigree data. It was the start of Galton's lifelong commitment to investigating the statistical patterns and physiological mechanisms of hereditary transmission. Most existing attempts to explain Galton's fascination for heredity have argued that he was driven by a commitment to conservative political ideologies to seek means of naturalizing human inequality. However, this paper shows that another factor of at least equal importance has been overlooked by Galton scholars: his determination during the 1860s to be accepted among the ranks of the Darwinian inner circle. By hitching his career to the fortunes of what looked likely to emerge as a new scientific elite, Galton felt that he could bypass the typically slow and uncertain route to achieving scientific distinction. For this essentially strategic reason, between 1860 and 1865 he drifted away from a set of existing scientific concerns that were failing to deliver the approbation that he desired. Earnestly seeking to ingratiate himself with the Darwinian lobby, he then toyed with a variety of potential research projects relevant to Darwinian evolution. Yet Galton consistently failed to stimulate the enthusiasm of the Darwinians. Finally, however, after several months of ruminating, in 1864 he settled on a study of eminent pedigrees as a subject that was both germane and highly useful to the Darwinian enterprise. Galton's willingness to shift the direction of his scientific career during the 1860s underscores the importance of examining the micro-politics of scientific careers in addition to their broader social and political context. This account also emphasizes the limitations of class-based explanations even when considering scientists whose work seems so manifestly indicative of ideological motivation.

# data[].attributes.headline
First fingerprint prisoner ID used. 1903

# data[].attributes.subject
First fingerprint prisoner ID used. 1903

# data[].attributes.body
New York state prison implemented fingerprint identification. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle- he decided to use different methods of science to trace evidence of a crime before they are examined by police officers ex: footprints, fingerprints, serology

# data[].attributes.headline
Victor Balthazard and Marcelle Lambert published their first study on hair.  1910-1917

# data[].attributes.subject
Victor Balthazard and Marcelle Lambert published their first study on hair.  1910-1917

# data[].attributes.body
Which started to be used in Forensics.Leone Lattes- In 1916 he published to cases that showed the importance of the new technique ABO typing bloodstains.

# data[].attributes.headline
The first crime lab in Los Angeles was built.1923-1930

# data[].attributes.subject
The first crime lab in Los Angeles was built.1923-1930

# data[].attributes.body
Calvin Goddard- The founder and first editor of the American Journal of Police Science in 1930. He left in indelible stamp on the development of forensic science.1930 with Col. Goddard as managing editor, a position which he held until his resignation in 1934. Following his return to Washington, D. C., Col. Goddard held fellowships from the Guggenheim Foundation and from the Oberlaender Trust to permit continuation of his studies and researches on firearm identification techniques both in this country and in European laboratories. At the outset of World War II he was recalled to active duty and served in the Ordnance section, the Army War College, and finally as Chief of the Criminal Investigation Laboratory of the Far Eastern Command at Tokyo.

# data[].attributes.wish_content.attachment_props.alternative_text
The first crime lab in Los Angeles was built.1923-1930

# data[].attributes.headline
the fundamental principles of handwriting analysis Albert S Osborn- In 1942 

# data[].attributes.subject
the fundamental principles of handwriting analysis Albert S Osborn- In 1942 

# data[].attributes.body
In 1942, the American Society of Questioned Document Examiners was founded with Mr. Osborn as its first president, a position he held for four years. Mr. Osborn remained active and influential up to the time of his death in 1946. He was a wide and constant reader of both literary and scientific books. With his keen analysis and penetrative understanding of author's ideas, combined with his retentive memory, he pushed to the very heights of learning. He could discourse intelligently on a wide variety of subjects and was an educated man in the fullest meaning of the word.

# data[].attributes.headline
First fingerprint reader was installed at the FBI for advanced fingerprints. 1975

# data[].attributes.subject
First fingerprint reader was installed at the FBI for advanced fingerprints. 1975

# data[].attributes.body
The practice of using fingerprints as a method of identifying individuals has been in use since the late nineteenth century when Sir Francis Galton defined some of the points or characteristics from which fingerprints can be identified. These “Galton Points” are the foundation for the science of fingerprint identification, which has expanded and transitioned over the past century. Fingerprint identification began its transition to automation in the late 1960s along with the emergence of computing technologies. With the advent of computers, a subset of the Galton Points, referred to as minutiae, has been utilized to develop automated fingerprint technology. In 1969, there was a major push from the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to develop a system to automate its fingerprint identification process, which had quickly become over

# data[].attributes.body
Kary B. Mullis- He invented the process known as polymerase chain reaction which is looking at large amounts of dna in a short period of time. The easiest way to do this is by applying heat so that the two strands separate and bond with new dna building blocks. This keeps repeating. This is important for medical research in forensic

# data[].attributes.body
1988 LEWELLEN, MCCURDY, HORTON, ASSELIN, LESLIE, and MCKINLEY jointly publish a landmark paper on the use of a new procedure for drug analysis in whole blood by homogeneous enzyme immunoassay (EMIT).

# data[].attributes.body
1991 WALSH AUTOMATION INC. of Montreal launched the development of an automated imaging system called the Integrated Ballistic Identification System, or IBIS, for comparing the prints left by fired bullets, casings, and bullet shells. This system was later developed for the U.S. market in collaboration with the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF). In 1999, a major federal agency established a vast network of IBIS systems across the country in order to combat and reduce violent crime. To this day, the National Integrated Ballistic Information Network (NIBIN) provides local, state, tribal and federal law enforcement partners with a resource that allows investigators to match ballistics evidence with other cases across the United States. By 2002, the US was equipped with nearly 220 networked IBIS stations.

In 2009, Forensic Technology entered into an agreement with INTERPOL (International Criminal Police Organization) that empowered IBIS-equipped nations to easily share and correlate ballistics evidence across international borders. This collaboration marked the start of IBIN, the Interpol Ballistic Information Network.

In 2014, Forensic Technology was acquired by Ultra Electronics Holdings plc, a successful multi-national defense, security, transport and energy company.

In 2020, Ultra Forensic Technology launched the Quantum 3D Microscope which provided firearm and tool mark examiners with the industry’s best 3D visual and quantitative tools for common source determination. In addition, IBIS ACCESS, a subscription-based service, was introduced to allow smaller law enforcement agencies access to their national network.

# data[].attributes.headline
1992 (NRC I) published DNA Technology in Forensic Science.

# data[].attributes.subject
1992 (NRC I) published DNA Technology in Forensic Science.

# data[].attributes.body
1992 In response to concerns about the practice of forensic DNA analysis

and the interpretation of results, the NATIONAL DNA FORENSIC RESEARCH COUNCIL COMMITTEE (NRC I) published DNA Technology in Forensic Science.

# data[].attributes.wish_content.attachment_props.alternative_text
1992 (NRC I) published DNA Technology in Forensic Science.

# data[].attributes.headline
a RED NACIONAL DE BALÍSTICA INTEGRADA (NIBIN) 1999

# data[].attributes.subject
a RED NACIONAL DE BALÍSTICA INTEGRADA (NIBIN) 1999

# data[].attributes.body
1999 A Memorandum of Cooperation was signed between the FBI and ATF to allow

the use of the NATIONAL INTEGRATED BALLISTICS NETWORK (NIBIN) and facilitate the

exchange of data between DRUGFIRE and IBIS. In December 1999, the ATF and the FBI entered into a new MOU for joint agency implementation of the NIBIN program.

The two agencies’ efforts resulted in the development and maintenance of a single system used by law enforcement agencies to collect and store digital images of firearms evidence. Through the NIBIN program, IBIS equipment was deployed to a total of 231 state and local law enforcement agencies for their use in imaging and comparing crime firearms evidence.

Until October 2003, the FBI was responsible for the establishment, maintenance, and funding of the high-speed integrated, nationwide network that connected the NIBIN program equipment. In addition, the FBI was responsible for generating and disseminating statistical and activity reports regarding the network communication system. In October 2003, after realizing that having two agencies responsible for different aspects of the same national program was an ineffective management arrangement, the FBI relinquished its network responsibilities and authority to the ATF. The FBI’s role in NIBIN, other than that of a participating partner under the NIBIN program, ceased. Consequently, the ATF became solely responsible for all aspects of the NIBIN program.

# data[].attributes.headline
japanese researchers developed a dental match that only takes 4 seconds to identify. 2011

# data[].attributes.subject
japanese researchers developed a dental match that only takes 4 seconds to identify. 2011

# data[].attributes.body
Japanese scientists on Tuesday unveiled a new device that could save drawn-out trauma for relatives of those killed in disasters, by vastly speeding up the identification of victims from their dental records.

The computerized device scans images of victims' teeth and aligns them with pictures from unidentified people's dental records, looking for a fit, according to Eiko Kosuge, a dentist and radiologist at Kanagawa Dental College in Japan who led the study.

When many people are killed in a disaster such as an earthquake, plane crash or attack, experts currently identify their bodies one by one by comparing teeth with radiograph images or casts supplied by the victims's dentists.

But the process can take weeks and is not fully reliable, Kosuge said in a report introducing the new device.

The new system can automatically compare an image of a victim's teeth with numerous dental records and offer a match in less than four seconds, reducing the workload of forensic experts by 95 percent, his team of researchers said in the report.