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The Impact of Climate Change and Extreme Weather Conditions

on Cardiovascular Health and Acute Cardiovascular Diseases.

Problems:

Absent studies and consciousness on climate crisis.

Harsh climate creating major threats.

Environmental change worsening air pollution.

Air contaminations are causing cardiovascular diseases.

Underserved community is harmed.

Findings

Particles like (PM2.5) and (NO2) are increasing rates of heart attacks, strokes, and heart failure.

Temperatures anomalies boost cardiovascular risk.

Economically disadvantaged, older adults and people with prior cardiovascular issues are at increased vulnerability.

The financial strain of climate disruption-related cardiovascular disease is notable (Di Vita et. al., 2024).

Impact of climate change on immune responses and barrier defense.

Problems:

Climate change is disrupting the immune system.

Body's initial defense, Epithelial barrier is weakening.

The risk of autoimmune diseases like autoimmune conditions, respiratory illnesses, allergies, and certain cancers is increasing.

Less knowledge about the connection between climate change and immune system.

Findings:

Various types of climate risks like air pollution, allergens, heat stress, microbiota changes and toxic substances affect.

Natural immunity can be overexcited by environmental pressure and disrupt adaptive immunity, leading to a loss of immune tolerance.

More research is needed (Gulcebi et. a., 2021).

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Gulcebi, M. I., Bartolini, E., Lee, O., Lisgaras, C. P., Onat, F., Mifsud, J., Striano, P., Vezzani, A., Hildebrand, M. S., Jimenez-Jimenez, D., Junck, L., Lewis-Smith, D., Scheffer, I. E., Thijs, R. D., Zuberi, S. M., Blenkinsop, S., Fowler, H. J., Foley, A., Balestrini, S., … Sisodiya, S. M. (2021). Climate change and epilepsy: Insights from clinical and basic science studies. Epilepsy & Behavior, 116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.107791

De Vita, A., Belmusto, A., Di Perna, F., Tremamunno, S., De Matteis, G., Franceschi, F., & Covino, M. (2024). The Impact of Climate Change and Extreme Weather Conditions on Cardiovascular Health and Acute Cardiovascular Diseases. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 13(3), 759. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13030759

Shaw, W., Barry, V., & Muntean, D. (2020). Normative theories of ethics. Moral issues in business (4th ed., pp. 43–81). Cengage. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/vu/reader.action?docID=6511766&ppg=21

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Sustainable development goals 13th goal is about the growth of narrowing and modifying the effects of climate change. SDG 13 aims to move rapidly to conflict climate change and it’s results like flooding, heat, food-water shortage, diseases, and economic loss. SDG 13 will produce electricity from low-carbon sources to decrease emissions and use reusable energy. Each of SDG 13's target includes one or more markers that is used to notice and compute the progression. Some of the signs for calculating the progress are number of deaths, missing people, directly affected people by the disasters based on the inhabitants or total greenhouse emissions generated by year (UNSDG 13).

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Climate Change Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease

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As rising global temperatures fuel extreme weather such as heat waves, floods, and hurricanes, those events appear to be taking a toll on heart health, according to Harvard Medical School researchers at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center.

In a new study, published June 12 in the team identified potent links between climate change-related environmental stressors such as extreme temperatures and hurricanes and cardiovascular illness, particularly among vulnerable populations.

The study, believed to be the first in-depth, large-scale analysis of past research on this subject, draws data from 492 observational studies.

Amplifying heart disease risk

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for about one in every three deaths. Improvements in heart disease prevention, treatment, and intervention have led to substantial declines in cardiovascular deaths in recent decades, but climate change caused by the ongoing combustion of fossil fuels may be undermining some of these gains.

NASA confirms that the average global temperature has risen by more than two degrees Fahrenheit (1.1 Celsius) over the past century, leading to long-term shifts in average weather patterns, disturbing ecosystems, and elevating sea levels. The 10 hottest years on record have all occurred in the past decade.

Although the precise mechanism by which extreme weather fuels cardiovascular risk remains unclear, the link has a range of possible explanations, said corresponding author , HMS associate professor of medicine at Beth Israel Deaconess.

For example, the stress of living through an extreme weather event may trigger acute episodes among those already at risk of CVD or who have preexisting CVD. Exposure to ozone or wildfire smog can trigger systemic inflammation. Living through a natural disaster can cause psychologic and physiologic distress, while hurricanes and may disrupt health care delivery due to power outages and supply chain issues.

"We know that these pathways have the potential to undermine the cardiovascular health of the population," said Kazi, "but the magnitude of the impact, and which populations will be particularly susceptible, needs further study."

From heat waves to hurricanes

Kazi and colleagues sifted through nearly 21,000 peer-reviewed studies published between 1970 and 2023 that evaluated associations between acute cardiovascular episodes - such as heart attacks, strokes, heart rhythm disturbances, CVD death, and CVD health care usage - and climate change-related events.

Of the 492 global observational studies that met the team's inclusion criteria, 182 examined extreme temperature, 210 looked at the effects of ground-level ozone, 45 investigated wildfire smoke, and 63 studied extreme weather events such as hurricanes, dust storms, and droughts.

The investigators found a strong link between exposure to extreme temperatures and increased incidence of cardiovascular risk and death, with the effects varying depending on the temperatures and duration of exposure. Ground-level ozone levels amplified the risk associated with higher temperatures, and vice versa.

Extreme events such as tropical storms, hurricanes, and cyclones were also linked to increased cardiovascular risk, which persisted for months after the severe weather. A study of Hurricane Sandy, which caused nearly in damages and lost economic activity across New York City in 2012, showed that the risk of death from cardiovascular disease remained elevated up to 12 months after the storm.

Evidence linking other weather events with CVD - particularly wildfire smoke, floods, drought, and mudslides - was mixed, the team found. While some studies showed that exposure to wildfire smoke, which can affect populations hundreds of miles from the source, increased the risk of events such as cardiac arrest - a sudden cessation of the heart's normal pumping - others did not find such an effect.

The authors note that clinicians should be aware of cardiovascular risk related to weather events within their communities. For instance, they said that in areas prone to hurricanes or flooding, clinicians should assist patients, particularly those with known heart disease or serious risk factors, in developing contingency plans to ensure uninterrupted access to medications and health care as needed. And health systems should evaluate the resilience of their infrastructure to climate change.

Clinicians should also understand that climate-related cardiovascular risk varies, with older adults, individuals from racial and ethnic minority groups, and lower-income communities particularly vulnerable to its effects. Each patient's risk is shaped not only by weather events, but also by baseline health status, access to health care, and resources to respond to extreme weather. The authors say that a framework for assigning patients "climate change CVD risk scores" is urgently needed.

The review also identified a concerning gap in knowledge on climate change-related effects on cardiovascular risk in lower-income nations. Only one study out of the nearly 500 was conducted in a low-income country (Burkina Faso) and only five were based in Africa, where climate change is expected to have disproportionate effects.

The analysis was not designed to untangle exactly how weather fuels CVD risk. The authors recommend that future studies explore the biological and socioeconomic mechanisms underlying these links, which could offer insights into the best ways to bolster patients' resilience against extreme weather events as they become more common.
Adapted from a Beth Israel Deaconess news release.

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Climate Change-Fueled Weather Events Linked to Worsened Heart Health

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As rising global temperatures fuel extreme weather such as heat waves, floods, and hurricanes, those events appear to be taking a toll on heart health, according to Harvard Medical School researchers at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center.

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In this padlet I have written two papers which are The Impact of Climate Change and Extreme Weather Conditions

on Cardiovascular Health and Acute Cardiovascular Diseases and Impact of climate change on immune responses and barrier defense.

I have used two theories which are Teleological (consequentialist) theory and Ethics of care.

I have also talked about Sustainable development goal 13.

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Environmental change is causing diseases. It's attacking our bodies and hearts. We should care about our actions today which will affect our future. We also should care about others, especially those who are already battling.

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Teleological (consequentialist) theory shows complete dependence of the result on the action. The pattern of the work affects the type of the results. This means good action causes positive results and negative work brings out negative results.

This theory relates to my article. My article is about climate crisis and its negative effects on Cardiovascular Health. The actions which causes climate change affects the results caused by it (Shaw et. al., 2020).

Ethics of care is a virtue theory which mainly approach to feminine ethics like care, compassion, selflessness and so on.

In this theory one cares about others. My article about climate change and its effects on heath shows that we need to work on this theory to improve our lives (Shaw et. al., 2020).