# data[].attributes.body
leukaemia risk factors
(no known exact cause)

- genetic redisposition
- down syndrome
-Exposure to petrochemicals, such as benzene
-Extensive exposure to artificial ionizing radiation
-Alkylating chemotherapy agents administered to treat other types of cancer
-Tobacco use
-Use of certain hair dyes

# data[].attributes.body
Causes:
coronary artery disease
arrhythmias

Clinical Manifestations:
Dyspnoea
Tachycardia
Crackles/Crepitations on auscultation of lungs
Third Heart Sound
Pitting Oedema

# data[].attributes.body
Fever or chills.

Persistent fatigue, weakness.

Frequent or severe infections.

Losing weight without trying.

Swollen lymph nodes, enlarged liver or spleen.

Easy bleeding or bruising.

Recurrent nosebleeds.

Tiny red spots in your skin (petechiae)

# data[].attributes.body
How do you diagnose leukemia?

Physical exam. Your doctor will look for physical signs of leukemia, such as pale skin from anemia, swelling of your lymph nodes, and enlargement of your liver and spleen.

Blood tests. By looking at a sample of your blood, your doctor can determine if you have abnormal levels of red or white blood cells or platelets — which may suggest leukemia.

Bone marrow test. Your doctor may recommend a procedure to remove a sample of bone marrow from your hipbone. The bone marrow is removed using a long, thin needle. The sample is sent to a laboratory to look for leukemia cells.

# data[].attributes.body
Diagnosis:
Chest X-Ray
Echocardiogram
12 lead ECG

# data[].attributes.body
Treatment options are different depending on what type of leukemia you have.

- For acute lymphocytic leukemia the main treatment used is chemotherapy. Some patients have high-dose chemotherapy with stem cell transplantation.

-

Radiation therapy. Radiation therapy uses X-rays or other high-energy beams to damage leukemia cells and stop their growth. During radiation therapy, you lie on a table while a large machine moves around you, directing the radiation to precise points on your body. The patient may receive radiation in one specific area of your body where there is a collection of leukemia cells. Or in the case of leukemia cells all over the body the patient may receive radiation over your whole body. Radiation therapy may be used to prepare for a bone marrow transplant.

Bone marrow transplant/stem cell transplant A bone marrow transplant, also called a stem cell transplant, helps reestablish healthy stem cells by replacing unhealthy bone marrow with leukemia-free stem cells that will regenerate healthy bone marrow. Before bone marrow transplant the patient will have high doses of chemotherapy or radiation to destroy the bone marrow that produces the leukemia. Then you receive an infusion of blood-forming stem cells that help rebuild your bone marrow. You may receive stem cells from a donor or you may be able to use your own stem cells.

Immunotherapy. Immunotherapy uses your immune system to fight cancer. Your body's disease-fighting immune system may not attack your cancer because the cancer cells produce proteins that help them hide from the immune system cells. Immunotherapy works by interfering with that process.

# data[].attributes.body
Modifiable :
Hypertension
Alcohol
Cigarettes smoking
Obesity
Physical inactivity
Diabetes mellitus

Non-modifiable:
Age
Sex
Race
Family history
Cardiac disease

# data[].attributes.body
Risk Factors:
Smoking
Obesity
Diabetes
Infection

# data[].attributes.body
- The care plan for patients with leukemia should be emphasized on comfort, minimize the adverse effects of chemotherapy, promote preservation of veins, manage complications, and provide teaching and psychological support.

# data[].attributes.headline
Mechanism of action for leukaemia fighting drugs

# data[].attributes.subject
Mechanism of action for leukaemia fighting drugs

# data[].attributes.body
Drugs used to treat leukemia

Medicines used for targeted therapy of ALL and CML include imatinib, dasatinib, nilotinib, bosutinib and ponatinib. These belong to a class of medicines called tyrosine kinase inhibitors and attack a protein (BCR-ABL) that is made by leukaemia cells in ALL and CML.

All of these drugs belong to a class of medications called kinase inhibitors. They work by blocking the action of the abnormal protein that signals cancer cells to multiply. This helps stop the spread of cancer cells.

# data[].attributes.body
Pathogenesis:
Interruption of blood flow to cerebral tissue from a thrombus or embolus initiates an ischemic cesade,

# data[].attributes.body
Nursing Interventions:
Oxygen therapy
High Fowlers Position
Cardiac monitoring

# data[].attributes.body
Risk factors
modifiable: obesity, stress, smoking, high cholesterol, excessive alcohol/salt intake...
non-modifiable: age, gender, family history, race

Pathogenesis:
Risk factors acts on blood pressure e.g: activate renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system->narrow blood vessel->high blood pressure

clinical manifestation: headaches, shortness of breath, dizziness

Treatment: non-pharmacological: Diet and medication education

# data[].attributes.body
Clinical manifestation :
Sensory loss
Dysphasia
Loss of central vision
Altered consciousness
Cognitive and affective disorder

# data[].attributes.headline
Non modifiable and modifiable risk factors of leukaemia

# data[].attributes.subject
Non modifiable and modifiable risk factors of leukaemia

# data[].attributes.body
Non modifiable risk factors include race, age, diabetes and genetic make up.
Modifiable risk factors elevated blood pressure and blood glucose, proteinuria, anaemia, metabolic disturbances, and dyslipidaemia.

# data[].attributes.body
Prevention:
Pharmacology: antihypertensives, BGL control
Non-pharmacology: diet, excessive, weight reduction, smoking cessation

Treatment: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE)
Beta-blockers: reduce HR, reduce cardiac output
Vasodilators: decrease afterload
Diuretics: decreased preload. Improves fluid overload

# data[].attributes.body
Renal failure is characterised by a decline in kidney function that eventually leads to irreversible kidney damage.