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References

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9) Education of All Handicapped Children Act: 1975

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9) Education of All Handicapped Children Act: 1975

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Equalize educational opportunities for all children with disabilities. Disabilities could include all mental, physical, and emotional needs and/ or impairments. Under this law, all students with disabilities are educated with care and provided the special resources needed to function in a classroom. This could include additional routine testing and monitoring and/or setting goals to mark learning progress (Government Accountability Office (GAO), 1980).

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Bans sex discrimination towards education clubs, activities, sports and/or any programs that require federal assistance. Examples of sexual discrimination includes not providing equal learning opportunities or not allowing students to attend certain schools or perform in certain activities based purely on sex. (Office for Civil Rights (OCR), 2020).

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Legislation passed as an effort to provide students additional help with low English language skills. The act served lower socioeconomic students and did not provide strict guidelines for schools to follow. Most students were Native American and Spanish speaking students (Terrell et al., 2018). As a result, some students were taken out of class and put only in classrooms with their native language. This concept encouraged segregation as students with limited English capabilities were secluded from the general classroom (Stewner-Manzanares, 1988).

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Banned discrimination on the basis of color, religion, sex, or national origin. For educational purposes, schools would go through a desegregation process in attempts to unify all races. More specifically, schools could not receive money in attempts to send  students to specific schools based on race, color, religion, or sex (Terrell et al., 2018).

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In Topeka, KS a father sued the Kansas Board of Education after  his daughter was not allowed to enter an all white school in 1951. The Supreme Court case ruled that the “separate but equal” education laws were not equal and ruled the case unconstitutional. This court case was not only a monumental case, but a pivotal point in the creation of the Civil Rights Act Movement (Terrell et al., 2018).

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Court Case where the Supreme Court decided in a seven-to-one ruling, concerning a “separate but equal” doctrine that included education. Both white and African American students could have rights to an education, however they were not allowed to be unified. (Terrell et al., 2018). This further cemented segregation not only in education, but also in the workforce, and every day activities. African American schools received the lower quality of educational resources that included books, chairs, or quality classrooms in comparison to white schools.

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Education became a highly debated topic after the Civil War. Before the Civil War, education was not free nor legal for African American students. After the Civil War, the North and the South were divided on how education was carried out. In the North, African American students could attend schools through certain African American communities such as schools, or through the church (Terrell et al., 2018).

-Freedmen's Bureau: 1865
Legislation passed by Congress in 1865 to help slaves accommodate to life as a citizen post Civil War. In 1866, Congress added to this legislation, which aided in the progression of African American schools. By the 1870’s, 250,000 African American students were being educated under Freedmen’s Bureau (Terrell et al., 2018).

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The Industrial Revolution allowed for more migration from Europe in hopes of better career opportunities. With the development of potential careers also came educational developments.
Horace Mann created the concept of the “common school.” This idea was to open up schooling to the public in hope to reach everyone-not just the wealthy (Center on Education Policy (CEP), 2020).

-Protestant vs Catholicism

Due to the spread of immigration from several groups such as English, Irish, and Italians, Catholicism was also growing. This affected the school system as Irish and Italian groups were Catholic and not Protestant. At this point, Protestants had control of the school system. However, with the expansion of Catholicism, Catholic schools grew. The end result produced both the public school system (Protestants) and the private school system (Catholicism) (Terrell et al., 2018).

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Protestants arrived alongside the upper East Coast to escape religious persecution from England. Education took on different forms depending on social class and gender. For example, wealthy families might have tutors, and send their sons to private schools and their daughters to “Dame Schools.” Lower class families might complete apprenticeships or attend the local one room schoolhouse (Center on Education Policy (CEP), 2020).