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2) Virulence Factor of the pathogen & how it contributes to pathogenicity

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2) Virulence Factor of the pathogen & how it contributes to pathogenicity

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The virulence factors of H. pylori relates with three major pathogenic processes; colonization, immune escape and disease induction. The virulence factors known for establishing colonization include urease, flagella, chemotaxis system, and adhesins.
This relates to pathogenicity by leading to the deterioration of the stomach by resulting in erosion or ulceration of the mucosa and the destruction of the glandular layer.

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3) One Treatment & the treatment mode of action-how the treatment affects the pathogen/disease symptoms.

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3) One Treatment & the treatment mode of action-how the treatment affects the pathogen/disease symptoms.

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-Omeprazole: stops cells in the lining of the stomach from producing too much acid
-Known as a protein pump (responsible for releasing acid into the stomach).
-A drug like Omeprazole will block the release of acid and decreasing the amount of acid in the stomach.
-Can also help to prevent ulcers from forming, or assist the healing process where damage might have already occurred.

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-If left untreated, gastritis may lead to stomach ulcers and stomach bleeding.
-It is rare, but some forms of chronic gastritis may increase the risk of stomach cancer if there is extensive thinning of the stomach lining.

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7) Interesting facts, features of the disease, historical relevance 

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7) Interesting facts, features of the disease, historical relevance 

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Symptoms include:
-Burning ache or pain in the upper abdomen
-Nausea & Vomiting
-A feeling of fullness after eating small amounts.
-Weight loss
-Not wanting to eat because of pain

-Bloating
Fun Facts!
-Gastritis is the inflammation of the stomach lining, while ulcers are open sores in the lining of the stomach.
-Doctor may order an upper GI endoscopy with biopsies to diagnose gastritis and gastropathy, as well as determine the cause and manage complications.
-It can occur suddenly (acute) or gradually (chronic).

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5) Prevention & Information about a vaccine/vaccines if available (or in development) OR why there should be a vaccine if not available 

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5) Prevention & Information about a vaccine/vaccines if available (or in development) OR why there should be a vaccine if not available 

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-As of now, there is no vaccine.
-In recent years, new H. pylori vaccine development programs have been initiated by small companies and academic institutions but to current knowledge, no large biotechnology company has a current H. pylori vaccine development program.
-Eating smaller and more frequent meals
-Eat less acidic,fatty,spicy, and fried foods
-Reduce stress

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6) Epidemiology-locally, US and Worldwide This must be represented in graphical form

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6) Epidemiology-locally, US and Worldwide This must be represented in graphical form

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-Gastritis and Gastric Ulcers affect approximately 2 out of every 10,000 people worldwide.

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Helicobacter pylori or H. pylori bacteria are the main cause of chronic gastritis and stomach/gastric ulcers. The bacteria breaks down the stomach's protective lining and leads to inflammation.

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Kuipers, E. J., Uyterlinde, A. M., Pena, A. S., Roosendaal, R., & al, e. (1995). Long-term sequelae of helicobacter pylori gastritis. The Lancet, 345(8964), 1525-8. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(95)91084-0

Yang, H., & Hu, B. (2022). Immunological perspective: 0RW1S34RfeSDcfkexd09rT2Helicobacter pylori1RW1S34RfeSDcfkexd09rT2 infection and gastritis. Mediators of Inflammation, 2022doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2944156

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gastritis/symptoms-causes/syc-20355807

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6892279/