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Constitution: The Constitution of the People's Republic of China, adopted December 4th, 1982; crafted due to the revision of the National People's Congress in order to broaden China's social and economic institutions (ex: forbids secession)

Government Type: Communist party-led (authoritarian)

Political cleavages: ethnic and geographic cleavages (Tibet and Uighur Muslims, urban vs. rural cleavages )

Executive:

-Chief of State President XI Jinping

-Head: Premier LI Qiang

-Cabinet: State Council appointed by National People's Congress

-ultimate authority rests within the Communist Party Central Committee's 25-member Political Bureau

Legislative: National People's Congress (NPC)

-Unicameral

-Powers: enact and amend basic criminal and civil laws

Judicial: Supreme People's Court

-no power beyond what is granted by the NPC; hears appeals of high people's courts, and hears trials about matters of national importance

GDP/GDP per capita:

-31.227 trillion (2023)

-22,100 per capita (2023)

Last War: The Sino-Vietnamese War (1979)

Last/Current Major Crisis: Earlier one-child policy has led to the labor force declining, leading to over-indebted property tax

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Constitution: The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran; adopted on October 24th, 1979 (officially effective December 3rd, 1979); adopted on the premises of the longstanding belief in the sovereignty of truth and Koranic justice.

Government Type: Theocracy (more democratic)

Political Cleavages:

-90% Shia Muslim, 51% Persian

-reformers vs Conservatives

-Pragmatic Conservative vs Radical Conservative

-Women's equality

Executive:

-Chief of State: Supreme Leader Ali Hoseini-KHAMENEI

-Head: President Masoud PEZESHKIAN

-Cabinet: Council of Ministers selected by President w/ Legislative Approval

-administers national planning and budgeting, state employment affairs, signs treaties with foreign countries

Legislative: Islamic Consultative Assembly

-Unicameral

-holds authority to legislate laws on all matters within the bounds of the Constitution (prohibited from enacting laws contradicting official religion principles)

Judicial: Kakh-e Dadgostari

-independent power

-supervise proper enforcement of laws, uncover crimes, prosecute, punish, chastises crimes

GDP/GDP per capita:

-1.44 trillion (2023)

-16200 (per capita)

-petroleum, gas, petrochemicals

Last War: Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988)

Last/Current Crisis: Escalated tensions over Iran's nuclear program and actioons against Middle East

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Constitution: adopted in 1999, in order to escape faults of First Nigerian Republic

Government Type: Federal Presidential Republic (democratic)

Political Cleavages: Military is the only national institution

-250-400 different ethnicities

-Half are Muslim (North), 40% Christian (South), 10% other religions

-disputes over Sharia in policy making

-divisions between elites and rural/urban

Executive:

-Chief of State: President Bola Ahmed Adekunle TINUBU

-Head: President Bola Ahmed TINUBU

-Cabinet: Federal Executive Council

-head of both State and government (heads the Cabinet)

-patron-clientism

Legislative: National Assembly

-bicameral

-establish committees of its members to scrutinize bills and the conduct of government officials

Judiciary: Supreme Court (consists of Chief justices and 15 justices)

-original jurisdiction in any dispute between Federation and a state or between states and also appellate jurisdiction to hear and determine appeals from the Court of appeals

GDP/GDP per capita:

-1.275 trillion (2023)

-5700 per capita (2023)

-crude oil, coal, tin

Last War: Nigerian Civil War (07/06/1967-01/15/1970)

Last/current Major Crisis: Security Challenges; "resilient Boko Haram Islamist insurgency in the north east, long-running discontent and militancy in the Niger Delta, increasing violence between herders and farming communities spreading from the central belt southward, and separatist Biafra agitation in the Igbo south east."

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Constitution: The Constitution of the Russian Federation, established December 12, 1993, after the collapse of the Soviet Union

Government Type: Constitutional Republic (authoritarian)

Political Cleavages:

-eastern orthodox vs atheist

-Russians and Slavophile vs Westernizers

Executive Branch: led by President Vladimir Putin

-head: Premier Mikhail Vladimirovich

Legislative Branch:

-bicameral

-Federal assembly consisting of Federal Council and the State Durma

Judicial Branch: represented by the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation (120 members of judicial panel)

GDP/GDP per capita:

-5.81 trillion (2023)

-39800 per capita (2023)

-range of mining, extractive industries, and production of coal

-War: active war on Ukraine

-Recent Crisis: constant political unrest, fueled by the recent attacks on Ukraine

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-Constitution: statutes, common law and practice

-Government Type: Constitutional Monarchy (democratic)

-Political Cleavage: social and economic classes

Executive Branch: led by King Charles III, along with Prime Minister Keir Staarmer

Legislative Branch: Parliament

-bicameral

-House of Lord and House of Commons

Judicial: Supreme Court (composed of 12 justices)

GDP/GDP per capita:

-3.7 trillion (2023)

-54100 per capita (2023)

-machine tools, electric power equipment, automation equipment

War: Afghanistan War

Conflict: 2023 recession

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Constitution: Signed and approved on February 5th, 1917: the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States (as a result of the Mexican Revolution)

Government Type: Civil Law system with US Constitutional Law Influence

Political Cleavages:

-cultural background of citizens who encompass Mexico

-60% Mexican, 30% indigenous

Executive Branch:

-head: Chief of State, President Andres Manuel

Legislature:

-bicameral

-National Congress (divided into 2 houses: Senate and Chamber of Deputies)

Judicial Branch: Supreme Court

GDP/GDP per capita:

-2.873 trillion (2023)

-22400 per capita (2023)

-food and beverages

-tobacco

-chemicals

War: War on Drugs (ongoing)

Crisis: drug violence