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Transportation

trade

Manufacturing

City population

Education

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5 million to 19 million

Over 2 million Irish, Germans, and other northern European arrived in United States.

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Shipping

Textiles

Lumber

Furs

Mining

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5% of the population lived in cities.

Cities were often crowded and dirty

Cities served as centers of trade between the North and Europe.

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Canals were another improvement in cheap transportation

First railroads were laid by 1850.

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Rocky

Hilly

Forests

Bays

Inlets

Rivers

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Warm summers

Snowy winters