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arah Stewart was a microbiologist whose research showed that viruses could cause cancer, a discovery that led to the development of vaccines to protect against certain kinds of cancer.

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arah Stewart was a microbiologist whose research showed that viruses could cause cancer, a discovery that led to the development of vaccines to protect against certain kinds of cancer.

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Evangelista Torricelli

10 Famous Italian Scientists

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Carlo Rubbia was born on March 31, 1934, in the Italian city of Gorizia in the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region. He is a physicist and an important figure in particle physics, known for his work on the discovery of the W and Z bosons, which earned him a Nobel Prize in Physics in 1984.

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Carlo Rubbia was born on March 31, 1934, in the Italian city of Gorizia in the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region. He is a physicist and an important figure in particle physics, known for his work on the discovery of the W and Z bosons, which earned him a Nobel Prize in Physics in 1984.

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Carlos Juan Finlay (1833-1915) was a Cuban epidemiologist who discovered that yellow fever was transmitted by mosquitoes

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Hispanic Heritage Month - Evangelina Villegas, chemist

Evangelina Villegas was a chemist whose work centered on cereal grains and the genetic engineering of wheat and maize with improved nutritional content to help fight malnutrition in areas around the world.

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Hispanic Heritage Month - Jacinto Convit (Venezuela {1913-2014}) developed a vaccine for leprosy that combined Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), a tuberculosis vaccine, with a bacteria found in armadillos.

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Hispanic Heritage Month - Jacinto Convit (Venezuela {1913-2014}) developed a vaccine for leprosy that combined Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), a tuberculosis vaccine, with a bacteria found in armadillos.

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Franklin Chang-Díaz (April 5th, 1950) is a mechanical engineer and astronaut. As the first Hispanic NASA astronaut, he was involved in seven space shuttle missions, including Columbia and Endeavor.

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Helia Bravo Hollis (or "Maestra Bravo" as she was known by her students) was a Mexican biologist. She was well known for her huge contribution to the study of cacti in Mexico and the administration of the Botanic Gardens in Mexico City. (1901 to 2001)

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Helia Bravo Hollis (or "Maestra Bravo" as she was known by her students) was a Mexican biologist. She was well known for her huge contribution to the study of cacti in Mexico and the administration of the Botanic Gardens in Mexico City. (1901 to 2001)

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Albert Vinicio Baez, (November 1912 to March 2007) - He was a pioneer in x-ray optics and codeveloper of the x-ray reflection microscope. In addition to being a noted physicist, Al was a passionate humanitarian and educator.

Albert Vinicio Baez, (November 1912 to March 2007) - He was a pioneer in x-ray optics and codeveloper of the x-ray reflection microscope. In addition to being a noted physicist, Al was a passionate humanitarian and educator.

Albert Vinicio Baez, (November 1912 to March 2007) - He was a pioneer in x-ray optics and codeveloper of the x-ray reflection microscope. In addition to being a noted physicist, Al was a passionate humanitarian and educator.

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Luis Walter Alvarez (1911-1988) was an American experimental physicist and winner of the 1968 Nobel Prize in Physics. He was a physicist whose research included particle physics, radar, and nuclear science. He developed multiple radar systems during World War II, worked on the Manhattan Project, and was involved in the development of a liquid hydrogen bubble chamber, which enabled detection of subatomic particles. Alvarez won the 1968 Nobel Prize in Physics.

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July 7, 1929 – December 27, 2001) was an American pediatrician, educator and women's rights activist. She was the first Latina president of the American Public Health Association (APHA), a founding member of the Women's Caucus of the APHA, and a recipient of the Presidential Citizens Medal. She is credited with helping to expand the range of public health services for women and children in minority and low-income populations around the world.

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France Cordova (born August 5, 1947) is an American astrophysicist and administrator who was the fourteenth director of the National Science Foundation. Previously, she was the eleventh President of Purdue University from 2007 to 2012. She now serves as President of the Science Philanthropy Alliance.

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Helen Rodríguez Trías (July 7, 1929 – December 27, 2001) was an American pediatrician, educator and women's rights activist. She was the first Latina president of the American Public Health Association (APHA), a founding member of the Women's Caucus of the APHA, and a recipient of the Presidential Citizens Medal. She is credited with helping to expand the range of public health services for women and children in minority and low-income populations around the world.

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Albert Vinicio Báez was a Mexican-American physicist and the father of singers Joan Baez and Mimi Fariña, and an uncle of John C. Baez. He made important contributions to the early development of X-ray microscopes, X-ray optics, and later X-ray telescopes

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nterested in x-ray technologies, telescopes, and microscopes? Learn more with science projects like: X-Ray Vision: Seeing Into Space and Picture This: Building a Cell Phone Microscope

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Santiago Ramón y Cajal is a Neuroscientist and former Member of the Senate of Spain

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Ellen Ochoa is best known for being the first Hispanic woman to travel to space and the first Hispanic person to lead NASA's Johnson Space Center. A veteran of four space missions with nearly 1,000 flight hours, she is also recognized for her work as an inventor and for being the first person to play the flute in space.

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In the late 1940's, he co-invented an x-ray reflection microscope, a tool that is still used in medicine. He held professorships at the College of Redlands, Baghdad University, and MIT. Throughout his career he was prolific in the development of educational materials in physics, including textbooks and videos.

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In 2009, Sonia Sotomayor broke boundaries by becoming the first Latina, and the third woman, to serve on the Supreme Court of the United States, the highest court in the country. Sotomayor was born in New York City to Puerto Rican parents. She grew up in the Bronxdale-Houses, a public housing project in the Bronx. Through perseverance and determination, she received degrees from Princeton University and Yale Law School. As a Supreme Court Justice she has ruled to uphold the Affordable Care Act and legalize same-sex marriage.

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Helen Rodriguez Trías, the first Latina president of the American Health Association, founded the first center for newborns in Puerto Rico.

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Ellen Ochoa is a Hispanic engineer, former astronaut and former director of the Johnson Space Center. In 1993, Ochoa became the first Latina woman to go to space when she served on a nine-day mission aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery

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Maria Elena Zavala (born 1950) is an American plant biologist.She was the first Mexican-American woman to earn a PhD in botany in the United States.She is currently a full professor of biology at the California State University-Northridge, studying plant development. She is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the first Latina fellow of the American Society of Plant Biologists, the first Latina fellow of the American Society of Cell Biology, and an elected fellow of the Institute of Science. In 2000, she was awarded the Presidential Award for Excellence in Science, Mathematics, and Engineering Mentoring, which recognises individuals who have increased the participation of underrepresented minorities in their fields

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Severo Ochoa de Albornoz was a Spanish physician and biochemist, and winner of the 1959 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine together with Arthur Kornberg for their discovery of "the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid". One of his quotes were "Man has all but conquered the atom and is now preparing for the conquest of space."

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Noriega was selected by NASA in December 1994 to become an astronaut. He flew on STS-84 in 1997 and STS-97 in 2000. He logged more than 481 hours in space, including over 19 hours in three spacewalks.

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Mario Malina he helped with closing the ozone layer in antartica

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Albert Báez was born in Puebla, Mexico, in 1912 to Alberto B. Báez and Thalia Báez.[5] His father was a Methodist minister and his mother was a social worker for the YWCA.[5] Albert was four when his father moved his family to the United States, first to Texas for a year and then to New York City. Albert, his sister Mimi and brother Peter were raised in Brooklyn where his father founded the First Spanish Methodist Church in New York.[1] During his youth, Baez contemplated becoming a minister, but he followed his interests in mathematics and physics instead.[6]

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Ynés Enriquetta Julietta Mexía was a Mexican-American botanist notable for her extensive collection of novel specimens of flora and plants originating from sites in Colombia, Mexico, and Peru.

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Mario was the first Hispanic scientists who worked in the field of chemistry. Later in his career he got a Nobel Prize!

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Ellen Ochoa is an American engineer, former astronaut and former director of the Johnson Space Center. In 1993, Ochoa became the first Hispanic woman to go to space when she served on a nine-day mission aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery.Ellen Ochoa is an American engineer, former astronaut and former director of the Johnson Space Center. In 1993, Ochoa became the first Hispanic woman to go to space when she served on a nine-day mission aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery.Ellen Ochoa is an American engineer, former astronaut and former director of the Johnson Space Center. In 1993, Ochoa became the first Hispanic woman to go to space when she served on a nine-day mission aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery.

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Serena Auñón-Chancellor is a NASA astronaut who has helped make contributions in biology, biotechnology, physical science, and earth science. She recently served as Flight Engineer on the International Space Station (ISS) where her crews performed investigations into new cancer treatment methods and algae growth in space. Her first stay aboard the ISS was 197 days long, and now she covers medical issues and on-orbit support in the Astronaut Office.

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Emillo Herrera Linares was a Spanish engineer that worked on technology for the
military. He was born in 1879 and died in 1967. When he was young, he was interested in the military. In 1902, he graduated from the Academy of Military Engineering of Guadalajara, then he went on to research aeronautics. He is best known for his works in cosmology and pioneering studies. He also created the pressurized stratonautical space suit in 1935. He even got to work for the Second Spanish Republic during the Spanish Civil War, so I guess he got his wish.

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José Moreno Hernández (born August 7, 1962) is a Mexican-American engineer and former NASA astronaut. He currently serves as a Regent of the University of California.

Hernández was assigned to the crew of Space Shuttle mission STS-128. He also served as chief of the Materials and Processes branch of Johnson Space Center. Hernández previously developed equipment for full-field digital mammography at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.

In October 2011, Hernández, at the urging of President Barack Obama, ran for Congress as a Democrat in California's newly redrawn 10th congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives.[3] He won the Democratic nomination, but lost the 2012 general election to freshman incumbent Representative Jeff Denham.

Hernández is the subject of the 2023 biopic A Million Miles Away in which he is portrayed by Michael Peña.[4][5]

Hernández was born in French Camp, California, but calls Stockton, California, his hometown. His family is originally from La Piedad, Michoacán, Mexico.[6][7] In an August 25, 2009, conversation with President Felipe Calderón of Mexico, Hernández stated that as a child, he lived half the year in La Piedad and half in the United States.[7] As a child, Hernández worked alongside his family and other farmworkers throughout the fields of California, harvesting crops and moving from one town to another. He attended many schools and didn't learn to speak English until he was 12.[8][9] His first memory of space is about adjusting the television in order to watch the Apollo 17 mission in 1972.[10]

José Hernández participated in Upward Bound during high school, a Federal TRIO program that prepares students for college. He graduated from Franklin High School in Stockton. While in college, he was involved in the Mathematics, Engineering, Science Achievement (MESA) program, an academic preparation program that provides support to students from educationally disadvantaged backgrounds so they can attain four-year degrees in science, technology, engineering or math (STEM) fields.

He earned a B.S. in electrical engineering from the University of the Pacific in 1984. In 1986, Hernández earned an M.S. in electrical and computer engineering from the University of California, Santa Barbara

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France Cordova (born August 5, 1947) is an American astrophysicist and administrator who was the fourteenth director of the National Science Foundation. Previously, she was the eleventh President of Purdue University from 2007 to 2012. She now serves as President of the Science Philanthropy Alliance.

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Luis Walter Alvarez (June 13, 1911 – September 1, 1988) was an American experimental physicist, inventor, and professor who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1968 for his discovery of resonance states in particle physics using the hydrogen bubble chamber.[1] In 2007 the American Journal of Physics commented, "Luis Alvarez was one of the most brilliant and productive experimental physicists of the twentieth century."[2]

After receiving his PhD from the University of Chicago in 1936, Alvarez went to work for Ernest Lawrence at the Radiation Laboratory at the University of California, Berkeley. Alvarez devised a set of experiments to observe K-electron capture in radioactive nuclei, predicted by the beta decay theory but never before observed. He produced tritium using the cyclotron and measured its lifetime. In collaboration with Felix Bloch, he measured the magnetic moment of the neutron.

In 1940, Alvarez joined the MIT Radiation Laboratory, where he contributed to a number of World War II radar projects, from early improvements to Identification friend or foe (IFF) radar beacons, now called transponders, to a system known as VIXEN for preventing enemy submarines from realizing that they had been found by the new airborne microwave radars. The radar system for which Alvarez is best known and which has played a major role in aviation, most particularly in the post war Berlin airlift, was Ground Controlled Approach (GCA). Alvarez spent a few months at the University of Chicago working on nuclear reactors for Enrico Fermi before coming to Los Alamos to work for Robert Oppenheimer on the Manhattan project. Alvarez worked on the design of explosive lenses, and the development of exploding-bridgewire detonators. As a member of Project Alberta, he observed the Trinity nuclear test from a B-29 Superfortress, and later the bombing of Hiroshima from the B-29 The Great Artiste.

After the war Alvarez was involved in the design of a liquid hydrogen bubble chamber that allowed his team to take millions of photographs of particle interactions, develop complex computer systems to measure and analyze these interactions, and discover entire families of new particles and resonance states. This work resulted in his being awarded the Nobel Prize in 1968. He was involved in a project to x-ray the Egyptian pyramids to search for unknown chambers. With his son, geologist Walter Alvarez, he developed the Alvarez hypothesis which proposes that the extinction event that wiped out the non-avian dinosaurs was the result of an asteroid impact.

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Alejandro Zaffaroni was a Uruguayan serial entrepreneur who was responsible for founding several biotechnology companies in Silicon Valley. Products that he was involved in developing include the birth control pill, the nicotine patch, corticosteroids, and the DNA microarray

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César Milstein was born in Bahia Blanca, Argentina, on October 8, 1927. His father, a Jewish immigrant who made the journey from Ukraine to Argentina by himself as a teenager, and his mother, a teacher who was raised in a working class, immigrant family, made education a priority for César and his two brothers and encouraged them to attend university. Milstein earned his B.S. in biochemistry at the National University of Buenos Aries in 1952. More concerned with political activism and speaking out against the Juan Perón government than with his studies, Milstein's grades were far from distinguished. Nevertheless, he was accepted into the graduate program in chemistry at the University of Buenos Aires and began to excel as a student, completing his Ph.D. in biochemistry with a dissertation on alcohol enzymes in 1957 and earning a British Council research scholarship to the biochemistry department at the University of Cambridge. There, under the direction of the distinguished biochemist Frederick Sanger, Milstein completed a second dissertation, a study of the enzyme phosphoglucomutase, earning his Ph.D. in 1960 and joining the scientific staff of the Medical Research Council (MRC). In 1961, he accepted an appointment as head of the Department of Molecular Biology at the National Institute of Microbiology in Buenos Aires. Frustrated with the political interference in his laboratory that followed the 1962 military coup in Argentina, he returned to Cambridge in 1963 to work with Sanger at the newly formed MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology and shifted his focus from enzymes to antibodies. By the early 1970s, he was an internationally recognized leader in the field and was able to attract talented, young researchers, including Georges Köhler, to the MRC. In 1983, he was named head of the Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry Division of the MRC, a position he held until his retirement in 1995.

Proud of his Jewish heritage and always up for adventure and activism, Milstein fondly recalled his "most unusual and romantic honeymoon" with his wife, Celia, whom he met at a political meeting in Buenos Aires. After they completed their undergraduate studies, the two spent 1953 hitchhiking around Europe and working for several months on kibbutzim in Israel.

Following his mother's death of a heart attack at the age of 70, Milstein learned that he had inherited her cardiovascular condition and dramatically changed his lifestyle in middle age, sticking to a regimen of strict diets and long, daily walks for the last twenty-five years of his life. On March 24, 2002, he died in Cambridge, England, at the age of 74.

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Helen Rodríguez Trías (July 7, 1929 - December 27, 2001) was an American pediatrician, educator and women's rights activist. She was the first Latina president of the American Public Health Association (APHA), a founding member of the Women's Caucus of the APHA, and a recipient of the Presidential Citizens Medal. She is credited with helping to expand the range of public health services for women and children in minority and low-income populations around the world.

Rodríguez Trías's parents had been living in New York during the early 20th century. After Rodríguez Trías's birth in 1929, her family moved back to Puerto Rico. Her family returned to New York once again when she was ten years old, where she experienced racism and discrimination. Even though she had received good grades in school and knew how to speak English, she was placed in a class with students with learning disabilities. It wasn't until she participated in a poem recital, her teacher realized that she was gifted and sent her to a class for gifted children. She later choose the medical career path because it "combined the things I loved the most, science and people."

In 1948, she began her academic education at the University of Puerto Rico in San Juan. She earned her BA degree in 1957 and entered UPR's school of medicine. She earned her medical degree in 1960, at the age of 31.

Rodríguez Trías's mother was a school teacher in Puerto Rico. However, in New York, she was unable to get a teacher's license. Therefore, her mother had to take in boarders to meet her financial needs and pay the rent. After Rodríguez Trías graduated from high school, she decided she would like to study medicine and that her chances would be much better in Puerto Rico because the island had a good scholarship system.

University of Puerto Rico had a very strong independence movement and Rodríguez Trías became involved with the student faction of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party. When Nationalist leader Don Pedro Albizu Campos had been invited to speak by the student council; the chancellor of the university, Jaime Rexach Benítez, did not permit Albizu access to the campus. The students consequently went on strike, with Rodríguez Trías amongst them, but her brother did not approve of this. She returned to New York after he threatened to cut off her college expenses.

In 1949, she got married and had three children with David Neumark Brainin. She then decided to return to Puerto Rico to pursue her degree. Returning to the University of Puerto Rico, she reinserted herself as a student activist on issues such as freedom of speech and Puerto Rican independence.

Rodríguez Trías taking care of a young child in a clinic

During her residency at the University Hospital in San Juan, she established the first center for the care of newborn babies in Puerto Rico. The hospital's death rate for newborns decreased 50 percent within three years. She established her medical practice in the field of pediatrics in the island after completing her residency. During this timeframe she divorced her second husband, Eliezer Curet, and in 1970 returned to New York. She said that her marriage and divorce helped her grow.

Rodríguez Trías headed the department of pediatrics at Lincoln Hospital in the South Bronx. At Lincoln Hospital, Rodríguez Trías lobbied to give all workers a voice in administrative and patient-care issues. She became involved with the Puerto Rican community and encouraged the health care workers at the hospital to become aware of the cultural issues and needs of the community. Rodríguez Trías was also an associate professor of medicine at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, and later taught at Columbia and Fordham universities.

Advocate for women's rights

Presidential Citizens Medal

Rodríguez Trías interest in women's rights began shortly after attending an abortion conference at Bernard College. She began to advocate for free abortions and for more widely available birth control for poorer women.

After attending the conference, during her years in Puerto Rico, Rodríguez Trías became aware of U.S. sterilization campaigns located there. During the 1960s and 1970s, many programs popped up around the United States, specifically targeting women of color (African Americans/Latinas) to perform non-consented sterilizations. This could happen as doctors would tie women's fallopian tubes postpartum without telling the patients what they had been doing.

The United States was also using Puerto Rico as a laboratory for the development of birth control technology. In 1970, she was a founding member of Committee to End Sterilization Abuse and in 1971 a founding member of the Women's Caucus of the American Public Health Association. She supported abortion rights, fought for the abolishment of enforced sterilization, and sought neonatal care for underserved people. In 1979, she became a founding member of the Committee for Abortion Rights and Against Sterilization Abuse and testified before the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare for passage of federal sterilization guidelines. She describes events at a 1974 Boston conference:

We had a panel on sterilization abuse, which had to do with disrespect for women's needs, wishes, and hopes. We brought up the Relf suit, brought on behalf of 2 Black, allegedly retarded girls, Minnie Lee Relf, age 12, and Mary Alice Relf, age 14, who had been sterilized without their knowledge or consent in a federally funded program in Montgomery, Alabama.

The guidelines, which she drafted, required a woman's written consent to sterilization in a language they could understand and set a waiting period between the consent and the sterilization procedure. She is credited with helping to expand the range of public health services for women and children in minority and low-income populations in the United States, Central and South America, Africa, Asia, and the Middle East.

In the 1980s, Rodríguez Trías served as medical director of the New York State Department of Health AIDS Institute. She worked on behalf of women from minority groups who were infected with HIV. In the 1990s, she served as health co-director of the Pacific Institute for Women's Health, a nonprofit research and advocacy group dedicated to improving women's well-being worldwide and focused on reproduction. She was a founding member of both the Women's Caucus and the Hispanic Caucus of the American Public Health Association (APHA) and the first Latina to serve as the president of the APHA.

Rodríguez Trías once stated that her biggest inspiration came from "the experience of [her] own mother, aunts and sisters, who faced so many restraints in their struggle to flourish and realize their full potential." In addition to her mother, was Dr. Jose Sifontes, a professor at her medical school, who was a pioneer in pediatric tuberculosis. According to Rodríguez Trías, Dr. Jose Sifontes had great awareness that the events occurring in a community do affect the health of that community. These were some of the notable mentors who inspired Rodríguez Trías as she grew to become a huge contributor to the field of science.

On January 8, 2001, President Bill Clinton awarded Rodríguez Trías with the Presidential Citizen's Medal, the second-highest civilian award in the United States, for her work on behalf of women, children, people with HIV and AIDS, and poor people.

Rodriguez Trias died later that year, on December 27th due to lung cancer.

On July 7, 2018, which would have been Rodríguez Trías' 89th birthday, Google featured her in a Google Doodle in the United States.

In 2019, Chirlane McCray announced that New York City would build a statue honoring Rodríguez Trías in St. Mary's Park, near Lincoln Hospital in the Bronx.

Overall, Rodríguez Trías leaves behind a legacy that can be explained with her own words:

We need health, but above all we need to create a grounding for healthy public policy that redresses and salvages the growing inequities. We cannot achieve a healthier us without achieving a healthier, more equitable health care system, and ultimately, a more equitable society.

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Helen Rodríguez Trías (July 7, 1929 - December 27, 2001) was an American pediatrician, educator and women's rights activist. She was the first Latina president of the American Public Health Association (APHA), a founding member of the Women's Caucus of the APHA, and a recipient of the Presidential Citizens Medal.

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He was born in San Francisco and spent his childhood in Hawaii, where his father was a government physician. In 1910, having received his medical education in Stanford University, he began his practice.

From 1913 to the end of 1925, Alvarez practiced internal medicine in San Francisco and conducted research at the University of California, Berkeley. He lived at 3837 Clay Street raising his family. In 1934 he became Professor of Medicine at the University of Minnesota (Mayo Foundation) and later served as Consultant in Medicine Emeritus.

His father was Luis F. Alvarez, who worked as a physician in California and Hawaii and developed a method for the better diagnosis of macular leprosy. His sister was California artist and oil painter Mabel Alvarez.

Alvarez was married to the former Harriet Skidmore Smythe[1] and the couple had four children: Gladys, Luis, Robert and Bernice. Luis later became a Nobel Prize-winning physicist.

His grandson is Walter Alvarez, a Professor of Geology at the University of California, Berkeley.

Beginning after his retirement in 1951, Alvarez began writing a medical column which soon became syndicated throughout North America in hundreds of daily and weekly newspapers. The Walter C. Alvarez Memorial Award is named in his honor and is presented to a member or nonmember of the American Medical Writers Association to honor excellence in communicating health care developments and concepts to the public. He is most notable for his enlightened approach to homosexuality and his efforts to educate the medical profession and the broader public about the topic. He is regarded as an ally of the homophile movement in the 1950s-1970s.

Alvarez' syndrome, a syndrome of hysterical or neurotic abdominal bloating without any excess of gas in the digestive tract,[2] and Alvarez-waves, painless uterine contractions occurring during the length of pregnancy,[3] are named after him.

Alvarez was the first to investigate electric activity of a stomach and, thereby, became the founder of a new diagnostic gastroenterology branch — electrogastrography.[4]

Alvarez was a deacon in a Congregational church.[5] He died in California in 1978.[6]

His personal papers are held by Lane's Archives and Special Collections.[7]

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Albert Baez studied x-ray optics, both microscopic and telescopic, and co-developed the x-ray reflection microscope. Interested in x-ray technologies, telescopes, and microscopes? Learn more with science projects like: X-Ray Vision: Seeing Into Space and Picture This: Building a Cell Phone Microscope

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Michel Lopez-Alegria is a Spanish-American astronaut and test pilot. He is a veteran of three space shuttle missions and one

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Michel Lopez-Alegria is a Spanish-American astronaut and test pilot. He is a veteran of three space shuttle missions and one

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José Moreno Hernández is an American engineer and former NASA astronaut. He currently serves as a Regent of the University of California. Hernández was assigned to the crew of Space Shuttle mission STS-128. He also served as chief of the Materials and Processes branch of Johnson Space Center.

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Jovita Idár is a Mexican-american journalist, activist, and suffragist and with that Idár faced many dangerous situations. However, she never backed down from a challenge some of the things she has done is; single-handedly protected her newspaper headquarters when the Texas Rangers came to shut it down, and crossed the border to serve as a nurse during the Mexican Revolution. Jovita Idár was born in 1885 in Laredo, Texas, she was one of nine children. Idár’s parents were Jovita and Nicasio Idár. Her father Nicasio, was a newspaper editor and a civil rights advocate. That means that from an early age she was exposed to many things that would shape her future, some of the things are journalism and political activism.  Idár attended a Methodist school in Texas called the Holding Institute where she earned a teaching certificate in 1903, and she immediately started teaching but she had soon resigned due to the segregation and poor conditions for Mexican-American students. (During this time, the Mexican-American community in Texas also frequently faced violence and lynching.) Idár soon started working for her father’s newspaper called La Crónica, where two of her brothers were working. The paper was a source of news and activism for Mexican-American rights. Idár often wrote articles speaking about racism and supporting the revolution in Mexico. and in 1911, Idár and her family organized the First Mexican Congress to unify Mexicans across the border to fight injustice, the congress discussed many issues including education and lack of economic resources. After the Congress, Idár wrote an article for La Crónica supporting women’s suffrage and encouraging women to vote and   soon her and her brother began advocating for womens rights. And soon in the October of 1911, she founded and became the first president of La Liga Feminil Mexicaista (the League of Mexican Women), witch the feminist organization started their activism by providing education for Mexican-American students. A few years later, Idár decided to go to Mexico to take care of the injured during the Mexican Revolution. She served as a nurse and eventually joined a group similar to the Red Cross called La Cruz Blanca. Later that year, she returned to Texas and began working at the El Progreso newspaper. While she was there, she wrote an article protesting President Woodrow Wilson’s decision to send Unites States troops to the border. The Unites States Army and the Texas Rangers did not like that she spoke out, so they went to the offices of El Progreso to shut it down. When the Rangers arrived, Idár stood in front the door and would not let them in. However, they returned later and forced El Progreso to shut down. Even though the Rangers shut down El Progreso, Idár continued to write and advocate for the fair treatment of Mexican-Americans. She went back to La Crónica and soon started running the newspaper when her father passed away in 1914. A few years later, Idár married Bartolo Juárez and moved to San Antonio, Texas. where she became an active member in the Democratic Party in Texas and promoted equal rights for women. She also became an editor of a publication for the Methodist Church called El Heraldo Cristiano. Idár remained committed to her community by voluntering in a hospital as an interpreter for Spanish-speaking patients, and started a free kindergarten for children. She was known for saying, “when you educate a woman, you educate a family.” Jovita Idár died in San Antonio, Texas in 1946. - Leo G 2022 Tuesday September 20.

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Bernardo Alberto Houssay was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, on April 10, 1887. One of the eight children of Dr. Albert and Clara, his parents, moved to Argentina from France. His early education was at a private school named Colegio Británico. He then entered the School of Pharmacy at the University of Buenos Aires and graduated at age 14 in 1904. He had already begun studying medicine. Before completing his studies, he took up a post in the Department of Physiology. Which made him research hypophysis resulting in his M.D.-thesis (1911), and his thesis led him to a University prize.

In 1910 he was appointed Professor of Physiology in the University’s School of Veterinary Medicine. During this, he had been doing hospital practice and, in 1913, became Chief Physician at the Alvear Hospital. In addition, he was in charge of the Laboratory of Experimental Physiology and Pathology in the National Department of Hygiene from 1915 to 1919. In 1919 he became a Professor of Physiology in the Medical School at Buenos Aires University. He organized the Institute of Physiology at the Medical School, making it a center with an international reputation. He remained a Professor and Director of the Institute until 1943. This year the Government then in power removed him from his post because of his opinion that there should be effective democracy in the country. Although receiving many invitations from abroad, he continued his work in an institute that he organized with the support of funds contributed by the Sauberan Foundation and other bodies. It was the Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (Institute of Biology and Experimental Medicine) where he remains Director. In 1955 a new Government reinstated him in the University.

He has worked in almost every field of physiology, having a unique interest in the endocrine glands.

Dr. Houssay is the author of over 500 papers and several books. He has won many prizes ranging from the National Academy of Sciences, Buenos Aires, in 1923, to the Dale Medal of the Society of Endocrinology (London) in 1960.

He holds honorary degrees from twenty-five universities and is a member of the Argentine National Academy of Medicine, the Academy of Letters, the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires, the Academy of Moral and Political Sciences of Buenos Aires, and the Pontifical Academy of Sciences. He is an honorary professor of 15 universities, a foreign associate of 11 academies or learned societies, member (honorary or correspondent) of 38 Academies, 16 Societies of Biology, 11 of Endocrinology, 7 of Physiology, and 5 of Cardiology. He has a lot of awards from the governments of a lot of countries. One of which was the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1947. He married Dr. Maria Angelica Catan, a chemist, and they have three sons, Alberto, Hector, and Raul. Bernardo Houssay died on September 21, 1971, in Argentina.

Source: https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1947/houssay/facts/

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Luis Walter Alvarez was an American experimental physicist, inventor, and professor who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1968 for his discovery of resonance states in particle physics using the hydrogen bubble chamber.

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Michel Lopez-Alegria is a Spanish-American astronaut and test pilot. He is a veteran of three space shuttle missions and one International Space Station mission. He was born on May 30, 1958 in Madrid, Spain and is still alive and is 63. His space missions were: SpaceX Axiom Space-1, STS-113, Expedition 14, STS-92, Soyuz TMA-9, STS-73. His education was at Naval Postgraduate School, United States Naval Academy, Harvard Kennedy School. - Lydia M.

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Anna Atkins was an English Botanist who was the inventor of pictures. She was morn on March 16th 1799 in England and died June 9th 1871 at the age of 72. In 1843 the first every book with pictures in it was invented, and so was the pictures themselves. Anna Atkins father (John George Children) was Anna Atkins influence as he taught her everything he knew about science. Anna Atkins had at least made 10,00 pictures by hand. She was a very optimistic woman and may her name stay in history

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Carlos Noriega
- Joseph F.

Astronaut
Born: 10/8/1959
Birthplace: Lima, Peru

Astronaut Carlos Noriega had a distinguished career as a Marine Corps pilot before venturing millions of miles beyond planet Earth. A mission specialist and computer scientist, Lieutentant Colonel Noriega has visited Mir and helped to assemble the International Space Station.

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Luis Walter Alvarez

born : 1911
birth place
San Francisco, Calif.

Radio distance and direction indicator Alvarez was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1968. He helped design a ground-controlled radar system for aircraft landings and with his son developed the meteorite theory of dinosaur extinction. (1978)

died: 1988

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Carlos Juan Finlay (December 3, 1833 – August 20, 1915) was a Spanish and Cuban epidemiologist recognized as a pioneer in the research of yellow fever, determining that it was transmitted through mosquitoes Aedes aegypti. - Brandon V.

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She is a spacecraft engineer for NASA’s signature space mission, the James Webb Space Telescope. As a spacecraft engineer an important part of her work is to test the ground systems that will command and control the telescope after it has been launched into space.

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Nicole Hernandez Hammer is a Project Director for the Clean Energy States Alliance, where she works on low and moderate income solar. Prior to this role, Nicole participated in CESA’s DOE Solar Energy Strategies grant as a consultant to the Rhode Island Office of Energy Resources, working primarily with community groups in the state. She is a well-known climate change expert, sea-level researcher, and environmental justice advocate. A Guatemalan immigrant, she has worked to address the disproportionate impacts of climate change on under-resourced communities across the US. She served as the climate science and community advocate at the Union of Concerned Scientists, as the Florida field manager for Moms Clean Air Force, and as an environmental blogger for Latina Lista. Before that, she was the assistant director of the Florida Center for Environmental Studies at Florida Atlantic University, and coordinated the Florida Climate Institute’s state university consortium. She co-authored a series of technical papers on sea level rise projections, impacts, and preparedness. Her activism and initiative on climate change earned her an invitation from First Lady Michelle Obama, to be her special guest at the 2015 State of the Union address. - Mrs. Lisa Fisher

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Césare Lattes, discovered the Pion, a composite subatomic particle made of a quark  and a antiquark. He also was a Brazillian expiremental physicist. - Maya K.

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Carlos J. Finlay was born on December 3, 1833 and died on August 20, 1915. During his time alive Finlay was a Cuban and Spanish epidemiologist. Meaning that he worked in the field of diseases. In this case Finlay was the first in his country to figure out the main cause of yellow fever, mosquitoes. Yellow fever had  already hit the United States and now it was making its way over to Cuba. After graduating in America Finlay returned back home to research more about this epidemic. Given an opportunity for his hard work he was given the offer to work with the Cuban government. Accepting the offer he continued to study and research taking samples to find an answer. Later when given the time to shine and make a statement on what could be the cause the simple answer was mosquitoes. - Armani H.

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He was Spanish physician and biochemist, and joint winner of 1959 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Arthur Kornberg. - Jayden S.

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Helen use to be a pediatrician, educator and women's rights activist.  She was also the first Latin president of the American public a founding member of the women's caucus of the APHA, and a recipient. - Audrina E.

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Franklin Ramón Chang Díaz is a Costa Rican American mechanical engineer, physicist and former NASA astronaut. He is the only founder and current CEO of Ad Astra Rocket Company as well as a member of Cummins' board of directors. He became an American citizen in 1977. He is of Costa Rican Spanish and Chinese descent. - Layla W.

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The Nobel Prize in Physics 1968 was awarded to Luis Walter Alvarez "for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis." - Adrian R.

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Joel P.

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Mario José Molina-Pasquel Henríquez, known as Mario Molina, was a Mexican chemist. He played a pivotal role in the discovery of the Antarctic ozone hole, and was a co-recipient of the 1995 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his role in noting the threat to the Earth's ozone layer from chlorofluorocarbon gases. He was the first Mexican-born scientist to receive a Nobel Prize in Chemistry and the third Mexican born person to receive the Nobel award.       - Jacob P.

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Mario Molina (1943-2020) was the first to realize that chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) could destroy ozone. In the two decades following his discovery, he and his mentor became voices alerting the world to the danger of CFCs and ozone depletion. Their warnings often fell on deaf ears. Once confirmed, however, their findings earned them a Nobel Prize.

In 1973 Molina, a postdoctoral researcher working in the laboratory of F. Sherwood Rowland at the University of California, Irvine, made an unsettling discovery. He had been investigating a class of compounds called chlorofluorocarbons, or CFCs. CFCs were used as refrigerants, aerosol sprays, and in making plastic foams. Molina wondered what happened to them once they were released into the atmosphere.

How CFCs Destroy Ozone

Molina's study was a hypothetical one based on computer modeling, but his results suggested that CFCs could, in theory, destroy an oxygen compound called ozone under the conditions that exist in the upper atmosphere. Far above the earth's surface, in the stratosphere, a thin layer of ozone floats, protecting us from the sun's ultraviolet radiation. Molina, just a young scientist at the time he did the study, was nervous about talking to Rowland about his theory of how CFCs might destroy ozone. But if CFCs really could reduce ozone at a predicted rate of 7 percent after 60 years, the world would be in trouble.

According to Molina's theory, the same photons from ultraviolet light that break oxygen molecules apart to produce oxygen atoms can also break CFCs apart to release chlorine atoms, among other products. Since the chlorine atom has an unpaired electron, it is a radical. Radicals are very reactive; so chlorine atoms react easily with molecules of ozone. When a chlorine atom encounters an ozone molecule (O ₃), it takes one of the oxygen atoms away, leaving O ₂ and chlorine oxide (ClO). ClO is also a reactive radical and reacts quickly with another ozone molecule, converting it to two O ₂ molecules, and freeing the Cl to do still more damage. Since the radical Cl atom starts this whole reaction but is not consumed in the process, it is a catalyst for the ozone destruction reaction.

Rowland took his protégé seriously. Over the next two decades he and Molina became voices alerting the world to the danger of CFCs and ozone depletion. They were not always heeded. Bans on CFCs in aerosol sprays went into effect first in the United States in 1978 and later in Canada, Norway, and Sweden. CFC use for other purposes only increased. Scientists, activists, politicians, and CFC-producing companies would argue for years over the merit of Molina's theories.

Early Life

Molina was born in Mexico City, where his father was a successful lawyer and a diplomat. As a child Molina was fascinated with chemistry and converted one of the family bathrooms to a chemistry laboratory for himself. His aunt, Esther Molina, was a chemist, and she encouraged and mentored the boy by helping him carry out more advanced experiments than normally possible with a child's chemistry set. Recognizing his passion for science, Molina's parents sent him to a boarding school in Europe, where they thought his interests would be nurtured.

Molina returned to Mexico City for college and earned an undergraduate degree in chemical engineering from the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México in Mexico City. He then studied mathematics and science at universities in Germany and France to fill deficiencies in his academic background. Finally, he was accepted for graduate study at the University of California, Berkeley. After earning his doctorate he made his way to UC Irvine, where he joined Rowland's group as a postdoctoral researcher. It was then that Molina and Rowland began wondering what might be happening to CFCs released into the atmosphere.

Evidence in Support of His Theories

Later, Molina moved on from UC Irvine to work at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory near Pasadena, where he continued to investigate ozone depletion. Over the years evidence mounted in support of Molina's theories, leading to increased international regulation of CFCs. But this did not happen easily, nor did it happen overnight. Before most of the world would listen, it took an alarming observation in 1983 by British scientist Joseph Farman and colleagues that the ozone levels in the stratosphere above Antarctica had been dropping dramatically, by as much as 35 percent, during the Antarctic spring (September through December) compared with 1960s' levels. A few years later an expedition to Antarctica was organized, led by Susan Solomon, to investigate the growing "hole in the ozone," soon Molina's and Rowland's theories were vindicated. Solomon's team was able to prove that CFCs were to blame for ozone loss over Antarctica.

Nobel Prize

In 1987 the Montreal Protocol for reducing named substances that deplete the ozone layer was opened for signature. By 2009 all nations in the United Nations had ratified the original protocol. In 1995 Molina and Rowland were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, along with Swedish scientist Paul Crutzen, for the work they had done in helping unravel the mysteries and dangers of CFCs.

First at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and then at the University of California, San Diego, and the Center for Atmospheric Sciences at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Molina continued his research on gas-phase chemistry, including the effects of pollutants in the atmosphere. Not forgetting his roots, he has also been studying strategies for making the air in cities cleaner. Mexico City has been the case study for this project and is also the home of the Centro Mario Molina, which is dedicated to finding solutions to the challenges related to climate change, sustainable development, and the efficient use of energy.

In 2013 Molina was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Barack Obama for his contributions as a "visionary chemist and environmental scientist."

The information contained in this biography was last updated on October 9, 2020.

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Mario Molina (1943-2020) was the first to realize that chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) could destroy ozone. In the two decades following his discovery, he and his mentor became voices alerting the world to the danger of CFCs and ozone depletion. Their warnings often fell on deaf ears. Once confirmed, however, their findings earned them a Nobel Prize.

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Carlos Ismael Noriega is a Peruvian and U.S. national, NASA employee, a former NASA astronaut, and a retired U.S. Marine Corps lieutenant colonel. In 1997, he made history being the first Peruvian-born astronaut to fly into outer space. - David C.

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placing him among the ranks of other world-famous scientists like Jane Goodall and E.O Wilson. Often referred to as ‘the Nobel for the environment’, the Tyler Prize is the most prestigious international awards for environmental science. - Addie L.

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Evangelina Villegas was a Mexican cereal biochemist whose work with maize led to the development of quality protein maize. She and her colleague from the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Surinder Vasal, shared the 2000 World Food Prize for this achievement. - Gabe F.

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Ellen Ochoa is an American engineer, former astronaut and former director of the Johnson Space Center. In 1993 Ochoa became the first Hispanic woman to go to space when she served on a nine-day mission aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery. - Caidyn S.

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She is a first-generation Cuban American who has been lauded as “the next Einstein”. In 2015, she completed her first solo research paper on electromagnetic memory, which was cited by Stephen Hawking in his own research published the next year. - Mr. Whiteaker

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This profile on Sabrina Gonzalez Pasterski, a theoretical physicist and a first generation Cuban American, is the first post in a month-long series of profiles on Hispanic STEM innovators in honor of Hispanic History Month.

Sabrina Gonzalez Pasterski's interest in STEM began early in her life-at age 9, to be exact-during her first flight in an airplane ₁. This interest quickly graduated to a hands-on hobby when she built an airplane engine at age 10 and a complete airplane two years later which she took for a solo test flight at 14 years old, a year before this Chicago native could even test for her learner's permit 1,2.

To no one's surprise, Pasterski's drive and intellect propelled her through school which she raced through. After graduating at the top of her class with a 5.0 Grade Point Average (GPA) from the Massachusetts Institution of Technology (MIT)she was a PhD candidate in Physics at Harvard University at only 21 years of age 1,2,3.

"Years of pushing the bounds of what I could achieve led me to physics," said Pasterski in an interview with Yahoo ₄.

According to her Postdoctoral Fellows page on Princeton University's website, Pasterski is "interested in quantum gravity and holography" and her "current research focuses on scattering in asymptotically flat spacetimes and constructing a putative codimension 2 dual CFT." ₅

In a 2012 interview with Scientific American focused on that year's Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting, Pasterski said, "Building an airplane from a kit and flying as a child, I longed to understand the physics, application and reach of flight." ₆

In 2012, Pasterski was named as one of "30 under 30" in a Scientific American column when she was only 19, and was named to another list with the same name published by Forbes magazine in 2015 when she was only 21 years old. Pasterski shares her knowledge outside of research papers too. As an advocate for Let Girls Learn, a government initiative launched by former president Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama that focuses on assisting girls obtain an education that empowers them,

Despite her many personal accomplishments and incredible academic record, it was Pasterski's research that garnered her this much deserved attention and unofficial title of the "Next Albert Einstein." In fact, Stephen Hawking cited three of Pasterski's published papers, two with written with her colleagues and one written individually, in his own work in 2016 ₃.

According to Harvard's website, "Pasterski studies high energy theoretical physics, believing that it holds the potential to transform multidisciplinary fields." And she said "I see no limit to what we can achieve and view the word 'impossible' as a challenge...This kind of physics will create undreamed of advances that transform the way we live and the world we live in."8

Another article on the young genius specifies that Pasterski's " work seamlessly delves into topics that most people cannot even begin to wrap their heads around: spacetime and black holes, explanations of gravity in the context of quantum mechanics, Low's subleading soft theorem as a symmetry of QED." ₂

Andrew Strominger, the Gwill E. York Professor of Physics, director of Harvard's Center for the Fundamental Laws of Nature, and Pasterski's Harvard PhD advisor, gave Pasterski free reign in her second year as a PhD student to study an subject with any person she would like as a further testament to her genius ₃.

Physics itself is exciting enough," said in the Yahoo interview. "It's not like a 9-to-5 thing. When you're tired you sleep, and when you're not, you do physics." ₄
For more information on Pasterski, click here to visit her YouTube channel. Click here for more information on Capitol Tech's Aviation programs or click here for information on the university's degree in Quantum Computing, which harnesses and exploits the laws of quantum mechanics to process a vast number of calculations simultaneously.

1. PBS. (2020, April 6). Sabrina Gonzalez Pasterski. Retrieved from https://whyy.org/episodes/sabrina-gonzalez-pasterski/.

2. Berbari, G. (2020, July 19). At 22, this millennial was called the next Einstein. What's she up to today?. Retrieved from https://www.considerable.com/life/education/sabrina-paterski/.

3. Interesting Engineering. (2017, August 31). Sabrina Pasterski: the 'Physics Girl' Who Built Her First Plane at Thirteen Years Old. Retrieved from Engineering.com/sabrina-pasterski-the-physics-girl-who-built-her-first-plane-at-thirteen-years-old.

4. Halime, F. (2016, January 12). This Millennial Might Be the New Einstein. Retrieved from https://news.yahoo.com/millennial-might-einstein-080000030.html.

5. Princeton University. (2018). Postdocs. Retrieved from http://pcts.princeton.edu/people/postdocs/2.

6. Scientific America. (2012, June 12). 30 under 30: A Teenage Pilot and Aspiring Physicist. Retrieved from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/lindau-sabrina-pasterski.

7. Singh, A. (2017, October 10). Meet The Harvard Graduate: The Next Einstein In Making. Retrieved from https://www.ndtv.com/education/meet-the-harvard-graduate-the-next-einstein-in-making-1760990#:~:text=She%20spent%20three%20years%20at,her%20doctorate%20at%20Harvard%20University.

8. Harvard University. (2015, June 19). Thirty Under 30. Retrieved from https://gsas.harvard.edu/news/stories/30-under-thirty.

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Sabrina Gonzalez Pasterski: The Young Woman Dubbed the "Next Albert Einstein"

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Sabrina Gonzalez Pasterski's interest in STEM began early in her life-at age 9, to be exact­-during her first flight in an airplane1. This interest quickly graduated to a hands-on hobby when she built an airplane engine at age 10 and a complete airplane t

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Severo Ochoa de Albornoz was a Spanish physician and biochemist, and joint winner of the 1959 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Arthur Kornberg. - Gabe F.

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https://amazingjews.org/claudia-sheinbaum-first-female-first-jewish-mayor-of-mexico-city-and-nobel-prize-winner/