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1. Post the CDC page about this disease 

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1. Post the CDC page about this disease 

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

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measles mumps rubella varicella (mmrv) vaccine safety

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Measles (rubeola) is a highly contagious virus that can lead to complications. Protect yourself and your family with the MMR vaccine.

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Name: Dmitriy Dogadov

Education: Scientific Research Institute of Medical Primatology: Sochi, RU

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9. Infographic or another health-related image 

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9. Infographic or another health-related image 

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Most healthcare providers suspect measles when a patient has symptoms similar to measles or when a rash is present. Laboratory testing is necessary when confirming measles. Testing examples include swabbing the inside of the throat and a urine sample.

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

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Outbreaks in countries to which Americans often travel can directly contribute to an increase in measles cases in the United States. In recent years, measles importations have come from frequently visited countries, including, but not limited to, the Philippines, Ukraine, Israel, Thailand, Vietnam, England, France, Germany, and India, where large outbreaks were reported.

Complications

Common complications from measles include otitis media, bronchopneumonia, laryngotracheobronchitis, and diarrhea.

Even in previously healthy children, measles can cause serious illness requiring hospitalization.

One out of every 1,000 measles cases will develop acute encephalitis, which often results in permanent brain damage.

One to three out of every 1,000 children who become infected with measles will die from respiratory and neurologic complications.

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a rare, but fatal degenerative disease of the central nervous system characterized by behavioral and intellectual deterioration and seizures that generally develop 7 to 10 years after measles infection.

People at high risk for complications

People at high risk for severe illness and complications from measles include:

Infants and children aged <5 years

Adults aged >20 years

Pregnant women

People with compromised immune systems, such as from leukemia and HIV infection

Transmission

Measles is one of the most contagious of all infectious diseases; up to 9 out of 10 susceptible persons with close contact to a measles patient will develop measles. The virus is transmitted by direct contact with infectious droplets or by airborne spread when an infected person breathes, coughs, or sneezes. Measles virus can remain infectious in the air for up to two hours after an infected person leaves an area.

Diagnosis and laboratory testing

Healthcare providers should consider measles in patients presenting with febrile rash illness and clinically compatible measles symptoms, especially if the person recently traveled internationally or was exposed to a person with febrile rash illness. Healthcare providers are required to report suspected measles cases to their local health department.

Laboratory confirmation is essential for all sporadic measles cases and all outbreaks. Detection of measles-specific IgM antibody in serum and measles RNA by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in a respiratory specimen are the most common methods for confirming measles infection. Healthcare providers should obtain both a serum sample and a throat swab (or nasopharyngeal swab) from patients suspected to have measles at first contact with them. Urine samples may also contain virus, and when feasible to do so, collecting both respiratory and urine samples can increase the likelihood of detecting measles virus.

Molecular analysis can also be conducted to determine the genotype of the measles virus. Genotyping is used to map the transmission pathways of measles viruses. The genetic data can help to link or unlink cases and can suggest a source for imported cases. Genotyping is the only way to distinguish between wild-type measles virus infection and a rash caused by a recent measles vaccination.

For more information, see Measles Lab Tools.

Evidence of immunity

Acceptable presumptive evidence of immunity against measles includes at least one of the following:

written documentation of adequate vaccination:

one or more doses of a measles-containing vaccine administered on or after the first birthday for preschool-age children and adults not at high risk

two doses of measles-containing vaccine for school-age children and adults at high risk, including college students, healthcare personnel, and international travelers

laboratory evidence of immunity*

laboratory confirmation of measles

birth before 1957

Healthcare providers and health departments should not accept verbal reports of vaccination without written documentation as presumptive evidence of immunity. For additional details about evidence of immunity criteria, see Table 3 in Prevention of Measles, Rubella, Congenital Rubella Syndrome, and Mumps, 2013: Summary Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP).

Vaccination

Measles can be prevented with measles-containing vaccine, which is primarily administered as the combination measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine. The combination measles-mumps-rubella-varicella (MMRV) vaccine can be used for children aged 12 months through 12 years for protection against measles, mumps, rubella and varicella. Single-antigen measles vaccine is not available.

One dose of MMR vaccine is approximately 93% effective at preventing measles; two doses are approximately 97% effective. Almost everyone who does not respond to the measles component of the first dose of MMR vaccine at age 12 months or older will respond to the second dose. Therefore, the second dose of MMR is administered to address primary vaccine failure [1]

Vaccine recommendations

Children

CDC recommends routine childhood immunization for MMR vaccine starting with the first dose at 12 through 15 months of age, and the second dose at 4 through 6 years of age or at least 28 days following the first dose. The measles-mumps-rubella-varicella (MMRV) vaccine is also available to children 12 months through 12 years of age; the minimum interval between doses is three months.

Students at post-high school educational institutions

Students at post-high school educational institutions without evidence of measles immunity need two doses of MMR vaccine, with the second dose administered no earlier than 28 days after the first dose.

Adults

People who are born during or after 1957 who do not have evidence of immunity against measles should get at least one dose of MMR vaccine.

International travelers

People 6 months of age or older who will be traveling internationally should be protected against measles. Before traveling internationally,

Infants 6 through 11 months of age should receive one dose of MMR vaccine

Children 12 months of age or older should have documentation of two doses of MMR vaccine (the first dose of MMR vaccine should be administered at age 12 months or older; the second dose no earlier than 28 days after the first dose)*

Teenagers and adults born during or after 1957 without evidence of immunity against measles should have documentation of two doses of MMR vaccine, with the second dose administered no earlier than 28 days after the first dose

† Infants who get one dose of MMR vaccine before their first birthday should get two more doses according to the routinely recommended schedule (one dose at 12 through 15 months of age and another dose at 4 through 6 years of age or at least 28 days later).

* The measles-mumps-rubella-varicella (MMRV) vaccine is also available to children 12 months through 12 years of age. If used in place of MMR vaccine, the first dose should be administered at age 12 months or older, and the second dose no earlier than three months after the first dose. MMRV should not be administered to anyone older than 12 years of age.

Healthcare personnel

Healthcare personnel should have documented evidence of immunity against measles, according to the recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices [48 pages] .

For more information, see measles vaccination recommendations.

Some people should not get MMR or MMRV vaccine. For information about contraindications, see who should NOT get vaccinated with MMR or MMRV vaccine?

Footnote

CDC. Prevention of Measles, Rubella, Congenital Rubella Syndrome, and Mumps, 2013: Summary Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR 2013;62(RR04);1-34.

Post-exposure prophylaxis

People exposed to measles who cannot readily show that they have evidence of immunity against measles should be offered post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). To potentially provide protection or modify the clinical course of disease among susceptible persons, either administer MMR vaccine within 72 hours of initial measles exposure, or immunoglobulin (IG) within six days of exposure. Do not administer MMR vaccine and IG simultaneously, as this practice invalidates the vaccine.

Please refer to the following references for additional information on post-exposure prophylaxis:

Footnote

Siegel JD, Rhinehart E, Jackson M, Chiarello L, and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee, 2007 Guidelines for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Healthcare Settings.

Isolation

Infected people should be isolated for four days after they develop a rash; airborne precautions should be followed in healthcare settings. Because of the possibility, albeit low, of MMR vaccine failure in healthcare providers exposed to infected patients, they should all observe airborne precautions in caring for patients with measles. The preferred placement for patients who require airborne precautions is in a single-patient airborne infection isolation room (AIIR). Regardless of presumptive immunity status, all healthcare staff entering the room should use respiratory protection consistent with airborne infection control precautions (use of an N95 respirator or a respirator with similar effectiveness in preventing airborne transmission).

For more information, visit Interim Guidance on Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations for Measles in Healthcare settings.

Treatment

There is no specific antiviral therapy for measles. Medical care is supportive and to help relieve symptoms and address complications such as bacterial infections.

Severe measles cases among children, such as those who are hospitalized, should be treated with vitamin A. Vitamin A should be administered immediately on diagnosis and repeated the next day. The recommended age-specific daily doses are

50,000 IU for infants younger than 6 months of age

100,000 IU for infants 6-11 months of age

200,000 IU for children 12 months of age and older

For more information, see page 351 of the World Health Organization measles and vitamin A guidance [12 pages]. Also see Red Book Online: Measles.

Photos

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Measles is a highly contagious disease. Learn how to prevent, diagnose, and treat patients.

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A way to prevent measles is by taking the vaccine.

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The focus of this research paper was how primates are susceptible to measles. There have been outbreaks in zoos since measles is considered to be highly contagious within primates. This table describes the detection rates of anti-MeV antibodies

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1. A high fever develops around 2 weeks after a person is exposed.

2. White spots inside the mouth, more specifically, the cheek area.

3. A rash breaks out all throughout the body.

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Measles is a serious viral infection in children. It can affect anyone who hasn’t been vaccinated or hasn’t developed an immunity. It is most common in younger children. It is spread through the air by coughing or sneezing. The disease can also appear as a skin rash.

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1 person with measles can infect 12-18 people, making it the most infectious—yet vaccine-preventable—disease.

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

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An infectious disease can spread from a remote village to any major city in the world in as little as 36 hours. CDC helps countries detect, respond to, and lessen the harm of measles and rubella outbreaks around the world. This work helps protect people who are at risk from disease, strengthens health security and keeps Americans safe where they live, work, and play.

← Data and Statistics
Measles and Rubella can cause death.

Measles kills approximately 350 people a day, mostly children.

An estimated 128,000 people (mostly children) died of measles in 2021.

Measles infections can cause subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE).

Fatal disease of the central nervous system

Results from a measles virus infection acquired earlier in life

More likely to happen if the person got measles when they were under the age of 2

Can develop 7 to 10 years after a person has measles, even though the person seems to have fully recovered from the initial acute infection

May occur in 1 per every 5,000-10,000 measles cases

33% of infants affected with congenital rubella syndrome die before one year of age.

Rubella infection during pregnancy can lead to miscarriage (loss of the fetus within 20 weeks of conception) and stillbirth (death of the fetus after 20 weeks of pregnancy).

Measles and Rubella cause serious health problems.

Measles

Pneumonia

Brain Damage

Blindness

Deafness

Diarrhea

Premature birth or low-birthweight baby (in unvaccinated pregnant women who get measles during pregnancy)

Measles infection leads to loss of immunity to other deadly diseases.

Rubella

Rubella infection creates mild symptoms in most children and adults, but can cause serious health problems when it happens during pregnancy:

Rubella virus infection is the leading cause of vaccine-preventable birth defects

A pregnant woman infected with rubella in early pregnancy has up to a 90% chance of giving birth to a baby with congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). Birth defects of CRS include:

Heart defects

Hearing loss

Glaucoma

Cataracts

Developmental delay

Measles is highly contagious.

1 person with measles can infect 12-18 people, making it the most infectious-yet vaccine-preventable-disease.

9 out of 10 susceptible people (unvaccinated/have never had measles) who are exposed to measles will get sick.

In 2021, measles infected an estimated 9 million people worldwide.

Measles and rubella are preventable diseases.

Safe and effective vaccines to prevent measles and rubella have been available for over 50 years.

Measles vaccines saved more than 56 million lives worldwide between 2000-2021.

2 recommended doses of measles and rubella vaccine cost less than $2 per child.

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centers for disease control and prevention

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Fast Facts on Global Measles, Rubella, and Congenital Rubella Syndrome

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An infectious disease can spread from a remote village to any major city in the world in as little as 36 hours. CDC helps countries detect, respond to, and lessen the harm of measles and rubella outbreaks around the world.

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3. What is the causative agent? List & show a picture 

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3. What is the causative agent? List & show a picture 

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Measles Morbillivirus