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Inspiration

Inspiratory muscles contract

Thoracic volume increase

Lungs are stretched and intrapulmonary volume increases

Intrapulmonary pressure drops

Air flows into lungs

Expiration

Inspiratory muscles relax

Decrease in thoracic volume

Decrease in intrapulmonary volume

Increase in intrapulmonary pressure

Air flows out of lungs

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Nasal Cavity - space inside nose, filter moisten and warm air

Pharynx - connects the nasal cavity and mouth to the larynx and oesophagus, playing a role in respiration and digestion

Larynx - located in the anterior aspect of the neck, protect the lower respiratory tract from aspirating food into the trachea

Trachea - is a midline structure, allow passage of inspired and expired air into and out of the lung

Bronchi - passageways that connect your windpipe to your lungs

Alveoli - tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs

Diaphragm - contracts rhythmically and continually, and most of the time, involuntarily

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Alveolar walls are made up of simple squamous epithelium - this is a type of epithelial tissue

Cell Types that make up alveolar tissue

Type I alveolar cells - facilitate gas exchange

Type II alveolar cells - Produce surfactant to reduce surface tension

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Air enters lungs, reaching alveoli.

Oxygen diffuses from alveoli into blood.

Carbon dioxide diffuses from blood into alveoli.

Oxygen-rich blood is transported to tissues.

Carbon dioxide is expelled through exhalation.

Gas exchange is regulated by oxygen, CO2, and pH levels.

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Oxygen enters alveoli.

Oxygen diffuses into blood.

Binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells.

Oxygen-rich blood circulates to tissues.

Oxygen is released to cells.

Deoxygenated blood returns to lungs for reoxygenation.

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The trachea transports air to the bronchi, which split into smaller bronchioles, leading to alveoli where gas exchange occurs. All structures must work together to ensure efficient oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide removal.

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The respiratory system interacts with the cardiovascular system through gas exchange in the alveoli and oxygen transport via hemoglobin in red blood cells.

The respiratory system interacts with the endocrine in situations such as the release of Epinephrine. It binds to receptors in the airways, causing the bronchioles to dilate (a process called bronchodilation). This dilation increases airflow to the lungs, allowing more oxygen to enter the bloodstream.

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Affected structures: Bronchi and bronchioles.

Symptoms: Wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness.

Treatment: Bronchodilators, corticosteroids.

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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), (Blackstock, 2023)

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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), (Blackstock, 2023)

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Affected structures: Bronchi, alveoli.

Symptoms: Chronic cough, mucus production, difficulty breathing.

Treatment: Oxygen therapy, bronchodilators, pulmonary rehabilitation.

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Blackstock, F., & Webster, K. E. (2023). Effects of controlled breathing exercises and respiratory muscle training in people with COPD. BMC Pulmonary Medicine, 23(1), Article 67. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12890-023-02369-5

Gupta, A., & Majeed, A. (2021). Impact of vaping on respiratory health: An overview. BMJ, 372(8346), 1123-1128. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m8306

Halayko, A. J. (Ed.). (2023). Respiratory physiology and pathophysiology. Frontiers in Physiology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2023.00001