# data[].attributes.headline
what is mean pedagogy ?    Pedagogy is the theory, method of teaching. But it only refers to the teaching of children. How to teaching or learning is going on .  Infect the word peاdagogy comes  from Greek , it mean leader of children .But the word pedagogy during the 1900s get more emphasis and explain in the education .  it is important for teacher discover or get more about method of leaching and learning , also how to transform  knowledge for their student . teacher have to get more about those method related to pedagogy very year  rise in teacher workload. As the Teacher Workload Survey discovers every year. So, is pedagogy still relevant in the modern classroom or is it a thing of the past?To find this out, let's go back to 1898, to the beginning of what is arguably the first approach to pedagogy:                             Behaviorism According to  Behaviorism the teacher should be in control of the classroom and the key of learning is repetition , the best way to learn the student . this method started with Edward Thorndike , and he experiment with a cat in the box .  put the cat in the box and give it rewarded with treat for working out , he found that the cat associated escaping from the box with getting a treat and escaped faster each time  This is called:( operant conditioning)   But how can we apply this theory to classroom learning?

# data[].attributes.subject
what is mean pedagogy ?    Pedagogy is the theory, method of teaching. But it only refers to the teaching of children. How to teaching or learning is going on .  Infect the word peاdagogy comes  from Greek , it mean leader of children .But the word pedagogy during the 1900s get more emphasis and explain in the education .  it is important for teacher discover or get more about method of leaching and learning , also how to transform  knowledge for their student . teacher have to get more about those method related to pedagogy very year  rise in teacher workload. As the Teacher Workload Survey discovers every year. So, is pedagogy still relevant in the modern classroom or is it a thing of the past?To find this out, let's go back to 1898, to the beginning of what is arguably the first approach to pedagogy:                             Behaviorism According to  Behaviorism the teacher should be in control of the classroom and the key of learning is repetition , the best way to learn the student . this method started with Edward Thorndike , and he experiment with a cat in the box .  put the cat in the box and give it rewarded with treat for working out , he found that the cat associated escaping from the box with getting a treat and escaped faster each time  This is called:( operant conditioning)   But how can we apply this theory to classroom learning?

# data[].attributes.body
Psychologists like BF Skinner began to apply these methods to education, arguing that teachers need  complete control of the lesson for students to learn best. Skinner even championed a teaching machine, which allowed students to answer questions and immediately find out if they were correct. indeed pedagogy according to method of teaching and learning have a deferent  meaning and that way teacher teach student , learn student .
method of teaching

Class discussion

Why use class discussion is important

1-    Student center :-  student will be participate , they will be ask question and answer question .

2-    Develop oral language :-  they will be develop reading   and writing .

3-    Critical thinking :- student get critical thinking if the teacher manager the plan and goals for involve student in the class and solving  problem by another way.

4-    Student will be debate in the class and lesson another student . they will get more information and knowledge .

5-    Student enjoy and engage in the class , when student is center in the class they will be get more information and create concept , learning .

Design class discussion

Teacher have to set goals for your classroom discussion thinks what do you want students to learn what specific concepts should they have mastery and understanding of teacher need to establish protocols for behavior.

At first teacher need to lead the discussion then as time goes on allow student s to carry out the discussion themselves and lastly stay committed to having classroom.

Also question design is important for teacher to involve student engage in the class .

Question will be challenging and answerable .

Question have two types ( open and closed )

Closed question it does not get any information and knowledge . teacher can change closed question to open question .

Open question is very important for student to get information .

Motion picture , movies , film education

Why films and videotapes can be effective

Films and videotapes have a number of properties that make them effective instructional devices.   It have some advantage

1-    Focus attention on specific details ( physiologically focused on light screen )

2-    Concentrate on experience

3-    It takes event

4-    Things that are too small to see with the naked eye, likewise things too large to be easily viewed .

5-    Student can go back to some years before . it can help clarify issues event or concepts  like preceding  the civil war .

6-    It can take the viewer place where they could not ordinarily go for example go to the top of mountain , bottom of the sea .

Deciding how to use films and videotapes

The first step is to decide what it is that you wish the student to get or know . once teacher  have to determined his objective . films and videotapes have been used as per-lesson , presentation and post-lesson , according that goals teacher set them for getting result.

Lecturing

A person who gives lectures, mostly as a profession . it is the oldest traditional method philosophy idealism. It is focuses on cognitive domain.

In this method teacher is active and student is passive , teacher talk but student listen , also teacher plain and control whole teaching learning process in the class . the best martial in this method is book , according the book teacher creating the goal , give information to the student . mostly use question and answer , teacher ask and student answer the question , it does not have any collaboration , debate and argument in this method.

In deed lecture method in teaching have  some advantages. it will mentioned in the below .

1-    It is economical :-  it does not need more cost , teacher easily can handled

2-    It does not need different material

3-    Teacher can develop his own style of teaching through adopting lecture method.

4-    This method is easy for teacher and student

5-    Teacher can manage the class easily , and control student

Also that method have some disadvantage . they will be mentioned in below

1-    Student get bored in the class be causes they are passive and teacher control whole the class and process teaching and learning  .

2-    Most of the student ignores when teacher ask them

3-    Student can not get critical thinking

4-     Teacher can create the goal , and manage time according that goal

5-    Authoritarian method

In fact that method can not be used at primary school , mostly used at high studies level .
Flipped learning

Flipped learning change traditional homework and lecture , in fact after developed educational technology  process of learning and teaching is change , we can say method of learning take a place .

First thing have to educator are going to ask is why flipped class , in that method student can access the content anytime, any where , because teacher send a short video before student into class . they can watch it  carefully  . that video ability to stop pause play  . also student can write down questions about the content at home , and write down the note , when they come to class they could discuss with teacher and student .

Also student can study the topic by themselves with that video teacher sent their and apply the knowledge by solving  problm and doing practical work in class.

Most student to learn at their own pace as video can watch again . students prepared themselves  for contribute and discuss in the class. It give the time to doing homework in the class and help each other in addition allowed student  to work more closely . some teacher can not be a good presenter but can prepare a good video . flipped class also help teacher to be a guider for student and get more time for helping student in the class . indeed this method more advantage than disadvantage so it is not costly , we can apply in Iraq and Kurdistan .

Fishbowl- method

This method important for student and teacher , teaching method activity two students are having a conversation in a inner circle the rest of the class is surrounding them only the two people inside the fishbowl are speaking and all the student out of the circle can not speak . they can write down note ,question or they will be observe , they will lean about that discussion the inner circle will do it .

In fact it is important established trust so they will be comfortable sharing their thoughts also everyone have to follow the guidelines.  Observer will address any issues that arise in the follow up discussion .

After the inner (fishbowl) discussion , facilitate a whole class discussion , requesting that student address content issues and also comment an group processes one complete , teacher have to switch circles and begin a new discussion.

Indeed that method is not costly and teacher can apply in the class and it is student center learning , student get knowledge and skill , it has a lot advantage for student and teacher , as student work closely , they can help each other , they can learn how to manage the debate , they will be lean by own way  or self-learning  .

Motion picture , movies , film education

Why films and videotapes can be effective

Films and videotapes have a number of properties that make them effective instructional devices.   It have some advantage

1-    Focus attention on specific details ( physiologically focused on light screen )

2-    Concentrate on experience

3-    It takes event

4-    Things that are too small to see with the naked eye, likewise things too large to be easily viewed .

5-    Student can go back to some years before . it can help clarify issues event or concepts  like preceding  the civil war .

6-    It can take the viewer place where they could not ordinarily go for example go to the top of mountain , bottom of the sea .

Deciding how to use films and videotapes

The first step is to decide what it is that you wish the student to get or know . once teacher  have to determined his objective . films and videotapes have been used as per-lesson , presentation and post-lesson , according that goals teacher set them for getting result.

Creating a positive leaning environment

Educators  they often use the term learning environment like ( safety, engagement, respect, relationships, build trust, support, decorate for students, communication , positive praise , conflict resolution , smile often , high learning expectation , enforce rules and expectation , learn about the students , personalized learning , extra help hours , positive parent calls ) I just want write about social emotional learning in the bellow .

Social emotional skills are the essential skills for success in school ,work and life , they are centers their mind and body .

Social emotional learning the process by which people manage their emotions in social sittings credit to castle org and go to their site for more information .

Teacher have to know about emotion , indeed emotion of teacher is very important , it has effective of learning , also teacher must know about emotion of the student because by the emotion of student teacher know student is bored or happy in the class. Teacher know student is understand or not , listen or not . student emotion are often responsible for their boredom and inappropriate behavior .

Student  has to engage in the class by the emotion of the teacher .   teacher have to competency to teach student about self-awareness , it is ability to identify about your own emotions thoughts and understanding how they influence your behavior throughout anyone’s  lifetime.  Teacher has to competency to self-management , self-management can be defined as the ability to manage your own emotions without stress . also teacher create setting goal for themselves goal sitting can be great classroom activity . if teacher get any problem or issue she will be solve when she is sitting management . she will be deal with her own personal stress .

Also teacher must know the culture . in fact same time same emotional is not allowed in the our culture but it is allowed in the other culture , according the age of student  and  gender  it have a deferent emotion or jester teacher can used .   teacher has to identify those emotional it has get  hurt emotionally   for student . although relationship skill are defined as the ability to establish and maintain healthy relationship with their first individuals and groups through communication individuals with good relationship skills are also good in term work , cooperative and sports.

Assessment tools

Educator have to understand how important data can to making informed decisions. But where do you get that data?

What types pf assessment are used for which decisions?

Teacher must know about all types of assessment tools when they are teach student in the school.

-   Assessment tools are important for teacher and student help improve student achievement .

Six types are often used by teacher  summative , formative benchmark ,universal screeners , diagnostic and progress monitoring .

We will explain some of them one by one

-         A summative assessment is an assessment of learning and provides a snapshot of what a student know at a particular point in time .

At the district level , summative assessment are usually used to evaluate student learning  at the end of a specific time period , such as a unit, semester, course or school year.

The assessment have to validate what you know through other assessments.

Also teacher must know when they do assessment their student , it mean direct and indirect . some time directed assessment has effective for student to correct the mistake , if the teacher used indirect  assessment  maybe it does not impact for student .

-              The formative assessment process is more important from a day –to-day , it has significantly impact student  achievement when you used correctly.

Example of effective formative assessment tools include but are not  limited to observational and anecdotal practices ,questioning , exit slips, discussion ,peer –and self-assessment strategies and kinesthetic assessment.

Formative assessment data provides direct information to the teacher about learning at the student level and can be used to design the learning pathway.

-           An interim assessment , also know as a benchmark assessment evaluate student knowledge and skill relative to a specific set of academic goals within a specific timeframe assessment.
A district may also give a common benchmark assessment that includes several chapters or units in a certain grade or subject at the end of a marking period.

interim data can provide information on courses, content and programming at the building and classroom level.

-         Universal screeners address a specific skill or ability (sensory, behavioral, developmental, and/or academic) that is predictive of a later outcome.

Indeed assessment tools are very important in the school and university , teacher have to know about all types of  assessment .

If teacher want to evaluation student about knowledge and skill , they have to chose a best one of them.
It is important to know about all of them so teacher  can select the correct type of assessment to get appropriate and accurate data for your needs.

Infect curricula should include all types of assessment and explain how to used in school and university .

Assessment tools

Educator have to understand how important data can to making informed decisions. But where do you get that data?

What types pf assessment are used for which decisions?

Teacher must know about all types of assessment tools when they are teach student in the school.

-   Assessment tools are important for teacher and student help improve student achievement .

Six types are often used by teacher  summative , formative benchmark ,universal screeners , diagnostic and progress monitoring .

We will explain some of them one by one

-         A summative assessment is an assessment of learning and provides a snapshot of what a student know at a particular point in time .

At the district level , summative assessment are usually used to evaluate student learning  at the end of a specific time period , such as a unit, semester, course or school year.

The assessment have to validate what you know through other assessments.

Also teacher must know when they do assessment their student , it mean direct and indirect . some time directed assessment has effective for student to correct the mistake , if the teacher used indirect  assessment  maybe it does not impact for student .

-              The formative assessment process is more important from a day –to-day , it has significantly impact student  achievement when you used correctly.

Example of effective formative assessment tools include but are not  limited to observational and anecdotal practices ,questioning , exit slips, discussion ,peer –and self-assessment strategies and kinesthetic assessment.

Formative assessment data provides direct information to the teacher about learning at the student level and can be used to design the learning pathway.

-           An interim assessment , also know as a benchmark assessment evaluate student knowledge and skill relative to a specific set of academic goals within a specific timeframe assessment.
A district may also give a common benchmark assessment that includes several chapters or units in a certain grade or subject at the end of a marking period.

interim data can provide information on courses, content and programming at the building and classroom level.

-         Universal screeners address a specific skill or ability (sensory, behavioral, developmental, and/or academic) that is predictive of a later outcome.

Indeed assessment tools are very important in the school and university , teacher have to know about all types of  assessment .

If teacher want to evaluation student about knowledge and skill , they have to chose a best one of them.
It is important to know about all of them so teacher  can select the correct type of assessment to get appropriate and accurate data for your needs.

Infect curricula should include all types of assessment and explain how to used in school and university .

Scope of assessment

Assessment have to selection all student without deference between student , some student is active anther is passive in the class , it mean assessment should include  all student .

Assessment also important for feedback of teacher and student , both could correct their mistake after get feedback .

Although assessment helpful in the class for motivating of learning activities .  it is impact of the student and teacher .

It is suitable for student to get skill and knowledge  . they can apply in the real life . also student and teacher get more competency about a day to day .

Indeed assessment have to clear for student and teacher has to explain before apply it for student point by point , student must know how assess by teacher for each subject .

Also assessment must comprehensive involved some types of the assessment and appropriate for that subject teacher have it .

Teacher has to give precise to that student  , they are successful or pass in the final exam , that precise will be impact the student for a long time and for next year , they will be try get good mark .

Assessment also constructed on wide curricula content . it means assessment must be assess student according  to curricula content .

Assessment should be practicable for asses student . it is not suitable if it is not impracticable .

It is relevance between all types assessment when teacher assess student .

Assessment have to be understandable . it should be clear according student and teacher . also it will be power of discrimination .

It has to be reliability and validity .

Assessment is very important for both teacher and student .

Classification of assessment tools and techniques

Assessment include three main types first assessment of knowledge ,second  assessment of skill and three assessment of attitude

Assessment of knowledge :- it is involve  ( Questioner , extended response essay, restricted response essay, short answer questions, fill in the blank type, labeling diagram ,short answer in 5-10 words )

The objective type of questions, multiple choice questions, multiple response question , true and false question )

We will explain some of them in the bellow .

·             Essay type question :- they are a test student have to answer by writing , it emphasize recall rather than recognition of the correct alternative . that type it used for both formative and summative assessment . it is need a great deal of think and plan also student prepare their answer by opinion . it assess knowledge , teacher can be correcting by thought . indeed student have a freedom to answer it by opinion.

That types have some advantage and disadvantage .

Student are assess their knowledge by this type , it is important to give a student opportunity solve their problem and decision making ability .

It is help student evaluate thinking , recall , analyses .

Also it have some disadvantage such as  it need more time for correction by teacher and it is difficult to prepare by teacher , it does not suitable for all subject and some teacher can not prepare it perfectly .

Some time  opinion of teacher have impact on the correction the answer .

·        SAQ the answer has to be generated and supplied by the learner rather than chosen form a number of options provided.

The purposes of SAQs  it is useful and suitable to recall ability of students and used to evaluate student in the class when the lecture is in progress. Mostly it is useful in formative assessment .

·        Multiple choice questions are one of type of the assessment useful for assess student and it is easier type according to other  or compared to other type of assessment , also scoring in MCQs is essay .

Advantage MCQ

·        It is easy to create by teacher

·        It is easy to use and administer by teacher

·        Most of the part of subject will be take when teacher assessment the student .

·        It is easy for teacher when they check answer or correction the answer.

·        It is allow more adequate sampling of content.

·        Opinion the teacher is not effect on it.

Disadvantage MCQ

·        It is not suitable to test cognitive domain.

·        It is not useful for some subject.

·        It is easy to cheating in the exam.

·        It is not suitable for measuring  skill of student.

·        It is need  more time when teacher created it.