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- Alcohol is an organic solvent (1)

- It dissolves phospholipids in both the cell membrane and the vacuole membrane (1)

- This damages the membrane structure, makes it more permeable (1)

- As a result, the red pigment (betacyanin) leaks out from the vacuole into the surrounding solution (1)

- The higher the alcohol concentration, the greater the membrane damage → so more pigment comes out → hence, the redder the solution becomes (1)

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﻿﻿The vacuole of beetroot cells contains red pigment (betalain) (1)

﻿﻿Normally it's trapped inside by the cell membrane and vacuole membrane (1)

﻿﻿Alcohol is an organic solvent

﻿﻿it dissolves the phospholipids in the membrane (1)

﻿﻿At higher concentration, greater damage to both membranes occurs (1)

﻿﻿So, more red pigment leaks out into the solution and makes it redder (1)

﻿﻿So the higher the alcohol concentration - the higher the membrane permeability → the more pigment escapes

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D, in the photo we can observe that D have the darkest red colour among all

The Alcohol is An organic solvent So it damages the cell membrane causing the red pigment to leak, there’s a net movement between from the beeetrools to alcohol so if alcohol potential is higher than the water potential. The net movement of water leaves the cell it becomes flaccid and plasmolysed by osmosis. that means the pigment also leaves the cell so we can observe that D have a darkest red

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4D04,4C30,4B02

i）因為愈高高酒精的溶液會更快溶解磷脂，因此紅菜頭外的溶液顏色應該更深而D的顏色深度最深因，因此只有最高的酒精濃度.

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D,因為D是比A, B和C深色

而D的酒精濃度是比較高，

所以滲透作用比較快。

所以D的酒精濃度是最高。

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D,because the colour is the deepest,

which mean it have higher concentrations of alcohol to dissolve cell membrance ,

causing the more red pigment to leak out,

so that D is cotained the highest concentration of the alcohol

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試管D酒精濃度最高因為酒精是一

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試管D酒精濃度最高

因為酒精是一種有機溶劑而甜菜的細胞膜和液湯膜的受損程度是按照酒精濃度的而定

濃度越高受損情況越高嚴重導致紅色素流出

因此D的顏色最深所以是酒精濃度最高的。

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D

·alcohol is a organic solvent, damaging cell membrane , causing the red pigment to leak.

·higher the alcohol concentration and temperature, the higher intensity of red colour in the solution.

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Test tube D has the highest alcohol amount.

Because the red beetroot cells has a higher concentration then alcohol.

therefore there is net movement and red beetroot cells will release red pigments via process called osmosis.

The deeper colour means the higher then alcohol amount is and test tube D has the deepest colour out of all the other test tubes.

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D (1)

Compared to A, B and C, the colour intensity of D is the strongest. (1)

When the alcohol concentration is higher, the cell membrane is disolved more (1)

That means we can deduce the alcohol of D is the highest because under 30 minutes, the colour intensity is the strongest, meaning the cell membrane is dissolved more.

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D contained the highest concentration of alcohol.

Alcohol is an organic solvent ,alcohol dissolve the cell membrane, causing the red pigment to leak out.

The higher concentration of alcohol the higher intensity of red pigment in the solution.

This indicates that membrane permeability increases as alcohol concentration increases.