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The first use of blood stain analysis in an American courtroom occurred in 1966, in the re-trial of Sam Sheppard, an Ohio physician who spent over 10 years in prison before being freed. Sheppard had been convicted in 1954 of bludgeoning his wife to death in her bed, but maintained his innocence, claiming the attack was perpetrated by an intruder. This famous case inspired the TV series The Fugitive (1963-67) and the 1993 movie, starring Harrison Ford. The U.S. Supreme Court vacated the original conviction because of pre-trial publicity that made it impossible to receive a fair trial. F. Lee Bailey, gained fame as a criminal defense lawyer by winning an acquittal on re-trial. Dr. Paul Kirk, a criminologist at the University of California, Berkley, conducted a reconstruction of the crime scene and provided the first expert testimony interpreting for the jury patterns of cast-off and impact spatter bloodstains that were present at the crime scene. His testimony helped win Sheppard’s freedom.

However, it was Herbert L. MacDonell, who is credited with establishing the profession of Bloodstain Pattern Analysis (BPA). In 1971, MacDonell wrote Flight Characteristics and Stain Patterns of Human Blood, the first authoritative BPA training manual. In 1983, he organized a meeting of his disciples whom he trained in Corning, NY and organized the International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts (IABPA).

To acquire a better understanding of this specialty, I attended a bloodstain pattern analysis course sponsored by Bevel Gardner & Associates.

THE CAMM CASE: “A BLACK-EYE” TO THE BPA PROFESSION
After giving an overview of BPA history, the instructor mentioned that the bloodstain profession has taken a few hits with the 2009 report from the National Academy of Sciences that was critical of some of the practices of BPA in American courtrooms. He noted that one case in particular, the David Camm case in Indiana, has given the profession “a black eye”.

I had watched the CBS 48 Hours story on the Camm case several years earlier, so I was aware that former Indiana State Trooper, David Camm’s alibi had been corroborated by eleven men. He had been playing basketball at a church where his uncle was the pastor. The game started around 7 p.m., about the same time that his wife and two children were last seen alive.

The men played basketball for about two hours and David was there the entire time, according to those who played ball with him. At approximately 9:26 p.m. he arrived home and called his old post at the Indiana State Police after finding the bodies of his wife and two children in the garage of their home in Georgetown, Indiana.

Crime Scene Photo of daughter, Jill Camm

David told police he found his wife lying on the floor of the garage. She had a single bullet wound to the head. He found his five-year-old daughter, Jill, in her seat belt in the back seat of his wife’s Ford Bronco inside the garage. Jill had been shot once in the head. His son Brad was slumped over the back seat as if he had attempted to escape to the back cargo area when he was shot. David said his son’s body felt warm, possibly still alive. David climbed into the back seat, carried his son out of the vehicle and laid him next to his mother so he could perform CPR. Brad died from the single gun-shot wound that entered just under his arm pit. At autopsy, the pathologist found possible evidence of a possible “sexual assault” in Jill’s vaginal area which immediately changed the dynamics of the homicide investigation. The demeanor of the questioning toward David became accusatory. However, a week earlier, the child’s pediatrician had noticed the same inflammation, but attributed it to aggressive wiping or possibly a reaction to bubble baths. A mandatory reporter, the family doctor was not alarmed. No report of child abuse had been made at that time.

Evidence Photo of David Camms T-shirt

Prosecutors decided to call in a bloodstain pattern “expert” who had a reputation for assisting in the prosecution of cases that were difficult to prove. Two days later, David Camm was arrested for first degree murder, based on an interpretation of eight tiny bloodstains on his t-shirt. The “expert” who had been called to the crime scene interpreted these stains as high velocity impact spatter from allegedly firing the gun that killed his family. Some of the leading experts in BPA, however, disagreed, and said the stains were caused by transfer from coming into contact with his 5 year-old daughter’s hair that was saturated with her blood when he removed his son from the vehicle.

Rod Englert and the cover of his book ‘Blood Secrets’

Robert Stites was the so-called “expert” in crime scene reconstruction and bloodstain pattern analysis who arrived in New Albany, Indiana to assist Floyd County prosecutor Stan Faith. Stites, however, was merely a crime scene photographer who was working at the direction of Rodney Englert. The real “expert” was Englert, who was a Charter Member of the International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts (IABPA). Englert was not able to travel to the crime scene, so he sent his photographer.

Police were unaware at the time that Stites was unqualified to render opinions about blood-stain analysis, but he did. Prior to traveling to Indiana, Stites had never taken any courses on bloodstain analysis or crime scene reconstruction, and was not a member of any blood stain analysis organization. The Indiana State Police evidence technician, who was initially in charge of processing the crime scene, had strong reservations about the so-called “expertise” of Robert Stites. After watching Stites the seasoned CSI realized that Stites didn’t know what he was doing.

Blood trail crime scene photo

The CSI came to this realization after Stites claimed there was evidence of clean-up at the crime scene. He said there had been a clear watery substance added to the large volume of blood that flowed downward to the edge of the garage away from the wife’s head wound. It turns out that it was serum separation, which helped provide a timeline as to when the murders happened. A defense bloodstain expert calculated that it would have taken about two hours for the serum to separate, placing the time of death at around 7:30 p.m. Stites arrived at the crime scene on Sept. 30, 2000. On the following day, David was arrested based on Stite’s opinion that high velocity impact spatter was present on David’s gray t-shirt known as Area 30. The police officer who served the arrest warrant, had reservations about arresting David based on the opinions of Stites.

The affidavit that prosecutors drafted that provided probable cause to arrest Camm relied entirely on the opinions of Stites. Stites observed eight small blood stains on the front left side of David’s t-shirt that were less than one millimeter in diameter. The size of stains, he said, meant this had to have been high velocity impact spatter from being in close proximity to a fired gun.

Backspatter and forward spatter from a bullet penetrating a blood source at high velocity can project a fine mist pattern of blood stains; backward as the bullet penetrates the object and forward as the bullet exits. Blood stains from high velocity impact spatter typically are less than a millimeter in diameter, as is found on David’s t-shirt.

However, as I learned from my BPA training, “Both expectorate blood [aspirated from the mouth] and flies produce patterns that an analyst can misidentify as impact spatter”, according to Tom Bevel’s book Bloodstain Pattern Analysis: with an Introduction to Crime Scene Analysis. Bevel cautions that it is, therefore, important for the analyst to consider the full context of the crime scene.

EXPERTS FOR THE DEFENSE
Blood stain experts Bart Epstein, Terry Laber, Stuart James, and Paul Kish, some of the most respected bloodstain experts in the country testified for the defense. They expressed their professional opinions that the small spots of blood on David’s t-shirt were transfer stains caused by the t-shirt coming into contact with blood saturated strands of his daughter’s hair.

However, none of the State’s bloodstain experts reported observing high velocity impact spatter stains on David’s shorts. The absence of spatter stains on David’s pants adds strength to the conclusion that the stains on Area 30 were caused by transfer from the shirt coming into contact with his daughter’s blood soaked strands of hair.

The linear pattern of the stains is also not consistent with high velocity impact spatter. One would expect to see a conical pattern of dispersal from high velocity impact spatter (both forward and back spatter) when a bullet fired from a gun impacts a body of blood. However, the bloodstains on Area 30 form a straight line, a pattern that is more consistent with a transfer of blood from strands of hair from a head wound.

MISUSE OF BPA IN AMERICAN COURTROOMS
My first case involving Rodney Englert, was a Lawrenceville, IL woman who was facing the death penalty. In June of 2000, I received a phone call from Katharine Liell, a criminal defense attorney from Bloomington, IN. Ironically; she would later represent David Camm. Her client, Julie Rea, was a Ph. D. student at Indiana University. It was a cold-case. Three years had gone by since the murder of Julie’s son, 10 year-old Joel Kirkpatrick. On Oct. 13, 1997, at 4 a.m., Julie was awakened by her son’s screams for help. When she went into his room, she startled an intruder. He had just stabbed her son to death with a knife that came from her kitchen.

The elected state’s attorney resisted pressure from the sheriff and her ex-husband to place her under arrest. The prosecutor made a public statement that there was not enough evidence to arrest anyone. After he left office, a special prosecutor intent on charging Julie Rea with a capital offense was appointed to take charge of the investigation. The special prosecutor hired Rodney Englert.

Englert was able to see evidence of cast off bloodstains in his interpretation of the night-shirt Julie was wearing when she encountered the intruder. Englert opined that the cast-off stains were allegedly caused when the mother drew back the knife after repeatedly stabbing her son to death. Bloodstain interpretations previously made by forensic scientists from the Illinois State Police could only find transfer patterns consistent with the mother’s story about colliding into an intruder and struggling with the man. She had a black eye where the man had punched her in the face, and she had a gash on her arm that required sutures.

I told Julie’s attorney that if I was appointed to her client’s case, I would want to investigate whether Tommy Lynn Sells had been in the area at the time of the murder. A child serial killer, Sells had just been arrested in Del Rio, TX, for a similar crime in which he broke into a trailer at 4 a.m and used a knife from the kitchen to kill Kaylene Harris while her mother slept. However, prosecutors decided not to seek the death penalty in a maneuver to avoid reforms that would have leveled the playing field by providing Julie’s defense with financial resources to investigate her innocence prior to trial. After Julie was convicted in March of 2002, Diane Fanning published Through the Window: The Terrifying True Story of Cross-Country Killer Tommy Lynn Sells. Sells had told Fanning about a murder in Illinois in which he had killed a child and was startled by the mother who came into the room. He said he would have killed her too, if he hadn’t dropped the knife. Crime scene investigators found the bloody knife on the floor at the doorway, where Julie said she encountered the man.

I was able to corroborate the confession with witnesses who reported to their sheriff an intruder who matched Sell’s physical description. Based on this evidence, Texas Ranger John Allen provided an affidavit supporting Julie’s petition seeking to overturn her conviction. However, after her conviction was overturned the same prosecutors and police investigators who got it wrong dug in their heels and decided to disbelieve the confession before consulting with Texas law enforcement authorities. They re-arrested Julie just as she was about to be released from prison and set her case for re-trial. A new jury, hearing the evidence of the serial killer’s confession found her not guilty in 2006. She was represented by the Center on Wrongful Convictions at Northwestern University Law School pro bono. She subsequently received a Certificate of Innocence.

On June 2, 2003, a year after Englert’s testimony was used to persuade juries to convict David Camm and Julie Rea, an ethics complaint against Englert was filed with the American Academy of Forensic Science by some of the most respected bloodstain experts in the country alleging that Englert had misrepresented his education, training and experience. Subsequent to this, Englert filed suit against Herb MacDonell (regarded as the father of the BPA profession) alleging slander for calling Englert among other things “a forensic whore”, “liar-for-hire”, “a very smooth charlatan”, and “the Bin Laden of bloodstains”.

In 2009, the National Academy of Sciences released a critique of forensic science practices in U.S. courtrooms, noting that since the introduction of DNA testing in 1989 that “faulty science” was found to be responsible for the wrongful convictions of a number of post-conviction DNA exonerations. BPA was one of several disciplines that were faulted because of the interjection of “examiner bias” that may lead to erroneous conclusions when interpreting evidence like bite marks, tool marks and bloodstains. The report noted “many sources of variability arise with the production of bloodstain patterns, and their interpretation is not nearly as straightforward as the process implies”. The report found, “some experts extrapolate far beyond what can be supported”, and went on to conclude that “extra care must be given to the way in which the analyses are presented in court. The uncertainties associated with bloodstain pattern analysis are enormous”.

DNA IDENTIFIES CHARLES BONEY
Four years after David Camm was arrested, his conviction was reversed in Aug. 2004, because prosecutors had unfairly inflamed the jury by introducing testimony about his extramarital affairs. Some of his affairs were with women with whom he worked at the Indiana State Police Sellersburg Post, which had taken charge of the homicide investigation.

A new team of investigators were called into the case to be “fresh eyes”. They discovered from their review of the file that there had been a grey sweatshirt that was foreign to the crime scene. The sweatshirt was found underneath Brad Camm’s body, where his father laid his son next to his wife.

The inside collar had the moniker “BACK-BONE” written in black ink. At the very beginning of the investigation the collar had been swabbed by a forensic scientist to identify the wearer’s DNA. An unknown male DNA profile was identified. Prior to David’s first trial his defense attorney asked the prosecutor, Stan Faith, (who had charged David) whether this DNA profile had been entered into CODIS, the FBI offender DNA database. The prosecutor told the defense attorney that it was submitted, but there was no hit. This was a false representation, which obstructed justice for David Camm.

Photo: Charles Darnell Boney

Years later, after an appellate court reversed David’s conviction, Camm’s new attorney, Katherine Liell, requested that the DNA be entered into CODIS. In Feb. 2005, a CODIS hit came back identifying a career criminal named Charles Darnell Boney whose prison nickname was BACK-BONE. He had been released from prison a few months before the Camm family was killed. Known as the “Shoe Bandit”, Boney had a foot fetish and was sexually aroused by holding women at gunpoint and stealing their shoes.

One of the female troopers who arrived at the crime scene had noted in her report that it was odd that the shoes of David’s wife had been removed from her feet and were placed on top of the vehicle.

Crime scene photo of Kim’s bare foot

Now, it all made sense.

Although his wife’s shoes and pants had been removed, there was no evidence of a sexual assault in the conventional sense. So investigators dismissed the idea that the crime was motivated by the behavior of a sexual predator. But knowing Boney’s sexual predilection of being aroused by women’s bare feet and legs, the artifacts of the crime scene fit perfectly with his MO.

THE PROSECUTION COMPLEX
Chicago Sun Times reporter Tom Frisbie described the “Prosecution Complex” in his book Victims of Justice, about the infamous Nicarico case. Instead of seeking justice when new and exonerating evidence was found proving the innocence of Rolando Cruz, which included DNA and confession of a serial killer, the police and prosecutors who got it wrong tend to circle the wagons to fend off the attack on the original conviction. In that case, police and prosecutors were eventually indicted for a conspiracy to obstruct justice.

Less than a month after DNA identified Charles Boney, his palm print was found on the door frame of the passenger side of David’s wife’s Ford Bronco. This palm print is consistent with Boney having reached inside the vehicle to fire the shots that killed 7 year-old Brad, and his 5 year-old sister, Jill, who was still seat belted inside the vehicle.

Earlier, a judge had lowered David’s bond. He was released to what remained of his family. His uncle, Sam Lockhart, who had been playing basketball that night with David, bonded him out of jail.

But now Boney was given a choice. He could be charged with the death penalty, or he could cooperate and assist prosecutors with their theory that Boney provided the gun to David Camm that he allegedly used to kill his family. Boney initially denied knowing David when he was interviewed in February. A month later, with this new and compelling evidence of his palm print, Boney’s life depended on which choice he made. Despite his previous series of proven lies, Boney changed his story, and now said he met David playing basketball and after this first meeting arranged to sell him a gun that he wrapped in his sweatshirt. However, this does not explain why David’s wife’s DNA is on the left sleeve of the sweatshirt. The autopsy revealed that David’s wife had struggled with the assailant and had injuries suggesting she had been choked.

Nevertheless, David was re-indicted for conspiracy to commit murder and has been confined to a prison cell ever since. Although Boney was convicted of conspiracy to commit murder and remains in prison, he recently said he has every expectation of being a free man someday.

EXONERATING THE INNOCENT
The highlight of my BPA training was the arrival of Tom Bevel. He had been on the road most of that week testifying in court. During the noon break after his presentation, he told me about his work on a case in North Carolina where he had provided testimony of his interpretation of bloodstain evidence that had helped to exonerate an innocent man

On Feb. 10, 2010, he provided testimony for the North Carolina Innocence Project before an independent panel of three judges. This special commission was created by the state’s Supreme Court to establish an independent review of inmate claims of actual innocence called North Carolina Innocence Inquiry Commission, the first of its kind in the nation. Bevel’s testimony persuaded the three judges that there was clear and convincing evidence demonstrating the innocence of Greg Taylor. Taylor was granted a full pardon on May 21, 2010, and was released from prison. He had been wrongfully convicted in 1993 of first degree murder based on erroneous testimony concerning bloodstain evidence. He spent nearly two decades in prison for a crime he did not commit.

A few years before that, Bevel had also assisted with the release of Tim Masters, an innocent man who had been convicted of murder in Colorado. In that case, Bevel reversed the previous opinion he had given that originally helped to convict Masters, after he had been provided additional evidence that had been concealed from him by the police detective who was later indicted for his alleged misconduct in the case.

Some of the real heroes in cases like this are guys like Tom Bevel, who dare to reveal their humanity by admitting when they get it wrong, but are willing to work to make it right.

Investigating Innocence founder Bill Clutter (center) with exoneree Ryan Ferguson and David Camm (right)

(On October 24, 2013, David Camm, walked free after 13-years in prison after a jury in Lebanon, Indiana found him not guilty in a third re-trial. His case was the first exoneration for Investigating Innocence, which was started earlier that year. Bill Clutter, who started the project, was a member of Camm’s defense team and suggested conducting an animated crime scene reconstruction, which helped persuade the jury that David Camm is innocent. Students at the University of Indiana assisted Clutter and the Camm defense team in reviewing the case and provided a fresh set of eyes. (Read more about the exoneration here. )

Bill Clutter is a board certified member of the Criminal Defense Investigation Training Council. He started the Illinois Innocence Project in 2001, and is the Director of Investigations for a national innocence project called Investigating Innocence that he started in January 2013.

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Jessica Lal was born on 5th  January 1965. She was a model working as a celebrity barmaid in new Delhi. She was shot dead on 30 April 1999 at 2:00 am. She was 34 years old when she was shot dead for the sole reason that she had refused to serve a drink as the bar had been closed.

This case was not taken up soon as Siddharth Vashisht (suspect) who was also known as Manu Sharma had great political influence.
Media played an evident role in providing justice to Jessica Lal. Manu Sharma fired a .22 caliber pistol twice, the first bullet hit the ceiling which was shot as a warning to Jessica and the second bullet struck Jessica in the head at point-blank range.
The case was solved by forensic ballistics. The various firearm evidence including the two empty cartridge cases of the .22 caliber that were recovered from the crime scene helped in convicting the offender.

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At 12 noon on 13 March 2001, Lei Muk Shue Police Station received a complaint from a member of the public about a noise nuisance in the neighbourhood of the building. Police officer arrived to investigate, found no noise, called the police but no one answered.
On March 14, at noon the next day, someone called the police station to complain about the noise nuisance at Shek Wai Kok Estate. The police station assigned Liang Cheng-en arrived to investigate.
At 12.30 PM, the police received another report of gunshots being heard at Shek Wai Kok Estate.
Police quickly sent people to the scene of investigation, found that Liang Chengen was shot, a fatal gun shot from Tianlinggai, sent to the hospital after death; The more serious thing was that his police gun and his rapid-loader (six bullets) were missing.
A policeman patrolling the streets of Hong Kong usually has 6 bullets in his loaded magazine and another 6 in his body, making a total of 12. At this rate, the killer took 12 bullets. At that time, police suspected that the killer was still inside the building, quickly sealed off the entire building, everyone came out to put their hands on their heads for examination, but ultimately did not find the killer. Police later found that Mr. Liang had been shot five times. The killer left few useful clues at the scene, aside from a mask.
Police traced the source of the masks and found that they were available in many places, making it impossible to determine where the killer had bought them. The address the caller left was not occupied. The killer was never found.

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1997 An Unusal Bloodstain Case in California

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1997 An Unusal Bloodstain Case in California

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A body was discovered associated with a series of bloodstains on a sunken loading ramp of a supermarket. The initial evaluation of the scene by the local police determined that the victim was crashed by the rear wheels of an 18-weel grocery truck when it backed down the ramp for a delivery. However, a careful examination of the photographs of the scene and the victim revealed that the victim was dead and in rigor mortis before the truck entered the ramp. The truck's rear wheels never came into contact with the deceased. The truck interacted with the deceased and his bicycle to create series of unusual bloodstain patterns.

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Catching Killers by Matching Tiny Marks on Bullets

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[Yijia Sun's case] Serial armed robberies in Philadelphia, PA, USA

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[Yijia Sun's case] Serial armed robberies in Philadelphia, PA, USA

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From June to July 2015, four seemingly unrelated armed robberies took place in various parts of Philadelphia. The robbers stole money from the victims and then shot at them, leaving four wounded bodies and some ejected shell casings.
Initially, the four incidents were investigated separately. However, as crime investigation unfolded they shared similarities -- first, ejected shell casings at each crime were from a 9mm handgun; second, during each of the robberies, the suspect would first get out of a car that pulled up in front of the victims, and then after robbing and shooting the victims, the suspect fled in the waiting car.
The police now believed that the four crimes came from the same person, nevertheless, the investigation did not see breakthroughs until four days after the last robbery. In the vehicle of Frank Oliver III, former personal assistant to Common Pleas Court Judge Roger F. Gordon, during an unconnected traffic stop, the police recovered an unlicensed 9mm handgun. After testing the recovered gun, trained analysts were able to link it to three of the armed robberies by using the National Integrated Ballistic Information Network (NIBIN). NIBIN captures three-dimensional images of cartridge cases from a firearm or shooting scene and compares the unique markings to cartridge cases already in the system. With the help of firearms and tool marks, the Philadelphia Police Department soon identified Oliver as a suspect in three shootings.
After being arrested, Oliver told the police everything and implicated Amin Ackridge as his partner in crime and the actual shooter. The police then examine the evidence from the fourth crime and found a positive match with the other robberies. With this new information, the police showed photos to all victims, who were able to identify Ackridge as both the robber and the shooter.
Eventually, Amin Ackridge was claimed guilty of attempted murder, aggravated assault, robbery, criminal conspiracy, and firearms violations. He was sentenced to 178-416 years in prison on July 17, 2017. If not for the bullet match, 'This case would likely have gone unsolved' said Jason Grenell, an assistant district attorney in Philadelphia.

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Catching Killers by Matching Tiny Marks on Bullets

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Bloodstain pattern analysis of a suicide case with a Compound Bow and Arrow (kexin cao)

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On February 13, 2003, a 46-year-old retired police officer was found by family members in his secured apartment with an arrow protruding from his back. The man had a back injury 17 years ago, which lead to his depression and an unsuccessful suicide a month ago, but after the unsuccessful suicide, the police had removed all known weapons from his residence at that time.

His body was found lying on the floor of the living room on his left side with his right leg extended and his left leg flexed at the knee. A compound bow was lying near his right foot. Protruding from the left medial back was a 19.5-inch length of the arrow with an attached 4-bladed broad-head tip. The back of the tee-shirt showed 3 distinct blood flow patterns: (1) blood flow toward the center belt loop of the pants of the deceased; (2) blood flow toward the right shoulder; and (3) blood flow in a gravitational downward direction toward the left side of the victim.

Autopsy findings showed no pathologic abnormalities were identified during the remainder of the internal examination. Toxicology revealed therapeutic levels of drugs. At the completion of the investigation, the scientists preferred that the case was a suicide.

Besides the manner of death, forensic scientists could analyze the potential way of suicide based on the bloodstain analysis. Theoretically, the victim could have either impaled himself with the arrow only or have used the bow in combination with the arrow. The bloodstain analysis suggests that the latter was the most plausible assumption when the victim was standing erect at some point prior to his final collapse and demise. The absence of blood on the hands and the depth of penetration with the arrow only protruding a couple of inches from the abdomen decreases the possibility of the victim impaling himself without the use of the bow.The victim was at one point standing erect with blood dripping vertically downward towards the center belt loop of his pants. Finally, the victim collapsed on his left side, resulting in the shaft of the arrow bending from its impact with an adjacent sofa and blood flowing gravitationally down toward his left side.

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Liyu's case: Shanghai police use latest fingerprint algorithm to solve 23-year-old freezer body hiding case

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Liyu's case: Shanghai police use latest fingerprint algorithm to solve 23-year-old freezer body hiding case

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Between December 1997 and January 1998, human bones and body parts were found one after another by citizens in the small river ditch of Songjiang District, Shanghai. After autopsy, the bones belonged to the same murdered woman, Zhang, who disappeared in 1997. Due to the length of the crime, the police, despite multiple investigations, only in the plastic bag wrapped around the body to extract a fingerprint. Limited by the technology at the time, this fingerprint did not match the results. In 2020, polices used the latest fingerprint algorithm technology to compare the fingerprint found more than 20 years ago. Eventually, they found the man named Cai and bring him under control. Cai confessed that he killed the woman and dismembered her and then dumped her body into river.

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Bloodstain Pattern Analysis - Wrongly conviction of Julie Rea (Annie Zhu)

In the morning of Oct.13, 1997, Rea was jolted awake by her son’s scream. She soon found an intruder that quickly ran away, leaving her son stabbed to death. But in 2000, with deeply flawed investigations on bloodstain pattern analysis, the prosecutor came to the conclusion that there was no intruder that entered on the night of the crime. There was only Rea and her son in the house. Thus, Rea was convicted of first-degree murder of her son largely based on the testimony of the two bloodstain pattern analysis.

Four years later, in the retrial of Rea’s case due to the mounting wrongly convicted cases, new evidences pointed out a serial killer which ultimately had confessed to killing Rea’s son. Rea finally proved her innocence.

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Jinyun's case study
In April 2013, Fudan University graduate Huang Yang was poisoned and died. Suspect Lin Senhao is victim Huang Yang's roommate, poisoning drugs for highly toxic chemicals N- dimethyl nitrosamine. On January 8, 2015, the Shanghai High People's Court upheld the original verdict: The defendant Lin Senhao was sentenced to death for intentional homicide.

The autopsy report concluded that the skin of the whole body was yellow stained with conjunctival of both eyes, and many scattered liver and skin congestion was observed in chest and back of neck and limbs. Histopathological examination revealed extensive central necrosis of liver lobules, extensive necrosis of proximal and distal tubules of kidney, extensive bleeding and edema of lung and other morphological changes. Huang Yang was believed to have multiple organ damage, such as liver and kidney, and died of multiple organ damage and failure caused by N dimethyl nitrosamine.

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A case in Argentina: Solved by fingerprint

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A case in Argentina: Solved by fingerprint

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In the summer of 1892, in a small town called Necocia in Argentina, a  murder occurred. A single woman named Francesca reported that her two children (boy 6 years old and girl 4 years old) were smashed in the head with a stone and killed at home. According toFrancesca, Velasquel, a man in the town, had proposed to her and threatened her with killing her child after she refused. Moreover, on the day of the crime, she happened to meet Velasquel hurriedly leaving her house when she came home. Velasquez was arrested for this by the La Plata Police Department,. However, Velasquez refused to admit that he killed the two children. He also handed over the alibi.

The police searched the bedroom where the murder had taken place and find a  fingerprint with blood on the door frame. So they  took the wood of the door with the bloody fingerprints and frame back to the police station. They asked the suspect Velasquel to check the thumbprints, but the results did not match. Then he called Francesca again. Surprisingly, her thumbprint matched. Francesca  had to admit that she killed her two biological children because she wanted to marry her lover.

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Kolkata, West Bengal, India: Caroline Moon's second case (toxicology)

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Kolkata, West Bengal, India: Caroline Moon's second case (toxicology)

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On November 26, 1933 a young Indian landlord named Amarendra Chandra Pandey was stabbed with a hypodermic needle in a crowded railway station in Calcutta. Amarendra pointed out the wound to the relatives traveling with him who all urged him to see a doctor to get his blood tested. However, his half-brother Benoyendra, who showed up uninvited, urged him not to delay his journey to their family estate in Pakur. Following his brother’s advice, Amarendra did not immediately seek medical attention.

Amarendra developed a fever while in Pakur, so he decided to travel back to Calcutta to see a doctor three days later. He developed a high fever, swelling in his armpits, and early signs of lung disease. He fell into a coma on December 3 and died the next morning. The official cause of death was pneumonia, but lab results indicated the presence of the bacteria that causes plague. This was extremely unusual because there had not been a case of plague in Calcutta for three years.

The Calcutta police’s investigation revealed that the half-brothers had been engaged in a dispute over their family’s Pakur estate. After a failed attempt to poison his brother, Benoyendra enlisted the help of a friend who was a physician. With his friend’s help he was able to obtain a plague culture under the guise of conducting research. He then hired an assassin to covertly infect his brother with the sample. Both the assassin and the needle were never found.

In trial, a court found that Benoyendra and his friend conspired with an assassin to poison and kill Amarendra. They were both sentenced to death, but the Calcutta High Court lessened their sentences to life in prison.

This case is significant because it is an early example of how forensic toxicology can be used to solve complicated cases. This case has also been described as one of the earliest recorded cases of individual bioterrorism.

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Jingyi Wang's case choosing two--Milán, 意大利

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Jingyi Wang's case choosing two--Milán, 意大利

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An 27 years old women was found found dead next to her car in a wooded area on the outskirts of Milan. At the crime scene, several white powder samples were collected and subsequently analyzed by Q-Exactive Orbitrap and high-performance liquid chromatography systems and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry as well as biological matrices sampled during autopsy. Toxicological analysis indicated the death could be attributed to a lethal dose of methomyl, a urea pesticide used as a cutting agent for cocaine. This is the first time the substance has been used as an adulterant in the literature.

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Yiling Wang's case choice about forensic toxicology -- in Cordele, Georgia

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Yiling Wang's case choice about forensic toxicology -- in Cordele, Georgia

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Janie Lou Gibbs, from Cordele Georgia, was an active member of her local church and a devoted mother who had three sons. In 1965, her husband, Marvin, died at home after enjoying meals cooked by Janie. Doctors concluded that an undiagnosed liver disease caused his death. After his death, Janie donated a significant amount of Marvin’s life insurance proceeds to her church. Less than a year later, Janie’s youngest son died, and authorities chalked up his death to the inheritance of his father’s liver disease. This time, Janie donated some of her son’s insurance to her church as well. Unfortunately, a year later, another son of Janie and her newborn grandson died. Like the others before, their death was attributed to a natural cause. Within one month, Janie’s last son Robert, who was the father of the newborn baby, also died. The back-to-back deaths of a healthy baby and his healthy father aroused the suspicion of a family physician. In an autopsy of Robert, a lethal amount of arsenic was found in his body. After that, forensics toxicologists worked with investigators and tested other bodies of Janie’s deceased family members. They found that their deaths were all caused by poison. In 1976, Janie received a life sentence for murdering five people. In this case, forensic toxicology played an important role to find the cause of five people’s deaths.

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美国得克萨斯州 Shutong's searching case about bloodstain pattern

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美国得克萨斯州 Shutong's searching case about bloodstain pattern

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In 1985, Mickey, a teacher in Texas, was killed. Through the field investigation, Blowback or, as known, back spatter -- that is, blood that had traveled backward, at a high velocity, from a target. A flashlight found at the scene was relatively clean, which police believe is because the killer was holding it during the crime. Eventually Mickey's husband Joe was convicted of bloodstain pattern analysis. However, there are still people who believe that Joe was innocent and that blood alone is not enough to convict him. Joe has been filing an appeal, but he hasn't been successful. Twenty-five years later, police were able to pinpoint the suspect through A DNA match. Joe was finally paroled

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Juntian Shen's case choice regarding fingerprinting

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Juntian Shen's case choice regarding fingerprinting

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The case occurred in a parking lot in 1973, the body of the girl Penny was found from the 10th floor to the roof of the staircase with two obvious stab wounds on her chest. There are large areas of blood on the ground, and in the parking lot 5-9 floor of the ground was also found drip-shaped, interval multiple bloods.

On the ninth floor of the parking lot, police found a blue Buick with blood on the doorknob and items that identified the car as the victim's. A fingerprint was found on a tissue box in the back of the car, and a man's handkerchief covered with blood was found on the seventh floor of the parking lot.

Police found that blood type from the items was type O blood while the victim penny's blood type was B type, so that the trail of blood was from the murderer. Also, in the blood they found traces of freon and mechanical grease composition, through which they can preliminarily concluded that the murderer is engaged in some related to vehicle maintenance and repair work.

A number of suspects identified by police through Penny’s relationship network were ruled out since their blood types were not O, and the case was put on hold for 29 years. But Penny's father never gave up looking for the murderer, he found the famous detective Li Changyu at that time.

After sorting out the case, Li Changyu decided that it was when Penny was defending herself that she cut the murderer, so he examined two important pieces of physical evidence -- the fingerprint on the tissue box and the handkerchief with blood, and extracted a set of fingerprints from the tissue box. Compared to the extraction of decades ago, this fingerprint is clearer and more helpful for solving the case. But unfortunately, no one matched them for years.

As time passed, a big break in what had been a long shot turned up when a match for the prints finally appeared. The man was Grant, a garage employee who had been reported to the police by his wife for abusing her, and when the police took his fingerprints, they found that his fingerprints matched those left by the killer. In front of hard physical evidence, Grant admitted that he was going to the parking lot to steal a car, and then was injured in Penny's car, so he lost his mind and killed Penny.

In this case, the development in extracting and identifying technologies of fingerprints contributes a lot to the 29 years unsolved crime.

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For 3 weeks in October 2002, 11 people were killed and 3 others were critically wounded in the Washington, DC, metropolitan area. Dubbed the DC sniper attacks because the victims were shot from a distance by a single bullet from a high-powered firearm, the timeline showed an unrelenting pattern of violence.
The sniper communicated with police through notes and even a phone call. In the phone call, the killer made a reference to a crime in Alabama, a liquor store holdup in the f all of the previous year. Federal officers worked with Alabama police, who linked the sniper to the liquor store crime through fingerprints.

The crime last for 3 weeks from October 2nd to October 22nd. The situation is very serious since it not only caused so many people died but also happened in Washington. I suppose physical science has been used and police would also compare the result from the autopsy to find out what firearms have been used.

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Case about Serology and Bloodstain Pattern Analysis--The Chamberlain Case

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Case about Serology and Bloodstain Pattern Analysis--The Chamberlain Case

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Lindy Chamberlain was found guilty of murdering her child in 1982 and sentenced to life imprisonment, however, Lindy was released and cleared of all charges later. This case in the textbook is more relevant to serology rather than the Bloodstain pattern.

On August 17, 1980, at a campsite near Australia's famous Ayer's Rock, Chamberlain cried out that the dingogot her baby. A jury of nine men and three women came to believe the story and convicted Lindy Chamberlain for the murder of her ten-week-old daughter, Azaria.

However, in 1986, another case happened in Australia that a tourist was killed while climbing the Ayer Rock where numerous dingo dens. Suspicion was posted to the Lindy case and two problems were discovered. The first one was that it was possible that dingoes could attack children and took them away, while the second one was that because of the existence of fetal hemoglobin, it would lead to false-positive results on a variety of materials.

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Australia Shutong Liu's case crime about bloodstain.

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Australia Shutong Liu's case crime about bloodstain.

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Since I fail to find anything related to bloodstain, I had to find case crime related to serology instead.
It happened in Australia in 1980. The Chamberlain went on a trip, and Lindy found their little girl missing, and she insisted that wild dogs had taken her. A jacket was found on the body of Lindy, who insists she did not dress her up. The jacket became bizarre evidence that Lindy tried to hide it after she killed her daughter and that her husband was an accessory. But it was all the officers' fault. They mistakenly put away their little girl's T-shirt and put a jacket on her for the photo shoot. The case was overturned because of the use of serology when investigators extracted the serum of a wild dog from the young daughter. That's how the truth comes out.

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A Robbery Happened in Massachusetts -- Xinyan Lin

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A Robbery Happened in Massachusetts -- Xinyan Lin

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A robbery was happened in Massashusetts. There were two security guards was wounded by guns. Later, the police found the car the robbery using had a relation with another robbery who has fled to Italy. After searching, there are two men found because they associated with that robbery. Also, police found two guns on them. And the guns matched the bullets on the security guards. Although someone offered proofs that another same gun appeared, no one believed the two men were innocent. They were killed finally. However, government acknowledged that they are innocent after years.
I think the police uses the objects like the car and guns to find the robberies.

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A coordinated attack on a Spanish commuter train on March 11, 2004, killed 191 people and wounded 1800 in Madrid, Spain. Ten explosions occurred aboard four trains within 3 min of each other during the morning commute; three unexploded improvised explosive devices (IEDs) were found and detonated in a controlled fashion by police. In the course of the investigation, Brandon Mayfield, an American attorney living in Oregon, was linked to the Madrid bombings by a fingerprint found on a plastic bag at one of the scenes. Mayfield was held in jail for 2 weeks as a material witness. The fingerprint identification was later found to be erroneous. The Mayfield case is an excellent case study in laboratory process, confirmation bias, and quality assurance improvement.

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THE CASE: THE MADRID TRAIN BOMBING AND BRANDON MAYFIELD

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THE CASE: THE MADRID TRAIN BOMBING AND BRANDON MAYFIELD

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On March 11, 2004, a train was attacked in Madrid, Spain, and an explosion occurred. U.S. attorney Brandom Mayfield was implicated in the case because of fingerprints found on a plastic bag at the scene. Due to the low resolution of the electronic image of the latent fingerprint collected on site, the FBI mistook it for Candidate #17's fingerprint. Later, the Spanish National Police found the problem, rechecked and confirmed the error. If the FBI could provide more information (images of sufficient resolution, overall photographs that clearly locate the fingers), this error could have been avoided. The pressures and expectations of the case would influence the prosecutors' observation and interpretation of the evidence, which in turn affects the outcome. Hence, they also need more extensive training.

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The United States, Forensic Toxicology group case: Caroline Moon, Jingyi Wang, Yiling Wang, and Jinyun Miao

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The United States, Forensic Toxicology group case: Caroline Moon, Jingyi Wang, Yiling Wang, and Jinyun Miao

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A Caucasian male was stopped by police for driving 20 mph over the speed limit. The officer on scene administered a breath alcohol test, as well as multiple field sobriety tests. The man had trouble completing the field sobriety tests and his breath alcohol test result was well over the legal limit.

When he was questioned, the man changed his story multiple times before admitting to drinking 5 beers that afternoon. However, he also claimed that he worked during the morning sealing a cement garage foundation. Since he had lots of experience working with this particular sealant, he decided not to wear a respirator.

The man was charged with drunk driving. His defense argued that the breath alcohol test was contaminated by the volatile solvents found in the sealant the man had been working with. The defense also claimed that this explained why the man failed the field sobriety tests, as exposure to the solvent could have caused severe impairment.

The government proved this theory false by conducting an infrared breath test which failed to detect the presence of the relevant solvents.

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Xinyi Liu Introduction

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I remember some cases happened in the last century, at that time there was no security camera in many places in China, the only way to track down the murderer was to examine the victims, the clues of the crime scene. One case I remember was a serial murder case in Baiyin, China, where the criminals killed many women, from children to middle-aged people. Finally, the one of the murderer's relative was collected DNA for some reason and people found that his DNA. When the DNA was recorded, it was found that there was a relative relationship with the murderer's DNA(once detected at the scene of the crime), so the police followed this clue and found the murderer.

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On the morning of January 15, 1947, Short's naked body, severed into two pieces, was found on a vacant lot on the west side of South Norton Avenue, midway between Coliseum Street and West 39th Street (at 34.0164°N 118.333°W) in the neighborhood of Leimert Park. At the time, Leimert Park was largely undeveloped. Local resident Betty Bersinger discovered the body at approximately 10 a.m. while walking with her three-year-old daughter, initially thinking she had found a discarded store mannequin. When she realized it was a corpse, she rushed to a nearby house and telephoned the police.

Short's severely mutilated body was completely severed at the waist and drained of blood, leaving her skin a pallid white. Medical examiners determined that she had been dead for around ten hours prior to the discovery, leaving her time of death either sometime during the evening of January 14 or the early morning hours of January 15. The body had apparently been washed by the killer. Short's face had been slashed from the corners of her mouth to her ears, creating an effect known as the "Glasgow smile". She had several cuts on her thigh and breasts, where entire portions of flesh had been sliced away. The lower half of her body was positioned a foot away from the upper, and her intestines had been tucked neatly beneath her buttocks. The corpse had been "posed", with her hands over her head, her elbows bent at right angles, and her legs spread apart.

Upon the discovery, a crowd of passersby and reporters began to gather; Los Angeles Herald-Express reporter Aggie Underwood was among the first to arrive at the scene, and took several photos of the corpse and crime scene. Near the body, detectives located a heel print on the ground amid the tire tracks, and a cement sack containing watery blood was also found nearby.

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Jinyun's self-introduction

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Bella's case study: 'Forensic expertise' helps solve crime

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Bella's case study: 'Forensic expertise' helps solve crime

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Luo Zhaoyong is a forensic doctor with the Jingzhou People's Procuratorate. Not long ago, he questioned the cause of the fracture of the metacarpal bone in the victim's right hand while reviewing the related expert opinion of Yang's suspected intentional injury case.

In October 2019, Yang mou and Li mou in a restaurant due to physical conflict caused by the altercation, through a forensic identification center for Li mou degree of injury identification, Li mou right-hand 5th distal metacarpal bone fracture, two broken end dislocation, and metacarpal and phalangeal joint dislocation, according to the assessment of li mou degree of injury for minor injury level two.

"The fractured end is dislocated, the distal part of the fracture is displaced to the volar side, and the Angle is formed to the dorsal side of the hand, which is formed by longitudinal force. There's something wrong with this fracture!" "Based on the comprehensive analysis of the fracture location, shape, and force direction, it is consistent with the characteristics of a boxer's fracture," Mr. Luo said, pointing to a screenshot of the X-ray.

Luo Zhaoyong found jingzhou City shasha district prosecutors handling the case, study together to judge the case: the two sides in the bare-handed fight, Yang has been in a weak beat one party, Li even once Yang on the ground, with the right fist repeatedly hit each other's head, and the fight in Yang and did not hit Li right hand. The prosecution finally concluded that the distal end of the fifth metacarpal bone of Lee's right hand was broken when he hit Yang, not caused by Yang's injury.

Subsequently, Jingzhou City shashi district Procuratorate made a decision not to approve the arrest of Yang, according to the relevant legal provisions, the public security organ has withdrawn the case, and released Yang.

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Jinyun's case study

Ma,25 years old, graduate student, lived with Jin in the student apartment. March 24, 2020 at 10 o 'clock in the morning, Ma said she had stomachache and asked Jin to buy medicine. When Jin returned to the dormitory, she found Ma sitting on the floor with her back against the bed. She handed the medicine to Ma. About 20 minutes later, she found Ma's head tilted to one side. Jin immediately contacted the school doctor. School doctor arrived after Ma pupil has spread, no breathing, dead.

Autopsy can see: The cornea of both eyes was transparent, and the pupil was large and round, with a diameter of 5 mm.Mild congestion of conjunctival membrane of both eyes, no abnormality was observed in bilateral external auditory meatus of oral and nasal cavity, epidermal peeling was observed at 1 cm *0.2 cm at the right nasal root, 1.5 cm * 0.4 cm at the zygomatic part on the right. The abdomen was highly distensed, and the abdominal wall tension was great, hard as stone, and no injury was observed in the abdominal wall. The stomach was extremely dilated, extending from the diaphragm to the pelvic cavity, and the stomach wall was thin, with a large amount of stomach contents in the shape of porridge, containing undigested food such as meat and vegetables. The stomach contents were about 8000 ml. Most of the gastric mucosa folds disappeared. The thickness of the stomach wall was 0.1~0.2 cm, and the mucosa surface was brown. Superficial mucosal hyperemia accompanied with old bleeding, vascular dilatation and congestion in myometrium, and partial gastric wall compression infarction the intestinal wall became thin in the area 145 cm away from the pylorus and about 120 cm away. Under the microscope of mucosal fold disappearance, the intestinal mucosa was widely leucolysis, and the intestinal wall became thin and about 0.1 cm thick

Pathological diagnosis: acute gastric dilatation

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Shutong Liu‘s self- introduction video from Chengdu, Sichuan Province

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Self introduction.

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Juntian Shen's introduction in Kunshan, Suzhou, Jiangsu

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Juntian Shen's introduction in Kunshan, Suzhou, Jiangsu

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Wenzhi Wang

The Zodiac Killer is the pseudonym of an unidentified serial killer who operated in Northern California in the late 1960s. The case has been described as the most famous unsolved murder case in American history, becoming a fixture of popular culture and inspiring amateur detectives to attempt to resolve it.

The Zodiac murdered five known victims in the San Francisco Bay Area between December 1968 and October 1969, operating in rural, urban and suburban settings. He targeted young couples and a lone male cab driver, and his known attacks took place in Benicia, Vallejo, unincorporated Napa County, and the city of San Francisco proper. Two of his attempted victims survived. The Zodiac himself claimed to have murdered 37 victims, and he has been linked to several other cold cases, some in Southern California or outside the state.

The Zodiac originated the name himself in a series of taunting letters and cards that he mailed to regional newspapers, threatening killing sprees and bombings if they were not printed. Some of the letters included cryptograms, or ciphers, in which the killer claimed that he was collecting his victims as slaves for the afterlife. Of the four ciphers he produced, two remain unsolved, and one took 51 years to crack. While many theories regarding the identity of the killer have been suggested, the only suspect authorities ever publicly named was Arthur Leigh Allen, a former elementary school teacher and convicted sex offender who died in 1992.

Although the Zodiac ceased written communications around 1974, the unusual nature of the case led to international interest that has sustained throughout the years.[4] The San Francisco Police Department marked the case "inactive" in April 2004, but re-opened it at some point prior to March 2007. The case also remains open in the city of Vallejo, as well as in Napa County and Solano County. The California Department of Justice has maintained an open case file on the Zodiac murders since 1969.

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Kexin (Chris) Cao--Trial of the Century-- O.J. Simpson murder case

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[kexin cao case choice]--O.J. Simpson murder case in Los Angeles 

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[kexin cao case choice]--O.J. Simpson murder case in Los Angeles 

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Trial of the Century-- O.J. Simpson murder case

This case of Simpson’s murder was full of suspicion. Simpson was convicted in 1995 of two counts of murder in the 1994 murder of his ex-wife Nicole Brown Simpson and a restaurant waiter, Ronald Goldman. The criminal trial resulted in an acquittal because of flawed evidence and the Los Angeles city police failed to follow due process in their investigation

Accusers provided several pieces of main evidence: a glove, socks and bloodstain with Simpson’s DNA found in the scene that confirmed Simpson was the criminal of the murder case. Hair recovered from the scene matches Simpson's; police at the scene and Simpson’s house found the same pair of blood gloves, both gloves have the blood of the victim and the defendant.

However, the process of detecting, preserving evidence had not strictly followed the rules of crime scene investigation, which made the case full of suspicion. One of the key pieces of evidence presented by the prosecution was the results of blood and DNA tests. Criminal experts agree that blood tests and DNA tests do not lie, but that the credibility of blood is greatly diminished if it is contaminated, mishandled, carelessly collected, or deliberately planted. In this case, when experts examined blood stains on the socks, they found high concentrations of the preservative EDTA. The preservative was added to a blood sample taken by police on the day of the murder.

Also, on a path leading from the victim's body to the backyard of the apartment, police found five drops of the Simpson’s blood, uniform and complete in shape. If Simpson had been stabbed during a struggle, a lot of bleeding at first and then a gradual decrease. So, blood drops are never uniform. In addition, the blood drop should be thrown during a fight or walking, landing in the impact state, so the shape of the blood drop is not complete. That’s why finally Simpson was judged acquitted and only civilly responsible for the deaths of two people.

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Case of burying corpses in the playground of Xinhuang No.1 Middle School (Liyu An's post)

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Case of burying corpses in the playground of Xinhuang No.1 Middle School (Liyu An's post)

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Shiping Deng (the victim) was a teacher of Xinhuang No.1 Middle School in Hunan Province, and also a former member of the school's maintenance staff. He went missing more than 16 years ago.  In 2019, during a crackdown on gang-related crimes in mid-April, Shaoping Du (the main criminal), an alleged member of a criminal gang, confessed to the police that he had killed a man surnamed Deng. Du said he murdered Deng in January 2003 and buried him under the sports ground. In the early hours of June 20, 2019, police dug up a body that had been buried under the running track at Xinhuang No 1 Middle School many years ago. The police had taken blood samples from Deng's son and other family members to help identify the body. Finally the remain was identities as Shaoping Du.

After investigation, Shaoping Du illegally constructed the playground civil engineering project of Xinhuang No.1 Middle School in 2003. As a supervisor of this project on behalf of school, Shiping Deng complained the project was too expensive and had quality issues. Shaoping Du held a grudge against him. On January 22, 2003, together with others, he killed Shiping Deng and buried his body in a pit in the playground of Xinhuang No.1 Middle School.

When the remains were exhumed, the skin tissue of the body was no longer present. Forensics scientists extracted DNA from the bones dug up at the scene as well as from clothing and suspicious residue. Through a DNA match with his families, the remain was finally identified as Shiping Deng.

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Selling a house and moving a metal barrel, only to find a woman's body inside

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[Xiaochen Su's case choice] 1999, the U.S. iron barrel body case: pregnant women in their ninth month of pregnancy were hidden in iron barrels for 30 years

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[Xiaochen Su's case choice] 1999, the U.S. iron barrel body case: pregnant women in their ninth month of pregnancy were hidden in iron barrels for 30 years

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Ronald's family had lived in the house they live in today for an entire eight years and needed to move elsewhere due to a job transfer. Therefore, the place they live in now will need to find a buyer to take over. To sell the house as soon as possible, Ronald had no choice but to hire a few helpers to help to clean up all the junk inside first. But then the problem came again: there is a basement do not know the year of the iron barrel stored there, estimated to have 300 pounds, the helpers are too heavy, not willing to get, or Ronald to increase the money, Ronald is not willing to pay this waste of money. So, Ronald took a set of tools and began to pry the barrel. In the role of the shovel, the barrel has soon opened a gap, but at the same time, a strange stench also wafted in the air. He was noticing that something was wrong, Ronald more vigorous. "Bang" sound, the lid of the barrel was pried off, Ronald reached out to look inside, but scared even the shovel in his hand were thrown aside: the barrel is not another, is a dry corpse.

He immediately chose to call the police; the police also quickly came to the scene, then dried the barrel's body out. Based on the appearance and dress, the police judged that the deceased was a woman. More bizarrely, after forensic identification, the female age is about 27 years old, at the time of death is pregnant with nine months, the time of death, estimated to have been about 30 years.

Then, an engraved "M . H . R" ring was found, some scattered plastic flowers were found, a book was utterly saturated with body fluids to the point that it is impossible to read the handwriting, and other valuable things will be no more. In the end, the police could only pin their hopes on that small book. Fortunately, the technology was already more developed, forensics combined with other departments, the use of a variety of high-tech technology processing, and eventually vaguely identifying the handwriting on the small book. The small book has a lot of numbers written down; next to the numbers are also written down the corresponding names, according to the length, the police judge that this is a phone book.

The case is almost 30 years old, even if the people in the address book are the former friends of the deceased, but there is no guarantee that their contact information has not changed nowadays. The police have no choice but dial the phone numbers one by one. After dialing, several calls were not answered; Afterall, the last call finally got through.

The person who answered the phone, named Katie, under the police questioning, found that she does have a female friend who has been missing for nearly 30 years, called Rena, full name Reyna Marroquin (Reyna Marroquin). And before she disappeared, she was indeed pregnant and would give birth soon!

The information matched up, and the police confirmed the deceased's name. This time, the police pieced together Reyna's life based on the information provided by Katie, vaguely.

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Yijia Sun's case choosing -- Fort Bragg, North Carolina, USA

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Yijia Sun's case choosing -- Fort Bragg, North Carolina, USA

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The Jeffrey MacDonald murder case

At 3:42 a.m. on February 17, 1970, dispatchers at Fort Bragg received an emergency phone call from Army doctor Jeffrey MacDonald, who claimed that he was attacked and his pregnant wife and two young daughters were killed by four intruders.
When the police arrived at the scene, they found that the three victims suffered from multiple stab wounds, while MacDonald survived with only minor wounds. Little blood from MacDonald was found in the fighting scene. Soon, doubt that the doctor was the real murderer emerged. However, though the police had investigated some incoordination between MacDonald's claim and the scene evidence, they lacked key evidence to put MacDonald into prison. MacDonald kept his normal life through many years.
The key evidence that brought MacDonald back to trial was provided by a forensic scientist who accused the doctor’s pajama top, which he claimed to be used to ward off the killers, for having too smooth, clean holes — abnormal for such a volatile attack. Moreover, the pajama top had 48 holes, which, if it was folded, could easily be created by 21 thrusts — the exact number of times that MacDonald’s wife had been stabbed. Not only the number, the holes even fit for the pattern of her wounds. This indicated that the pajama top was laid on her during the murder, instead of being used for self-defense as the doctor claimed. Through multiple endeavors, MacDonald was finally arrested for murdering three people and an unborn child.

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Jeffrey MacDonald's wife and two daughters

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The box containing the body found in the happy valley

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Wanlin's case study: Happy Valley carton corpse case

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Wanlin's case study: Happy Valley carton corpse case

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A case that is famous for “No witnesses, no confessions, murders convicted by scientific evidence alone”.
At about 6:30 am on Tuesday, December 17, 1974, cleaning staff Zhang Cuijiao found  a large cardboard box at the door of a veterinary clinic in Happy Valley，HongKong. At first, she didn't pay too much attention on it, thinking it was from the fruit shop next door. However, later she found that there was a corpse inside.
Forensic scientists inferred that the victim was dead on Monday, between 9pm to 12am. At the same time,  they found that there was food residue in the stomach, indicating that the victim had eaten a few hours before the death.
Also, due to the evidence of these engineering materials found in the cardboard box and the fact that the pussy hair of the corpse was suspected to have been burnt by an electric welder, the police suspected that the place where the deceased was killed was in the factory.
Finally, although there was no witness in this case, the police locked the suspect and arrested him.

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Vancouver, BC, Canada: Caroline Moon's case choice: Robert William 'Willy' Pickton 

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Vancouver, BC, Canada: Caroline Moon's case choice: Robert William 'Willy' Pickton 

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From the 70's through the early 2000's, Indigenous women from Vancouver's downtown area were going missing. A special taskforce was formed to investigate these disappearances. Their investigation eventually led them to Willy Pickton. Robert William 'Willy' Pickton's pig farm was raided on February 6, 2002. The police used an illegal firearm posession warrant to search Pickton's property in the hopes they would find evidence to tie him to the missing women.

On the property they found various items that belonged to some of the missing women, as well as dismembered remains. Police were unsure of how many victims Pickton had, but the search revealed DNA evidence from 33 different women (Pickton claimed to have killed 49). This discovery of DNA evidence officially made him one of Canada's most prolific serial killers.

He is also known as 'The Pig Farmer Killer' because he allegedly fed human remains to his pigs. This posed a huge public health threat because there was a possiblity that the meat his farm sold to the public was contaminted with human remains.

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Annie Zhu's Crime Scene choosing - Jeffrey MacDonald.

On the night of Feb 17th, 1970 at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, a brutal murder took the life of 4 lives: a pregnant mother (Colette MacDonald) and two daughters (Kimberly and Kristen MacDonald). The mother was found in the hallway whilst the daughters were found in their separate bedrooms, all covered in blood. Other than that, the coffee table in the living room was overturned, but other furniture remained undisturbed. The major suspect of this crime scene is Jeffrey MacDonald, the dad of this house. However, controversy arises due to the contradicting testimonies provided by witnesses. Helena Swoekley (a witness) came forward by confessing her part of being in the murder. She has been counselled by MacDonald for her long-time drug abuse.

Another suspicious point was that Jeffrey MacDonald was also injured that night with a one stab wound and several abrasions to his body with contusions to his head that wasn’t life-threatening. He claimed that these were defensive wounds caused by 4 intruders that ultimately killed his wife and children.

During the SCI, foreign material (wool fibres) were found in all of the victims' hands. The material was identified as a blond wig, which according to Swoekley’s statement was the wig she wore that day. But she soon changed her statement, claiming that she forgot about what she did during the night of the murder.

However, through forensic studies on blood type and textile material, the prosecution believed that these were all staging presented Jeffrey MacDonald. (As DNA analysis wasn’t developed fully at that time.) Since, all family members had different blood types, the presence of type O blood (from Jeffrey MacDonald) was found in all of the places where victims were found. Moreover, by examining the pajama top on Jeffrey MacDonald which he claimed to have used to ward off the intruders, the wholes on the pajama have matched the exact number and places that his wife has been stabbed. Therefore, this pajama piece was actually on his wife when she was stabbed.

Through these forensic evidence, the crime scene was successfully reconstructed and Jeffrey was sentenced to life in prison for his crime.

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Xinyan Lin -- A Murder Case Happened in Hangzhou, China

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Xinyan Lin -- A Murder Case Happened in Hangzhou, China

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A husband called the police that his wife went missing. After retrieving more than 6000 hours of surveillance videos from around the community, the police still couldn't find the wife.The police also drained the community's septic tank, where they found human tissue. DNA analysis tied the remains to the missing woman. It turned out that Xu has killed his wife at home because of some conflicts and then he dealt with the body.

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Juntian Shen's case choosing--Nanjing, Jiangsu, 江苏省

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Juntian Shen's case choosing--Nanjing, Jiangsu, 江苏省

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Murder case in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province.

Victim: Lin Ling, from Nanjing, studied at Nanjing Medical University.

Case summary: On March 24, 1992, four days after Lin's disappearance, police found her body under a manhole cover next to the school's teaching building. The victim was held upside down in a manhole cover, half naked, and there were signs of multiple blows to the head with blunt objects. The police judged that the victim had been raped and murdered.

From the crime scene, the police extracted DNA from all the objects and from the victim's body. At the same time, patrol found the murderer when he was washing his hands that night and thought he was a thief. So based on the description of the patrol officers, the police used simulated portrait technology to draw a general description of the murderer, and published in the local newspaper.

However, due to technological limitations at the time, the gene bank's data was incomplete, and there were no surveillance cameras nearby to show the murderer's whereabouts. The murderer was cunning, disappeared after the murder, so the case was dropped for a long time.

But the local police never gave up on the case until 2020, when they took advantage of a new technology called the Y chromosome bank, because men in a family are identical in their Y chromosomes (as long as there are no gene mutations). In an epidemic investigation in 2020, they traced the murderer's next of kin through the Y chromosome, which led to the murderer, Ma Jigang.

Even though the murderer reinvented himself, he was eventually found, thanks to new technology in the Y-bank and evidence carefully preserved by the police.

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Liyu An's self-introduction

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江苏省苏州市昆山市杜克大道昆山杜克大学

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kexin (Chris) cao

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Caroline Moon Introduction: Jacksonville, Florida, USA

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Caroline Moon Introduction: Jacksonville, Florida, USA

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江苏省苏州市昆山市杜克大道昆山杜克大学

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江苏省苏州市昆山市杜克大道昆山杜克大学

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江苏省苏州市昆山市杜克大道昆山杜克大学

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Wanlin Deng's self introduction

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Yijia Sun's introduction in Kunshan, Suzhou, Jiangsu

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Yijia Sun's introduction in Kunshan, Suzhou, Jiangsu

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China, Shang Hai Shi, Chang Ning Qu, 芙蓉江路388号 邮政编码: 200062

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China, Shang Hai Shi, Chang Ning Qu, 芙蓉江路388号 邮政编码: 200062

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China, Shang Hai Shi, Chang Ning Qu, 芙蓉江路388号 邮政编码: 200062

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Annie Zhu Self Introduction in Shanghai

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Xinyan Lin Introduction in Duke Kunshan University

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Xinyan Lin Introduction in Duke Kunshan University

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江苏省苏州市昆山市杜克大道昆山杜克大学

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Yiling Wang's introduction at Duke Kunshan University

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Yiling Wang's introduction at Duke Kunshan University

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Murder Case in Dingbian Village, Shanxi Province.

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Shutong Liu‘s case choosing--Dingbian, Shanxi, 陕西省

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Shutong Liu‘s case choosing--Dingbian, Shanxi, 陕西省

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In 2005, there was a theft in Dingbian, a small county. Strangely, along with this case, a woman named Joli also disappeared. Police searched the rented house where the burglary took place and found blood in the corner of the bathroom. DNA match confirmed it was Joli's blood. The police believed Joli was already dead. Through the investigation, the police identified the suspect in a male named Quanwei. However, the police did not have conclusive evidence. As a result, the police had to go back to investigate again inside the hut. However, five years had passed since Joli's disappearance, some physical evidence also missed. Besides, the scene had been carefully cleaned, leaving no hair or fingerprints. However, there was a kitchen knife in the room that showed signs of having been moved, as if it had been used. After submitting the knife for examination, the task force made a new discovery -- the cleaver had a special gouge, most likely because it had been cut with something like bone. Not only that, the police used high technology to extract the part between the wooden handle and the iron handle. Compared with authoritative DNA, the extracts found between the handles came from Quanwei. Confronted with irrefutable evidence, the authority finally confessed to his guilt.
DNA matches played a big role in this case.

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Yiling Wang's case choosing-- Sun River, Montana, USA

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Yiling Wang's case choosing-- Sun River, Montana, USA

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Victims: A couple -- 18-year-old Lloyd Duane Bogle, an airman from Texas, and 16-year-old Patricia Kalitzke, a junior at Great Falls High School.

Case: In 1956, Bogle was found near the Sun River in Montana dead from a gunshot wound to the head, and someone had used his belt to tie his hands behind his back. The next day, Kalitzke’s body was found in an area north of Great Falls. She had been shot in the head, just as Bogle had been, but she had also been sexually assaulted. Since none of the numerous leads panned out at that time, the case eventually went cold. However, the Sheriff's office continued to work on the case and found a clue. In 2001, someone from the office sent a preserved sample which was a vaginal swab taken from Kalitzke’s autopsy in 1956 to a lab for testing, and they found sperm that didn’t belong to Bogle. With the help of labs and this clue, forensic genealogists created a DNA profile of the culprit and used the profile to search for potential matches. Finally, they found a man called Gould, but Gould had died in 2007. Based on the DNA testing of his remaining relatives, Gould was identified as the killer after more than 60 years.

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Jingyi Wang's case choosing--Panyu, Guangzhou, 广东省

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Jingyi Wang's case choosing--Panyu, Guangzhou, 广东省

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Murder Case in Guangzhou, Panyu

Victim: Zhen Yang (pseudonym), from Henan, studied at the university in Shanghai.

Case summary: After graduating from the university in Shanghai, Yang had made a phone call with his parents, but they had an argument because his parents urged him to find a job to help support the lives of his little brother and sister. Unfortunately, after this call, the family had not heard from Yang for more than ten years.

According to the investigation, Yang could not get a job in Shanghai, so he followed one of his schoolmates to Guangzhou. In fact, they were both tricked into MLM (multiple-level marketing) organizations--which linked to the evil forces of society. Eventually, Yang was beaten to death and dismembered for quitting the organization. The group member finally dumped Yang’s body in an abandoned snake farm in Dashi town (it is called “Dashi Street” now). In 2020, a scavenger found part of Yang’s body tissue in a black plastic bag.

After forensic identification, the body tissue was from a man in his 20s, who was about 1.65-1.70 meters tall, and the PMI (postmortem interval estimation) was about two to three months. Then, forensics extracted the DNA of the body tissue from its bone cells and successfully matched it with Yang’s DNA.

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Jingyi Wang's introduction video at Duke Kunshan University, 杜克大道昆山市苏州市江苏省

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Jingyi Wang's introduction video at Duke Kunshan University, 杜克大道昆山市苏州市江苏省

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Jingyi Wang (Jenny)

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Welcome everybody! Please see my short introduction video here. I look forward to watching yours.