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Before the end of the War, in 1944, the Allies (without France) signed the London Protocol agreeing to split Germany into 3 zones. A year later, the Potsdam Conference resulted in an Allied-occupied Germany (with Soviets controlling 1/3) from 1945-1949.
Germany was split into 4 divisions and the non-Soviet 2/3 were divided among the Allies: British, American, and French.

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The Truman Doctrine stated the U.S. would give financial and military aid to countries that were opposing communist, typically Soviet, influence. The policy was used a year after its creation (1947) to contain communist influence in Turkey and the Greek Civil War.

The Marshall Plan was a promise that the U.S. would give money to Western Europe so it can rebuild itself post-war. Truman wanted to bolster the European economy, which was low post-war, so people did not turn to communist

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Multiple "races" shaped the Cold War: the Nuclear Arms Race, the Space Race.

The Space Race started when the Russian launched the first satellite, Sputnik, in 1957. The U.S. had the "upper hand" in terms of nuclear weapons and were concerned the Soviets were outpacing them on space achievements. In order to keep their edge, the U.S. created N.A.S.A. in 1958 with the goal of sending a man to the moon. N.A.S.A was created as a direct result of the Space Race.

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President Reagan famously asked Gorbachev to "Tear Down This Wall" in 1987. In 1989, the gates of the wall were torn down as citizens began to flood the gates. In 1990, the Berlin Wall was completely removed, and Germany was reunified. The Fall of the Berlin Wall signaled the Soviet Union's weakening power. A year later, the U.S.S.R. fell. the Cold War was over.