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During the music era of the Renaissance, the printing press was invented, which made it much easier to produce music en masse (which had previously been copied by hand). This helped spread musical styles more quickly and over a larger area.

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During the Baroque era (1600–1750), technologies for keyboard instruments were developed which led to improvements in the designs of pipe organs and harpsichords, and to the development of a new keyboard instrument in about 1700, the piano.

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In the early twentieth century, with the invention and popularization of the gramophone record (marketed in 1892) and radio broadcasting (from a commercial base around 1919-1920), there was a huge increase in music listening, and it became easier to distribute music to a wider audience.

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In 1906, Lee De Forest invented the Audion triode vacuum tube, an electronic valve that could amplify weak electrical signals. Refined versions of this tube were the basis of all electronic sound systems until the commercial introduction of the first transistor-based audio devices in the mid-1950s.

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In the early twentieth century, electrical technologies such as electromagnetic pickups, amplifiers and speakers were used to develop new electric instruments such as the electric piano (1929), electric guitar (1931), electromechanical organ (1934) and electric bass (1935).

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The invention of the miniature transistor in 1947 allowed the creation of a new generation of synthesizers, which were first used in pop music in the 1960s.

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A synthesizer keyboard creates musical sounds using electronic circuitry or, subsequently, computer chips and software. Synthesizers became popular in the mass market in the early 1980s.

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With the advancement of digital technology in the mid-1980s the sound of drum machines changed radically, allowing to work directly on real sound samples, as well as offering the possibility of adding new sounds through expansion cards.

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In 1948 DeArmond launched the Trem-Trol, the first commercial standalone effects unit. This device produced a tremolo by sending the electrical signal from the instrument to an electrolyte fluid.

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Digital optical sound recording is a digital sound recording system that uses the optical disc as a support and in which the recording/playback is carried out by means of a laser beam. It is used by, among others, the compact disc (CD) and the formats derived from it (DVD, HD DVD, Blu-ray).

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On October 7, 2008, Spotify was conceived as an application to listen to music online by computer