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North American Plate
2. . wide volcanic caldera in the Jemez Mountain of northern New Mexico
The last eruptions of the caldera happened 50,000-60,000 years ago, depositing rhyolite ignimbrite deposits
Population is 146,748
Interesting info is that it is formed 1 million years ago, is a super volcano and is one of the youngest calderas on earth
No earthquakes within the last 30 years

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Located in Eastern Alaska

It is a large ice covered stratovolcano

Stratovolcano: a volcano built up of alternate layers of lava and ash

it is the fourth highest volcano in the United States

It is a noteworthy source of the production of the White River Ash

The white river ash is a 12 000 year old ash deposit

Current status: normal or dormant

Last eruption: 700 AD ± 200 years

Produces rhyolite when it erupts

Rhyolite: it is a pale fine-grained volcanic rock of granite composition

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By Tanvish
1. North American Plate
2. USA, New Mexico,  sandoval county, ELEV: 3,430, Lat,: 35.87,Lon: -106.57
3. The last eruptions of the caldera happened 50,000-60,000 years ago, depositing rhyolite ignimbrite deposits
4. No earthquakes within the last 30 years
5. population of sandoval county, New Mexico, USA, is 146,748
6. Interesting info is that Valles Caldera is formed 1 million years ago, is a super volcano and is one of the youngest calderas on earth

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Type of plate boundary: oceanic-continental (subduction)

Geographical location: Klamath County, Oregon

Date of eruption: I couldn’t find specific dates, but it has a very interesting history (it had a relatively continuous eruptive history dating back to 420,000 years ago)

Earthquakes: 0 to 1 earthquakes within 10 km of the volcano each decade

Population: 68,238 (2019 estimate)

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Merapi Park Yogyakarta - The World Landmarks, Jalan Kaliurang, Banteng, Hargobinangun, Sleman Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia

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Merapi Park Yogyakarta - The World Landmarks, Jalan Kaliurang, Banteng, Hargobinangun, Sleman Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia

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Merapi Park Yogyakarta - The World Landmarks, Jalan Kaliurang, Banteng, Hargobinangun, Sleman Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia

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Volcano: Mt. Merapi

Plates, Type of Plate Boundary: Eurasian and Australia Plate, convergent plate boundary

Date and duration of eruption: Most recent large eruption: Oct 2010-Nov 2013, most recent eruptions: Mar 2020, March 2020, and January 2021.

Population: Yogyakarta city 28km south of Mt. Merapi, pop.: 2.4 million

Fun facts: A large eruption in 1006 is claimed to have wiped out the Hindu Kingdom of Mataram by covering all of central Java in ash.

-Hwee Yee

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Lake Toba, North Sumatra, Indonesia (Haziq)

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Lake Toba, North Sumatra, Indonesia (Haziq)

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Plate: Eurasian

Location: North Sumatra, Java, Indonesia

Elevation: 905 Metres

Volcano Type: Stratovolcano-Type Supervolcano

Most Recent Eruption: 75000 years ago give or take 900 years

Most Recent Eruption Type: Ultra-Plinian

After effects of eruption: Volcanic winter of 6-10 years all over the planet, with an estimated 10000 humans surviving, and an estimated 1000-year cooling period

The eruption is considered as the latest VEI-8 volcano eruption, as well as a humanity extinction event. The eruption let out an ash cloud of estimated volume 2500-3000 cubic kilometres which resulted in the volcanic winter.

I am very interested in this volcano as it is near Singapore as well as a supervolcano. Lake Toba’s story as the most recently erupted supervolcano, as well as its impact on humanity is truly something remarkable that I cannot deny being intrigued by.

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Rykiel lee

Novarupta - The Most Powerful Volcanic Eruption of the 20th Century

Latitude: 58°18′06″ N

Longitude: 134°25′10″ W

Elevation above sea level: 9m = 29 ft

Alaska is part of the pacific ring of fire

It happen in juneau alaska

eight layers of region wide fallout, nine packages of ash flows, and three lava domes that followed the explosive pyroclastic episodes.

When the eruption stopped on June 9th,the ash cloud had spread across southern Alaska, most of western Canada and several U.S. states. Winds then carried it across North America. It reached Africa on June 17th.

Starting date june 6 → end june 9

For the next 60 hours, the eruption sent tall dark columns of tephra and gas high into the atmosphere.By the time the eruption ended, rounding land was devastated, and about 30 cubic kilometers of ejecta blanketed the entire region.

And also over 60 hours the eruption has sent

Location: Junerau ,Alaska

Population: In 1912 Alaska was made a territory. The Governor's mansion was built the same year. By 1920 Juneau was the largest town in Alaska. In that year Juneau had a population of over 3,000. (closest i can find to the year)

/ from 1910 -1920 (1300 - 3058)

Plates: Pacific plate and north american plate (pacific-north american plate)

Some warning (the first warning) :The inhabitants of Kodiak, Alaska, on Kodiak Island, about 100 miles away, were among the first people to realize the severity of this eruption. The noise from the blast would have commanded their attention, and the visual impact of seeing an ash cloud rise quickly to an elevation of 20 miles then drift towards them would have been terrifying.

(interesting fact)Although the eruption had these far-reaching effects, most people outside of Alaska did not know that a volcano had erupted. More surprising is that no one knew for sure which of the many volcanoes on the Alaska peninsula was responsible. Most assumed that Mount Katmai had erupted, but they were wrong.

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Mount Tsurumi, Minamitateishi, Beppu, Oita, Japan

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Mount Tsurumi, Minamitateishi, Beppu, Oita, Japan

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Mount Tsurumi, Minamitateishi, Beppu, Oita, Japan

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Location: Beppu, Oita, Japan, 33.28degrees N, 131.43degrees E

Elevation: 1584m

Type of volcano: Lava dome

Convergent plate boundary

Eurasian Plate and Pacific Plate

It has caused effusive eruptions in 867 AD, 771 AD and 200 BC.

However, it is now one of Japan’s most noted thermal areas with colourful hot spring pools and mudpots of Beppu along the coast.

The most recent earthquake nearby Mount Tsurumi was on 13 July 2021. It hit Nakatsu Shi with a weak magnitude of 2.7, at 9km depth.

Reflection

I am quite interested in the reason as to why the volcano is currently inactive to the point where it could be a tourist attraction, especially since it used to erupt effusively in the past and is in close proximity with converging plate boundaries. I also wonder if the people living in that area are used to the feeling of earthquakes since its magnitude is weak and the fact that it occurs often.

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Mount Vesuvius, Ottaviano, Metropolitan City of Naples, Italy

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Mount Vesuvius, Ottaviano, Metropolitan City of Naples, Italy

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Mount Vesuvius, Ottaviano, Metropolitan City of Naples, Italy

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Elevation: 1281 m

Located at a convergent boundary where the African plate is being subducted.

Stratovolcano

Minor earthquakes happened in the region around Mount Vesuvius since 1944 (date of last eruption)
- magnitude: 3.6

Most famous eruption took place in 79 AD where the volcano buried the ancient Roman city of Pompeii (known to be one of the worst volcanic eruptions to happen globally) —> 1500-3500 (possibly up to 16000) casualties

Population: 2 million people live in the vicinity of Vesuvius

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Tatun Volcano Group, Beitou District, Taipei City, Taiwan

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Tatun Volcano Group, Beitou District, Taipei City, Taiwan

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Tatun Volcano Group, Beitou District, Taipei City, Taiwan

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Volcanoes: Kueishantao

STATUS | Pleistocene-Fumarolic
ELEVEVATION: 401
TYPE: Stratovolcano
Latitude: 24.85
Longitude: 121.92
SimpleType | Composite

The TVG is located at the northern tip of Taiwan, where it is just on the top of the western end of the subducted Philippine Sea plate beneath the Eurasian plate. The Tatun volcano group (TVG) is composed of more than 20 volcanoes , which mainly erupted 0.4–0.8 Ma ago. The volcanic features, such as hot springs and fumaroles, are still significant on the surface, and thus the major part of the TVG has been preserved as the Yangminshan (YMS) national park since 1985. The TVG was often considered to be an extinct volcano group in that there were no recorded volcanic eruptions in human history. However, a variety of recent studies from geochemical, seismic, geodetic, and geological data indicate that the TVG is still active. Many shallow micro-earthquakes have clustered at the TVG. Among those clustering earthquakes, some typical volcanic earthquakes such as tornillos, spasmodic events, and very-long-period events have been detected. Since the TVG is close to the Taipei metropolis, with more than 7 million residents living in two large cities (Taipei City and New Taipei City), possible volcanic disasters such as lava flow, pyroclastic flow, and volcanic ash would have a significant social and economic impact.
https://www.google.com.sg/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjcxLr23PjxAhWTWHwKHWmtDPIQFjAKegQIFBAD&url=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs00024-019-02396-w&usg=AOvVaw1ynWs9kbZw1g8Fc3HQxIrS

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Mount Aso, Takawara, Aso, Kumamoto, Japan

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Mount Aso, Takawara, Aso, Kumamoto, Japan

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Mount Aso, Takawara, Aso, Kumamoto, Japan

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Elevation:1,592 m
Cooridnates:32° 53′ 4″ N, 131° 6′ 14″ E

Mt. Aso, which lies almost in the center of the island of Kyushu, is an active composite volcano. The crater, which measures 18 kilometers (11 miles) from east to west and 24 kilometers (15 miles) from north to south, making it one of the world's largest caldera.Mount Aso consists of five peaks: Mt. Neko, Mt. Taka, Mt. Naka (also called Nakadake or Naka-Dake), Mt. Eboshi, and Mt. Kishima with Mount Nako being the most active.

Volcanic activity:
Four large-scale eruptions (Aso 1 – 4) occurred during a period extending from 300,000 to 90,000 years ago. As large amounts of pyroclastic flow and volcanic ash were emitted from the volcanic chamber, a huge depression (caldera) was formed as the chamber collapsed. The fourth eruption (Aso 4) was the largest, with volcanic ash covering the entire Kyushu region and even extending to Yamaguchi prefecture

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Sinabung, Kuta Gugung, Karo Regency, North Sumatra, Indonesia

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Sinabung, Kuta Gugung, Karo Regency, North Sumatra, Indonesia

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Sinabung, Kuta Gugung, Karo Regency, North Sumatra, Indonesia

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Located on the Eurasian plate

A stratovolcano located in the northern part of the island of Sumatra, Indonesia

Used to be dormant until its eruption in 2010. Last eruption in 10 August 2020

After three years of quiescence, the unrest started again in September 2013, with several eruptions that produced ash plumes as high as 8km above sea level.

The Indonesian government was reported to have evacuated around 17,500 people from the region on and around the volcano.

Highest point

Elevation

2,460 m (8,070 ft)[1]

Coordinates

3°10′12″N 98°23′31″E

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Canlaon Volcano, Negros Occidental, Philippines

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Canlaon Volcano, Negros Occidental, Philippines (William)

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Canlaon Volcano, Negros Occidental, Philippines (William)

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Elevation: 2465m (8087ft)
Coordinates:
10.4116° N, 123.1330° E

The Kanlaon Volcano is an active stratovolcano towering over the rest of Visayas at 2,465 meters above sea level. Being one of the most active volcanoes in central Philippines, Kanlaon volcano has erupted 30 times since 1819. Kanlaon also had a number of volcanic activity in the years: 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2015, 2016 and 2020. It's eruption has been classified as Strombolian (Volcanic Explosivity Index of about 1 or 2), however its eruptive history has not been recorded and Vesuvian eruptions generated by Kanlaon has not been recorded. In the most recent year of volcanic activity, 2020, a total of 278 earthquakes was observed for a 72 hour period, with a series of tectonic earthquakes ranging from M3.2 to M4.7. The volcano is located on a convergent boundary between the Philippine plate and the Sunda plate (a breakaway part of the Eurasian plate). The Philippine plate, specifically, is being subducted beneath the Sunda plate.

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Mount Fuji, Kitayama, Fujinomiya, Shizuoka, Japan

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Mount Fuji, Kitayama, Fujinomiya, Shizuoka, Japan

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Mount Fuji, Kitayama, Fujinomiya, Shizuoka, Japan

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-it is located 62 miles south of Tokyo and is still an active stratovolcano.
-it last erupted in 1707-1708.
-it lies near the Pacific, Philippines and Eurasian plates.
-it sits near a continental convergent boundary, continental transform boundary ,and a oceanic transform boundary.
-It is said that the main cause of Mt.Fuji's volcanic activity is the pacific plate sinking under the bottom of the phillippines plate, just like the other volcanoes in the fuji volcanic belt.
more information of the mountain=fujisan-net.gr.jp/english/4_04.htm
-As of 1 december 2019,the city had an estimated population of 245,015 in 106,087 household ,and a population density of 1,000 person per kMsquare.
-toilets on mount.fuji can be used and is located in the huts as well as public toilets.All toilets are ecological toilets that use oyster shells, sawdust,etc

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Mt. Fuji's geography and geologic features : Mt. Fuji's Nature : top

Mt. Fuji's climate
Mt. Fuji's geography and geological features
Mysterious groundwater and springss

Mt. Fuji's geography and geologic features

Mt. Fuji's composition

Mt. Fuji is one of the few large composite volcanoes made of basalt in the world. Its current beautiful cone shape was caused by eruptions during three periods: Komitake, Kofuji, and Shinfuji.
An explosive Edo Period eruption 1707 created Hoei Crater and formed the huge volcanic ash field on the east side. Mt. Fuji has been dormant since then.

Mt. Fuji's location and form

Typical of a composite volcano, Mt. Fuji has a smooth slope and a wide spreading base, creating a beautiful skyline as it narrows to a magnificent peak.
It is said that the main cause of Mt. Fuji's volcanic activity is the Pacific Plate sinking under the bottom of the Philippine Plate, just like the other volcanoes in the Fuji volcanic belt.
Three plates overlap each other near Japan, and Mt. Fuji is located where the Nankai Trough is being bent northwards due to the Izu Peninsula's impact on Honshu.

Geological Characteristics

Mt. Fuji has a composite structure due to multiple accumulations of lava, lapilli, and ash from repeated eruptions.
It is unique that Mt. Fuji's volcanic product is basalt, given that most other Japanese volcanoes are made of andesite.

Shinfuji's Volcanic History

Period

Activity

11,000 to 8,000 years ago

Released huge amounts of lava from the peak crater (ancient lava flows)

8,000 to 4,500 years ago

Ash gushed intermittently from the peak crater (quiescence)

4,500 to 3,000 years ago

Large-scale lava and small-scale ash gushed from the peak crater and side volcanoes (mid-term lava stream).

3,000 to 2,000 years ago

Frequent explosive eruptions, mainly from the peak crater

2,000 years ago to recent years

Repeated gushes of lava (new period stream) and ash from the side volcanoes. Huge eruptions occur approximately once every 500 years. The eruptions recorded in 800 , 864 and 1707 were especially large.

Rare geography and geological phenomena

Basalt lava has low viscosity and spreads easily over a broad area, creating a unique landscape of many lava caves and tree molds.

Osawa collapse

Mt. Fuji is a relatively young volcano, having gained its present shape approximately 10,000 years ago. However, valleys have been created by corrosion from wind, rain and snow. The largest, Osawa, extends from the right below the west side peak and is said to have been first created approximately 1,000 years ago.
It is thought that a large runoff like the Osawa collapse remains because of few ash falls are present on the west side but ash covers the east side with each eruption.

"Osawa collapse"

Lava caves and tree molds

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Mt. Fuji's geography and geologic features : Mt. Fuji's Nature : top Mt. Fuji's climate Mt. Fuji's geography and geological features Mysterious groundwater and springss Mt. Fuji's geography and geologic features Mt. Fuji is one of the few large composite volcanoes made of basalt in the world.

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Mount Agung, Jungutan, Karangasem Regency, Bali, Indonesia

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Mount Agung, Jungutan, Karangasem Regency, Bali, Indonesia

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Mount Agung, Jungutan, Karangasem Regency, Bali, Indonesia

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Mount Pinatubo, Botolan, Zambales, Philippines

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Mount Pinatubo, Botolan, Zambales, Philippines

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Mount Pinatubo, Botolan, Zambales, Philippines

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Elevation:

1,117m (3,665 ft)

Coordinates:

31˚34’50”N 130˚39’29”E

Population:

4,500 (on the mountain)

600,000 (Kagoshima)

Mount Sakurajima is an active stratovolcano, formerly an island and now a peninsula, located on an a convergent boundary between the Eurasian and Philippine Plate. It is the most active volcano in Japan.

Activity:

Mount Sakurajima had been dormant for over a century. However, in January 1914, several earthquakes of up to magnitude 7 were reported, causing residents to evacuate the island.  The initial eruption on January 11 was very explosive, generating eruption columns and pyroclastic flows. After an earthquake, which killed 58 people, occurred on  January 13, a large lava flow was generated. The lava flows filled the narrow strait between the island and the mainland, turning it into a peninsula.

From 1955 to present day, Mount Sakurajima has become more active, causing thousands of small explosions to occur each year. In April 2021, Mount Sakurajima erupted, sending a column of smoke over 2.3 kilometres into the air. In response, the Meteorological Agency issued and alert to areas in the Kagoshima Prefecture to protect themselves from potential impact.

Safety measures:

Because of its close proximity to Kagoshima City, the Sakurajima Volcano Observatory was set up in 1960 to monitor these eruptions. In addition, Kagoshima conducts regular evacuation drills, and a number of shelters have been built where people can take refuge from falling volcanic debris.

From February 2016, people have been prohibited from approaching areas within 2km of the crater.

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Taal Volcano, Talisay, Philippines (Callista)

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Taal Volcano, Talisay, Philippines (Callista)

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Elevation:

311m

Coordinates:

14°0′36″N 120°59′51″E

Taal Volcano is an active volcano on the western edge of Luzon, Philippines. It was formed by the subduction of the Eurasian Plate underneath the Philippine Mobile Belt (Philippine Sea - Eurasia plate convergence). Taal Lake lies within a 25–30 km (16–19 mi) caldera formed by explosive eruptions between 140,000 and 5,380 BP.

One of the more devastating eruptions of Taal occurred in January 1911. The total recorded shocks on that day numbered 26. During the 28th there were 217 distinct shocks, of which 135 were microseismic and 10 quite severe. The eruption claimed a reported 1100 lives and injured 199, although it is assumed that more perished than the official records show. The seven barangays (a small territorial and administrative district forming the most local level of government in the Philippines) that existed on the island previous to the eruption were completely wiped out. The devastating effects of the blast reached the west shore of the lake, where a number of villages were also destroyed. 702 cattle were killed and 543 nipa houses destroyed. Crops suffered from the deposit of ashes that fell to a depth of almost half an inch in places near the shore of the lake.

Volcano Island sank between 1 and 3 m (3 and 10 ft) as a result of the eruption. It was also found that the southern shore of Lake Taal sank because of the eruption. No evidence of lava could be discovered anywhere, nor have geologists been able to trace any visible records of a lava flow having occurred at any time on the volcano during the eruption. Another peculiarity of the geologic aspects of Taal is the fact that no sulphur has been found on the volcano. The yellow deposits and encrustations noticeable in the crater and its vicinity are iron salts, according to chemical analysis. A slight smell of sulfur was perceptible at the volcano, which came from the gases that escaped from the crater.

Recently, The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) reported that unrest at Taal continued during 13-20 July 2021. Daily plumes of steam and sulfur dioxide gas rose 0.9-2.1 km from the lake and drifted in multiple directions. Sulfur dioxide emissions averaged 1,142-6,574 tonnes/day. Two tremor events, at 1018 and 1038 on 20 July, were felt at Intensity I by residents of Pira-piraso in the NE sector of Volcano Island. The DROMIC report stated that 3,839 people were in evacuation centers or private residences by 20 July. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 0-5) and PHIVOLCS reminded the public that the entire Taal Volcano Island is a Permanent Danger Zone (PDZ) and to not enter the high-risk barangays of Agoncillo and Laurel. Activities on Taal Lake were strictly prohibited.

Some of my family members live in Tagaytay, which is near the Taal volcano. I have seen the Taal volcano from Tagaytay several times, but I have not seen an eruption myself. Sometimes, they have to evacuate whenever the alert level of the volcano increases. Currently, as of July 23 2021, my family members have temporarily moved to Manila due to Taal volcano being at alert level 3 for volcanic activity.

Callista

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Mount St. Helens, Washington, USA (Syafiq)

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Mount St. Helens, Washington, USA (Syafiq)

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Elevation:

8,363 ft (2,549m)

Coordinates:

46°11'28"N 122°11'40"W

Mount St. Helens is on the convergent plate boundary between Juan de Fuca and the North American plates. The boundary is also part of the Pacific Ring of Fire. The Juan de Fuca plate is an oceanic plate and the North American plate is a continental plate. Hence, Mount St. Helens is located at a subduction zone.

Mount St. Helens is located in the North American continent, in Skamania County, WA, USA. The eruption of the volcano also affected other nearby states but most primarily in areas in Bend, Oregon.

There have been numerous volcanic activity but the most infamous eruption by Mount St. Helens occured on May 18, 1980. Although the eruption lasted 9 hours, events leading prior to the eruption can be traced back to at least 3 months before.

Earlier in March, there were several small earthquakes which indicated that magma could have started moving below the volcano. A magnitude 4.2 earthquake occured below the volcano's north flank on March 20. Over the next 5 days, an earthquake swarm (a sequence of seismic events occuring in a local area in a short period of time) started to reach its peak at noon on March 25. Another earthquake measured 5.1 on the Richter scale within the next 2 days. From March 26 to March 27, a total of 174 shocks of magnitude 2.6 or greater was recorded. Earthquakes of magnitude 4 or above occured daily in early April and early May. This resulted in a whopping 10,000 earthquakes recorded before the 1980 eruption.

A total of 7,919 people lived near Mount St. Helens during time time of the eruption. The eruption however killed 57 people. Today, it is estimated that 110,593 people were living near the volcano in 2019, which is suprising as there seems to be a steady increase in population over the years.

The eruption is said to be the most destructive in US history. The eruption destroyed forests, lakes, highways and homes, as well as spew around 550 million tons of ash into the Earth's atmosphere. The lakes around the vicinity of the volcano were partly covered with felled trees for more than 40 years. It was also filled with sediments which caused the water to flood the river banks. Approximately 7000 animals perished in the disaster, with only a few surviving due to them being under water surfaces. Economy-wise, it had an impact of almost $1 billion in total due to the ashes reaching several states outside of Washington.

Reflection

It is fortunate that most locals managed to escape a day prior to the eruption. Due to the area being located directly above a subduction zone, there could be many other earthquakes that can occur in the area, with a possible chance of another eruption again in the near future. This might be a hazard to these locals and they might also have to continuously rebuild homes and structures which can be an inconvenience. It is surprising to me why people still choose to live there even after the massive eruption, but I think it could be due to (1) the ashes making the soil extremely fertilised which can be taken advantaged of and do farming (2) emotional connection and history to the place. I am intrigued to know what the locals in 1980 think of this incident now, and how life has changed for them after it.

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Mt Pinatubo, Botolan, Zambales, Philippines

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Mt Pinatubo, Botolan, Zambales, Philippines

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Mt Pinatubo, Botolan, Zambales, Philippines

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Elevation:
1,486 m

Coordinates:
15°08′30″N 120°21′00″E

Mount Pinatubo is located on the beneath a dangerous plate boundary. The Eurasian plate has slid beneath the Philippine plate, forming this volcano. These two plates are responsible for producing the volcano where the Eurasian and Philippine plates collide. Mount Pinatubo's plate movement is on a convergent plate boundary. Pinatubo is located at a subduction zone, which occurs when two plates of the Earth's crust collide.

The volcano eruption on June 15, 1991. It was considered to be one of the world’s largest volcanic eruption to ever happen. 10 weeks prior, small earthquakes and steam explosions and other signs of eruption were observed, but volcanologists were still unable to precisely forecast the eruption.

On 6 June,  more prominent signs arise and the locals were warned of the volcano's eruption. 48-hours prior, the locals were evacuated.

Eruption occurred shortly after. Volcanic ash and other particles caused by the eruption completely blanketed the countryside. The eruption removed so much magma and rock from beneath the volcano that the summit collapsed to form a small caldera 2.5 km across. Pretty sure many people suffered and hundreds of millions of dollars worth of property was damaged.

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(Wern Qi)
Elevation: 17694 ft
Summit: 5393 m

Coordinates: 19°01′20″N 98°37′40″W

Popocatépetl is located along the Nazca and South American plate boundaries (continent convergent)

Popocatépetl is an active stratovolcano located in the states of Puebla, Morelos, and Mexico in central Mexico

Popocatépetl is one of the most active volcanoes in Mexico and the most famous, having had more than 15 major eruptions since the arrival of the Spanish in 1519. The latest being on February 5, 2020 Popocatépetl had a moderate explosion producing an ash plume that went up 1.5 km. It had more explosions on February 15, 18, and 22, having ash plumes rising that ranged from 400- 1,200 m.

One of the 10 most-populated volcanoes in the world, Popocatépetl has around 30 million people living within a 70 kilometre radius of its 5,452-metre summit

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~ Eyjafjallajökull consists of a volcano completely covered by an ice cap that covers an area of about 100 square kilometres

~status: dormant

~ stratovolcano

~1,651 metres tall and 3-4 kilometres in diameter

~ country affected: Iceland

~last erupted on 14 April 2010

Impact:
-It left behind vast ash clouds so large that daylight in some areas was entirely obscured
-The eruption set off a major flood, when erupted lava melted a glacier prompting 700 people to evacuate.
-The eruption threw volcanic ash several kilometres up in the atmosphere, which led to air travel disruption in northwest Europe for six days from 15 to 21 April 2010
- airspace in many parts of Europe was closed
-Airlines lost a combined £130 million per day in lost revenues
-Europe's biggest tourism businesses lost between £5 million and £6 million per day.

-it created electrical storms.
- Exporters of perishable goods from the Caribbean and Africa were badly affected.

-The ash contaminated local water supplies (as high concentrations of fluoride from the ash mixed with river water can have deadly effects)

+The farms in the valley were  covered in a soft layer of ash which the warmth and nutrition from the ash enabled the crops to grow rather well

Measures taken
-Iceland responded by declaring a state of emergency and European airspace was closed as a safety precaution

~mid-Atlantic plate boundary.

~Here, convection currents are driving apart the North American plate (moving West) and the Eurasian Plate (moving East) along a constructive or divergent plate boundary.

~A few small, shallow earthquakes have been recorded beneath the Eyjafjallajökull summit

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Mayon Volcano, Albay, Philippines (Adi._.)

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Mayon Volcano, Albay, Philippines (Adi._.)

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Elevation:
2,463 m (8,081 ft)
Coordinates:

13°15′24″N 123°41′06″E

Mayon Volcano, active volcano, southeastern Luzon, Philippines, dominating the city of Legaspi. Called the world's most perfect volcanic cone because of the symmetry of its shape, it has a base 80 miles (130 km) in circumference and rises to 8,077 feet (2,462 metres) from the shores of Albay Gulf. This volcano is located on a convergent boundary between the Eurasian and Philippine Plate.

Mayon's activities:
Mayon is the most active volcano in the Philippines, erupting over 47 times in the past 500 years.

Its most destructive recorded eruption occurred on February 1, 1814. Lava flowed but less than the 1766 eruption. The volcano belched dark ash and eventually bombarded the town of Cagsawa with tephra that buried it. Trees burned, and rivers were certainly damaged. Proximate areas were also devastated by the eruption, with ash accumulating to 9 m (30 ft) in depth. In Cagsawa town, about 1,200 locals perished in what is considered to be the most lethal eruption in Mayon's history. The eruption is believed to have contributed to the accumulation of atmospheric ash together with the catastrophic 1815 eruption of other volcanoes like Indonesia's Mount Tambora, leading to the Year Without a Summer in 1816.

The most recent activity of the Mayon volcano was in 2018. On January 13, 2018, at 4:21 pm (PST), a phreatic eruption occurred that propelled a grayish steam and ash plume approximately 2500 meters high that drifted to the southwest side of the volcano. The activity lasted approximately 1 hour and 47 minutes and traces of ash fell in Barangay Anoling, Daraga, Barangays Sua, Quirangay, Tumpa, and many more. Sulfuric odor was noted by residents of Camalig town proper. Rumbling sounds were also heard by residents of Brgy. Anoling, Daraga and rockfall events were intermittently recorded. Faint crater glow was first observed at 10:16 pm. On January 23, 2018, Mayon spewed 300 to 500-meter lava fountains and ash plumes with a 4 to 5-hour interval. Lava bombs and rockfalls could also be observed and sounds from the volcano could be heard. Classes in all levels, both public and private were still suspended, work in some places were suspended as well. The danger zone was expanded up to 9 kilometers despite remaining at Alert Level 4 and residents from the expanded danger zone were evacuated. The activity lasted the whole year of 2018.

Tectonic activities:
Four earthquakes were recorded in the vicinity of Mayon Volcano in December 26, 2020. Moderate emission of white steam-laden plumes that crept downslope were reported by villagers leaving near the volcano. No updates were issued
that includes the magnitude of the earthquakes.

Population:
The city and four towns, with a total population of 500,000, are the most affected whenever Mayon erupts.

Interesting information:
Mayon has been featured as part of the design of Philippine money.
- 1903–1968: Coins were etched with a design of the Mayon volcano. A centavo coin ($0.01) had a simmering Mayon volcano topped with smoke rings as a background.
- 2010–present: 100-peso bills have a quiet Mayon volcano as background in the reverse side.

Reflection:
It is intriguing that there is still a sizeable amount of people who are fine living near this active volcano. As seen in the recent volcanic eruptions and earthquakes,  many mitigation actions have been taken to ensure the safety of these people are kept. However, there have been some instances where people have passed away in the hands of Mother Nature. For example, 75 farmers were killed after the Mayon volcano errupted in 1993. In addition, many of their belongings and resources will be at stake as they are not able to bring them to the refuge centers. Resources such as their cattles used in farming are affected. Houses may also be demolished in the onslaught of hot rocks spewed out of the volcano which requires more resources to rebuild these homes.

Living near a volcano is one's decision that should be well-thought and justified. Being near an active volcano is dangerous, but to these people, the benefits outweighs the cost/ banes. For example, soil near the volcano is rich of vital nutrients after every volcanic eruptions, leading to fruitful harvests of vegetables and fruits. Also, many generations have lived here. They don't have the courage to leave a place where they have been brought up in, surrounded by people who they have close relationships with; a community who falls together and rises together.

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Mount Akagi, 黒保根町宿廻 Kiryu, Gunma, Japan(ethan)

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Mount Akagi, 黒保根町宿廻 Kiryu, Gunma, Japan(ethan)

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Elevation
1,828 m (5,997 ft)
36° 33′ 26″ N, 139° 11′ 47″ E

It is located in the Eurasian plate
Located in central japan,94km from tokyo
probably no recent eruptions
uncertain eruption reports in 1938 and 1251
gunma population prefecture is 1.9 million
the ship was named after this mountain,IJN akagi in 1930s, ended up being converted in to an aircraft carrier and was lost the battle of midway sunk by Dive Bombers. There are also a lot of warships named after mountains of Japan such as Chokai, Kongo and Yamato

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West Eifel Volc Field is in western Germany, Southwest of the City Bonn.

In the Eurasian plate and most likely has a divergent plate boundary ( based off the geographical location of Germany)
[Rift zone, continental crust > 25km]

Coordinates  :
50.17°N
6.85°E
1969ft high
Elevation :
The summit is 600m

It is dominantly a Pleistocene group of 240 scorning cones, maars and small stratovolcanos over an area of 600 square kilometres.

Approximately 230 eruptions have occured over 730,000 years
With the last known eruption occurring in 8300 BCE which is about 300 years ago

Main Source : https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=210010

There is also another Eifel Volc Field in Germany which is the East Eifel Volc Field along the river Rhine.

Population :
Within 5km to 10km  - 94,911
Within 30km - 232,256
Within 100km - 7,945,412

No earthquakes known of affecting them but they do have magma flowing underneath these lakes.

Reflection :
I find it interesting that one field can hold more than one volcano or maar. It is fascinating to see that a lot of these areas are still surrounded by lush greenery and some even form craters as seen in the picture attached. These lakes also seem to be very hot but are still open for people to visit or research. Most of these are also still active to this day but have not erupted for quite a few years.

~ Aimée 3R5

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Idamdehe, Jailolo, West Halmahera Regency, North Maluku, Indonesia

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NW coast of Halmahera, Indonesia

Convergent plate boundary
Philippine Plate and Eurasian Plate

Hot mud flows were last reported in 1883.

A magnitude 5.4 earthquake hit 5km northeast of Jailolo volcano on January 6 2013. The focus was at depth of 150 km.

Reflection
It is fascinating how there has been no recent eruptions here despite it's proximity to the converging plates. I'm now curious about the life and deaths of volcanoes such as Jailolo. It is understandable how Indonesians have lived with the presence of Jailolo due to the lack of volcanic activity. I am now curious about other volcanic spots in Indonesia as a good majority of its islands lie along convergent plate boundaries.