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Este proceso de odio anti-asiático ha afectado terriblemente a la raza asiática hasta el punto en que la gente tendrá que protestar hablando de que los asiáticos no están equivocados y que no hicieron nada. Algunos grupos anti-asiáticos han ido tan lejos que incluso se burlan y lastiman a los asiáticos por ser quienes son. Evidence like these photos, back up on my thoughts on why I chose Asian hate for my topic of interest, let's try our best and #StopAsianHate

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Mi nombre es Ángel Noriega, tengo 14 años y cumplo 15 el 22 de mayo. Soy mexicano-estadounidense, me gusta leer manga y, a veces, ver anime, aunque me gusta más leer manga. Mis mangas favoritos son, Monster, Berserk, JoJo, Evangelion y mas

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Fuente 3: Atlanta shootings shine a light on surging anti-Asian racism in the US [DW News] | 8 Dead in Atlanta Spa Shootings, With Fears of Anti-Asian Bias [NYT]

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Fuente 3: Atlanta shootings shine a light on surging anti-Asian racism in the US [DW News] | 8 Dead in Atlanta Spa Shootings, With Fears of Anti-Asian Bias [NYT]

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Que dice?: "Los descarados tiroteos, que cobraron la vida de seis mujeres de ascendencia asiática, provocaron una indignación y un temor considerables en la comunidad asiático-estadounidense. Los investigadores dijeron que no habían descartado la parcialidad como un factor motivador, incluso cuando el sospechoso negó tal animosidad racial una vez bajo custodia." - New York Times

Donde: “En los EE. UU., la cantidad de delitos de odio dirigidos a la comunidad asiático-estadounidense se ha disparado desde el inicio de la pandemia el año pasado. Las organizaciones activistas dicen que registraron casi 4000 incidentes en 2020. En áreas con grandes comunidades asiático-estadounidenses, como la ciudad de Nueva York, la situación es particularmente preocupante”. - DW Noticias

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Fuente 2: The Chinese Transcontinental Railroad Workers | Asian Americans

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Fuente 2: The Chinese Transcontinental Railroad Workers | Asian Americans

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Que dice?:

1. Habla del ferrocarril que han estado haciendo los chinos

2. Dice como los chinos nunca fueron incluidos en una foto por su raza

3.  Los chinos usaron dinamita y otras explosiones para atravesar rocas que no podían excavar, lo cual era peligroso.

4.  El pueblo chino actual celebra el ferrocarril que el pueblo chino del pasado ha hecho

5. Los inmigrantes chinos pudieron moverse en los EE. UU.

Donde: “La construcción del Ferrocarril Transcontinental de 1,776 millas fue establecida por la Ley de Ferrocarriles del Pacífico de 1862 del gobierno federal. El Ferrocarril del Pacífico Central (Oeste, iniciando obras en Sacramento, California) y el Ferrocarril Union Pacific (Este, iniciando obras en Omaha, Nebraska ) asumió el desafío de vincular los viajes entre los océanos Pacífico y Atlántico. De 1863 a 1869, Central Pacific contrató a aproximadamente 15 000 trabajadores chinos, que soportaron largos viajes a través del océano desde China hasta California, para completar el Summit Tunnel en Donner Pass. Este fue un trabajo agotador, con trabajadores chinos paleando veinte libras de roca más de 400 veces al día para abrirse camino a través de 1,659 pies de las montañas de Sierra Nevada para completar el proyecto”. - PBS (de la descripción del video)

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Fuente 1: Navegando por la ley: la Ley de exclusión china de 1882 y las pruebas de un viaje a casa, September 10, 2020

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Fuente 1: Navegando por la ley: la Ley de exclusión china de 1882 y las pruebas de un viaje a casa, September 10, 2020

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Cuando: "Desde la década de 1850 hasta la década de 1880, los trabajadores chinos emigraron a los Estados Unidos y trabajaron en minas de oro, construyeron ferrocarriles, trabajaron en granjas y fábricas, y más".”

“Los Archivos Nacionales de Filadelfia tienen los expedientes de casos de la Ley de Exclusión de Chinos que fueron mantenidos por el Departamento de Inmigración y Naturalización."

Donde: “Debido a que la Ley Page de 1875 prohibía específicamente la entrada de mujeres chinas no acompañadas, los inspectores prestaron especial atención para verificar el estado civil de las peticionarias si viajaban acompañadas de su cónyuge."

"En última instancia, el destino del salvoconducto de un individuo dependía de la recomendación del inspector que manejaba su caso. Los investigadores del INS tienen amplia discreción, lo que seguramente resultó en la denegación injusta del paso para algunos viajeros chinos".

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The U.S. Congress passed the first Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882, though the conditions its passage sought to remediate had been brewing as early as the 1850s. From the 1850s to the 1880s, Chinese workers migrated to the United States and labored in gold mines, built railroads, worked on farms and in factories, and more.

As the numbers of Chinese workers increased, labor leaders and political figures quickly capitalized on and sensationalized cultural differences and economic frictions. Political cartoons depicting Chinese men as both pitiable innocents and depraved foreigners appeared commonly in newspapers, and contemporary authors and politicians argued that further admission of Chinese laborers and immigrants would lower the cultural and moral standards of American society. Popular nativist fervor, coupled with financial tensions caused by multiple economic recessions and depressions, further stoked anti-Chinese sentiment, which led to several state and federal laws limiting Chinese immigration and activities.

The Page Act of 1875 and the Fifteen Passenger Bill of 1879, among others, provided the legal framework for the Chinese Exclusion Act, which President Rutherford B. Hayes signed into law on May 6, 1882. The act instituted a 10-year moratorium on Chinese labor immigration to the United States, with very few exceptions.

The National Archives at Philadelphia holds the Chinese Exclusion Act Case Files that were maintained by the Immigration and Naturalization (INS) District Four, headquartered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. These individual case files were created to assist in the enforcement of the Chinese Exclusion laws, and to verify that the person attempting to enter or reenter the United States was doing so lawfully. All of these case files have been digitized and are available in the National Archives Catalog.

Skilled professionals, mainly those working within the mercantile trades or other traditionally white-collar forms of employment, constituted an exception to the prohibited classes described in the act. A merchant, for example, could, under extreme scrutiny by immigration officials, freely travel to and from the Chinese mainland for approved purposes, such as can be seen in the case of Mr. Yee Jack, a bookkeeper of the Quong On Wah Yee Kee Company of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

As a bookkeeper, Yee Jack was excluded from the specific definition of "laborer" as defined by the authors of the Chinese Exclusion Act. His professional dealings within his community would, in the course of investigation by the officiating INS Inspector (in this case a Mr. W. W. Sibray), require evident testimony from a minimum of two individuals meeting the legal definition of "white" as understood by lawmakers of the era. Their testimonies would be compared with that of the individual seeking to travel. Any inconsistencies in detail or narrative conflicts would serve as grounds for either further investigation or outright denial of passage.

Because the Page Act of 1875 specifically barred the entry of unaccompanied Chinese women, inspectors paid special attention to verify the marital status of petitioners if they were traveling accompanied by their spouse. In many instances, a couple would have wedded outside of the United States or in an unsanctioned ceremony within the country and so would not necessarily be able to produce verifiable documentation that a marriage had taken place. As a result, a great deal of investigative energy was expended in verifying any claimed relationships, as can be seen in the further testimony of Yee Jack.

Ultimately, the fate of an individual's safe passage relied on the recommendation of the inspector handling their case. INS investigators had wide discretion, which surely resulted in unfair denial of passage for some Chinese travelers. As can be seen in his case file, Yee Jack enjoyed a good relationship with his investigator. The Quong On Wah Yee Kee Company was an established and well respected entity in the regional mercantile trade, and Inspector Sibray had enjoyed positive interactions with Yee Jack for four years prior to his petition. There seemed to be little hesitation in his ultimate recommendation of approval for Yee Jack's travel, which Inspector Sibray officially filed on August 25, 1908.

Yee Jack returned from his trip to China on January 7, 1911. His return was duly reported by the Seattle Commissioner of Immigration and makes no mention of any difficulties regarding legal reentry.

Congress renewed the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1892 for 10 years in the Geary Act, and later extended the Exclusion Act indefinitely. Restrictions on immigration from mainland China were kept in place until Congress passed the Magnuson Act of 1943, which kept in place a strict annual quota of new visa entries. Nine years later, the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 abolished direct racial barriers of entry enshrined in law and kicked off a flurry of further reforms in the decades to come.
Interested in learning more about the Chinese Exclusion Act? Check out some additional resources below:

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Navigating the Law: The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and the Trials of a Journey Home

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The U.S. Congress passed the first Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882, though the conditions its passage sought to remediate had been brewing as early as the 1850s. From the 1850s to the 1880s, Chinese workers migrated to the United States and labored in gold mines, built railroads, worked on farms and in factories, and more.

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Push: Porque hay un caos económico en el país
Pull factors: Recibir salario

Consecuencias y condiciones laborales: Reciben menos dinero que los trabajadores blancos, trabajo laboral, obligados a trabajar día y noche.

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Transcript of the testimony of Yee Jack concerning involvement in the mercantile trade and marital status.

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Transcript of the testimony of Yee Jack concerning involvement in the mercantile trade and marital status.