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Definition: An idea that is used to describe a particular type of person or thing, or a person or thing thought to represent such an idea.
-Cambridge Dictionary

According to Gollnick and Chinn, "Members of a specific group are stereotyped when generalizations are applied to the group without consideration of individual differences within the group," (p. 16).

School Specific Example:
According to Gollnick and Chinn, "Because the cultural background and experiences of teachers may be incongruous with the cultural experiences of students, miscommunication and misperceptions may interfere with learning. Teachers may stereotype students who have a racial or ethnic background different from their own" (p. 51).

An example would be the belief that an Asian student will perform well on a Mathematics exam. This could negatively affect a student by placing unrealistic expectations and pressure on them.

Another example would be that a minority student is lazy or will not score as high as their Caucasian classmates. This negatively affects students' self-esteem and in turn may make them feel that they are not intelligent or capable of academic success.

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Definition: An unfair and unreasonable opinion or feeling formed without enough thought or knowledge.
-Cambridge Dictionary

According to Gollnick and Chinn, "Prejudice can result when people lack understanding of the history, experiences, values, and perceptions of groups other than their own," p.16)

School Specific Example:
Two examples include different opinions of students with disabilities or students of color/minority students. An example might be that these groups of students will not achieve grade level scores on standardized tests. Another example is the belief that these students are not as intelligent or as able-bodied as their peers. This would negatively affect students' self-esteem and opinions of themselves. They may feel isolated and refrain from being engaged and putting in full effort in school out of fear of failure or embarrassment.

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Prejudice and discrimination based on race, ethnicity, power, social class, and prestige

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Definition: The treatment of a person or particular group of people differently, in a way that is worse than the way people are usually treated.
-Cambridge Dictionary

According to Gollnick and Chinn, "Discrimination focuses on behavior. Discrimination occurs at two levels: individual and institutional. Individuals discriminate against members of a group because they have strong prejudicial, or bigoted, feelings about the group, or they believe that society demands they discriminate," (p.16).

School Specific Example:
One example would be the suspension of a minority student, while a Caucasian student receives a warning or detention for the same behavior. Another example would be a minority student not receiving the same resources or opportunities that their Caucasian peers receive. A third example would be a minority student being talked to or treated poorly or in an offensive way by a teacher. All of these examples would affect a student negatively and create a feeling of resentment towards education and their school.

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Discrimination individual vs institutional | Individuals and Society | MCAT | Khan Academy