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U.S. education policy heavily emphasizes vocational preparation and job outcomes. This focus overshadows civic purposes, leaving little room for students to develop the judgment and participation skills that democracy requires.

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Equal access to civic learning promotes justice and equality.

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Without civic education, democracy becomes unequal and unjust.

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Liberal arts education develops both civic and professional capacities.

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Allen says that democracy cannot last if only some people know how to participate fully. She believes that civic agency-understanding how to speak, lead, and act- is something schools must teach to everyone. (Allen, p. 39)

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Allen notes that studying the liberal arts helps students think, communicate, and reason clearly- skills that are valuable both for careers and for participating in democracy. (Allen, p. 38)

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Allen points to international studies showing that countries investing in civic learning have higher voter turnout and public trust in government, demonstrating the link between civic education and stronger democracies. (Allen, p. 44)

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She highlights national data showing that liberal-arts graduates tend to outperform others in teamwork and problem-solving - skills that support both democratic and professional success. (Allen, p. 44–45)

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Allen discusses research showing that students exposed to broad liberal-arts coursework are both more adaptable in their jobs and more active in civic life. (Allen, p. 43)

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Education should focus mainly on preparing students for jobs and economic competition - not civic agency.

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Allen argues that the purpose of education is to develop people who can reason critically, communicate across divides, and act as citizens in a democracy – not merely to get a job. When schools prioritize job education, we forget how education and experience promote equity and civic duty. In Allen's mind, civic and vocational should be the two primary objectives of education. In this sense, education should, in addition to growing students into individuals, work to advance a more just and equitable society for all.

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Should cultivate civic agency-the ability for citizens to participate equally, think critically, and sustain democracy.

(Allen, “What Is Education For?”, p. 38-40)

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Allen argues that real equality can only exist when everyone receives the same civic preparation. She explains that equal education gives every person the ability to take part in public life and political decision-making. (Allen, p. 41)

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She also references survey data showing that students who study civics and humanities are more likely to vote and volunteer in their communities than those focused only on technical fields. (Allen, p. 43–44)

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Supporters of this view believe that education should prepare students mainly for jobs to help the nation compete globally. They argue that measurable economic outcomes - like employment rates and productivity - prove the success of a school system. (Allen, p. 17–18)

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Allen points out that state courts have connected civic education to constitutional equality, showing that schools play an important role in protecting justice. (Allen, p. 25)

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Allen refers to a 2006 New York Court of Appeals case where judges ruled that literacy and civic knowledge are essential for citizens to participate fully in government. This legal example supports her claim that civic education is tied to equality. (Allen, p. 25)

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Allen explains that when education only focuses on jobs and testing, students lose the chance to practice the judgment and discussion skills that democratic life depends on. (Allen, p. 17–18)

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Allen also says that “verbal empowerment,” or learning how to read closely, argue well, and express ideas, supports success in civic life as much as in the workplace. (Allen, p. 39)

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She cites results from the NAEP Civics Assessment, which show a national decline in civic knowledge after U.S. schools prioritized standardized testing over civic curriculum. (Allen, p. 40)

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Allen notes that U.S. education policies frequently cite STEM test scores and economic growth statistics as key indicators of success, which pushes civic learning aside in favor of workforce training. (Allen, p. 40)