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The quest for wealth and knowledge might logically have pulled the Portuguese to Australian shores; the assumption has some evidential support, including a reference indicating that Melville Island, off the northern coast, supplied slaves. Evidence of a Portuguese discovery of the Australian landmass, 1528 being one likely year.

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Pedro Fernández de Quiros reached the New Hebrides. Quirós named the island group Australia del Espirítu Santo, and he celebrated with elaborate ritual. He (and some later Roman Catholic historians) saw this as the discovery of the southern land. But Quirós’s exultation was brief; troubles forced his return to Latin America. All Quirós’s fervour failed to persuade Spanish kingdom to mount another expedition.

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The first ones to recognize almost the whole continent. Baptized it as New Holland

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Cook landed several times, most notably at Botany Bay and at Possession Island in the north, where on August 23 he claimed the land, naming it New South Wales. Cook’s later voyages (1772–75 and 1776–79) were to other areas in the Pacific, but they were both symptom and cause of strengthening British interest in the eastern seas.
After Cook, we have Flinders.
1817- AUSTRALIA (not New Holland)

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The British government determined on settling New South Wales in 1786, and colonization began early in 1788.
The British government planned to develop the region’s economy by employing convict labour on government farms, while former convicts would subsist on their own small plots. The land was indifferent, disease and pests abounded, few convicts proved able labourers, and Aboriginal people were often hostile. The nadir came in autumn 1790 as supplies shrank; the arrival of a second fleet brought hundreds of sickly convicts but also the means of survival.

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Castle Hill Rising, (March, 1804), the first rebellion in Australian history. Involving Irish convicts (for the most part, political offenders), the uprising began with the rebels’ seizure of the New South Wales convict station at Parramatta on March 4 and culminated in a clash between the rebels and government troops on the following day.

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Some officers of the corps sought power and profit with an avidity that led to clash after clash with the early governors. This culminated in the events of January 26, 1808, when John Macarthur, a former officer of the corps, led an uprising known as the Rum Rebellion that deposed Governor William Bligh (served 1806–08), earlier famous for the Bounty mutiny. In due course the imperial government reacted and recalled the corps; but Governor Lachlan Macquarie (served 1810–21) also clashed with the colony’s Exclusives—former officers and a handful of wealthy free immigrants. Macquarie associated himself with the Emancipist faction, a group that argued in favour of former convicts having a particular claim upon government and the colony’s resources.

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The writings of explorers and pioneers were Australia’s first contributions to literary culture. While catering to the European appetite for natural history, they sometimes achieved literary grace. Pictorial illustrations of the new land, some by convicts, also dated from the earliest years. Newspapers were founded as early as 1803, and they contributed to cultural as well as political history. Outstanding was the architecture of Francis Greenway, a former convict, who, under Macquarie’s patronage, designed churches and public buildings that remain among the most beautiful in Australia.

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Politics --> Self-government + colonial constitutions + bicameral legislatures + near democratic basis
Economy --> Gold rushes + Discovery of copper + wool
Culture --> Universities + architecture + Australian literature

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Politics --> Primary schooling for all + immigration
Economy --> Rising of population + railway construction
Society --> Immigration + working-class movements (unions) + National sports

COMMONWEALTH on January 1, 1901