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The Missile Gap was the difference between the amount of US and Soviet nuclear missiles. in the 60s the US convinced itself that the soviets had far more nuclear weapons that they did though it was an incredible over-estimation. this led the US to produce a massive amount of nuclear missiles in a short time span.

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An aerial photo of Soviet missiles in Cuba. 

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The Cuban Missile Crisis occurred from the 16th-29th of October 1962, it was an event that many believe could have easily led to World War 3 as the stakes were very high and everyone was tense. it started with the Soviets installing short-range nuclear weapons in Cuba as a way to prevent a US invasion. the US blockaded Cuba to prevent further Soviet missiles from getting to Cuba, after 13 days the USSR removed missiles from Cuba and by November 20th the US blockade had ceased.

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an Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile is a nuclear missile with the capabilities to go at least 5600 km to strike a target, they are one of the signature items of the Cold War and the arms race. both the US and USSR developed these to be able to strike almost anywhere on earth from anywhere on earth. there was soon after the development of

Multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles (MIRV). a MIRV carries a large number of thermonuclear warheads which are all dropped onto a given target or targets.

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Soviet BMP-1. One of the first Infantry Fighting Vehicles

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The arms race during the cold war was the race to develop better and better weapons than the competitor as to not be disadvantaged by a lack of modern military hardware.

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RDS-1/Device-501, the Soviet Union's first nuclear bomb.

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How Nuclear Weapons Started An Arms Race

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How Nuclear Weapons Started An Arms Race

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Since the beginning of the US development of the first nuclear bomb, the USSR was trying to develop its own nuclear bomb. they knew that they were disadvantaged and went to using an elaborate spy network inside the US to steal various things about the construction of a nuclear bomb. Truman and Churchill eventually tried to intimidate Stalin by telling him about their recent developments in the first nuclear bomb to scare him from being too hostile to the west. on August 29th, 1949 the USSR tested their first nuclear bomb which was far earlier than the US expected and kicked the arms race into full swing.

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The mushroom cloud of the AN602. a 58 Megatons Thermonuclear bomb which was tested on October 30th 1961

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A hydrogen bomb is a nuclear weapon that uses nuclear fusion as opposed to the nuclear fission that a traditional atomic bomb uses, this leads to a much higher output of energy relative to it's size. The US developed the first hydrogen bomb in the 1952 dubbed "Ivy Mike", 3 years later the USSR would test a hydrogen bomb of their own.