# data[].attributes.body
rty 

inner cities: The regions just outside the central business districts in North American cities

culture of poverty: A way of living that reflects a lack of income and accumulated wealth

# data[].attributes.body
rty 

inner cities: The regions just outside the central business districts in North American cities

culture of poverty: A way of living that reflects a lack of income and accumulated wealth

# data[].attributes.body
1. Why is government support for housing important?
2. What are some social and cultural problems in cities?
3. How can we overcome poverty?

# data[].attributes.body
Which has been a partially effective response to the problems of public housing?
A. gentrification, because it creates a safer and more diverse community
B. scattered-site housing, because it places families in safer areas with better school
C. redlining, because it limits bad housing investments in the inner city
D. eminent domain, because it allows government to gain vast urban lands to develop
E. blockbusting, because it makes affordable housing more available

# data[].attributes.body
1. Based on current and historical conditions which would be most likely to help alleviate the problems of food deserts?
A. encouraging food trucks that are part of the informal economy to serve food deserts
B. encouraging gentrification and building upscale housing in poor neighborhoods
C. establishing new farmers' markets in the suburban and exurban communities
D. opening upscale food stores in neighborhoods that have already gentrified
E. opening supermarkets in inner city neighborhoods that have poor public transportation

# data[].attributes.body
In developing countries, poor residents tend to construct their own house with whatever materials are available. Although bricks and cement blocks are more stable, sheets of tin and plastic are also used. Due to the lack of enforcements, living in these buildings are dangerous. There are at least three main problems about the housing for poor residents in the inner cities in the developed world, its poor quality, insufficient availability, and significant unaffordability. The physical conditions of the buildings need repairs in order to be safe and comfortable however it tends to be unaffordable to inner city residents and landlords often delay making expensive repairs. Therefore, over time, the quality of the housing suffers and is visible in the transitional areas of cities. Although, it can be a challenge to find housing for both wealthy and poor people. However, poor residents have it worse since the rent prices are rising and they are pushed out. Housing in the inner cities on the other hand is a challenge too since some houses are uninhabitable or demolished to build new structures. Investors realized that they couldn't make a profit building affordable housing, so they don't build a lot and instead build free ways, rail lines, etc. that benefit the suburban and wealthy central business district residents.

# data[].attributes.body
Cities are diverse places that enrich the community through their ethnic and cultural diversity. However, it can also promote division. Cities have to cope with the intersecting problems of multiple groups since a problem for one group may not be an issue for another and any solutions could impact each group differently.

# data[].attributes.body
The process of urban redevelopment usually begins when a local government declares that an area it wishes to develop is "blighted." However, cities often use eminent domain laws to allow them to build new roads or schools. They also sell the land to private businesses or groups to build hotels, hospitals, or other developments. Redevelopment can replace brownfields or low-quality housing with successful enterprises, however it can also force poor people to leave their homes and communities. It can also break up or eliminate historic neighborhoods. Private developers are given tax-break incentives to purchase and build and by reducing tax revenues, the city shifts the taxes onto other taxpayers.

# data[].attributes.body
Although governments have responded to the shortage of low-income housing by having the federal government provide financial subsidies to help out with the cost of housing, critics say that those policies have reduced the incentives for investors to build new housing. However, the reason for the shortage of affordable housing in urban neighborhoods is because the cost of building and managing the house can be greater than the profit the business can make from it, so governments and charitable groups from different countries tend to provide assistance by building, providing subsidies, etc. People also build public housing developments where other structures had been torn down. A lot of them provided decent housing and community, however those buildings experience problems such as drugs, high crime rates, and poor maintenance due to the area being small and concentrated within the city. Some cities also tried out scattered site to alleviate the public housing problems. This method worked out better because children had access to better local schools and things available in wealthier neighborhoods. However, the wealthier people feared that adding the public housing near them would reduce property values and create problems for local schools.

# data[].attributes.body
The root of most challenges faced by urban areas is economic. In more developed countries, the role of the cities have become more centered on services than industry. While in less cities, they have experienced more problems with rapid industrialization as well as a lot of new migrants. Urban poverty exists all throughout the world and according to the United Nations, about one-sixth of the world's population lives in urban poverty and most of them are in developing countries.

# data[].attributes.body
underclass: People who face social hardships that contribute to their poverty

inner cities: The regions just outside the central business districts in North American cities

culture of poverty: A way of living that reflects a lack of income and accumulated wealth

brownfields: Visual reminders on the landscape of how the centers of cities have changed over time

filtering: The change in the use of a house from a single-family home to rented units in a multifamily dwelling an eventually to an abandoned building

redlining: A process by which banks refuse loans to those who want to purchase and improve properties in certain urban areas

urban development: Renovating a site within a city be removing the existing landscape and rebuilding from the ground up

eminent domain: Laws that allow the government to seize land for public use after paying owners the market value for their property

gentrification: The process of wealthier residents moving into a neighborhood and making it unaffordable for existing residents; usually improves the housing quality

scatter site: An approach where public housing is dispersed throughout areas of a city

# data[].attributes.body
Newer technologies have decreased the need for workers, undercutting the economic strength of many cities. In addition, manufacturing moved to the suburbs since land was cheaper and labor was less expensive. However, because of manufacturing moving to the suburbs, cities were left with unemployed residents and abandoned factories leaving brownfields. Housing also suffered from the decay in central cities. Houses that families owned decades ago have attracted poorer and poorer residents due to the building deteriorating and being subdivided into apartments. However neighborhoods have it worse due to redlining, but laws now restrict it so it's not based on racial discrimination.

# data[].attributes.body
Some people tend to refer the underclass as people who face social hardships that contribute to their poverty. However, poverty is persistent and sometimes people develop a culture of poverty which is a way of living that reflects a lack of income and accumulated wealth. The shortage of inexpensive housing might force a person to pay a high percentage of their income on rent and could result in homelessness, the distribution of political power might result in students who live in poor neighborhoods to attend low funded schools, poor individuals tend to live far from places with a lot of jobs, and people have a hard time getting credit in any form. These problems are usually difficult to talk about in less developed countries, where the general level of wealth is low.