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Thomas Hooker was a pastor who came to America in 1633, landing in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. He disagreed with the rules in the Bay Colony that restricted voting rights to members of the church. Hooker believed that all people should be able to have a say in who was elected leader, regardless of their religious views.

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The Separatists were a strict Puritan sect within English Protestantism. United by their dislike of the Church of England, the Separatists wanted to either do away with the Church or sever all ties with it. The Separatists’ arguments with the Church of England were straightforward: too many elements of Roman Catholicism remained in the Protestant Church, and the Church wasn’t enforcing religious beliefs forcibly enough. The Separatists felt persecuted within their own country.

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Roger Williams was an English colonist who founded the colony of Rhode Island. He was born in England and came to America in 1631.

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Peter Stuyvesant was the son of a Calvinist minister and a director in the Dutch West India Company. In 1645, he was named Director General of all Dutch colonies in North America and the Caribbean. This included the colony of New Netherland, located in what is now New York State. When Stuyvesant arrived in the colony’s capital city of New Amsterdam in 1647, he found the colony in a weak state. He immediately began issuing rules and regulations. For example, he regulated taverns and exposed smuggling operations. The people of New Netherland had been accustomed to ineffective leaders, and they found Stuyvesant’s manner arrogant and his decrees harsh. Nevertheless, they worked with him to establish the city’s first municipal government in 1653.

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John Rolfe was a colonial official and planter who played a vital role in the economic success of the Jamestown colony. In the early years of the Jamestown settlement, the colony failed to yield any profits for the investors, the Virginia Company of London. In 1612, finding that the local tobacco he had encountered in Virginia was too bitter, Rolfe began to cultivate seeds he had obtained in the West Indies. The crop thrived in Virginia and enjoyed large-scale exports to England. It was a huge cash crop for the colony. The economic success of Rolfe’s tobacco helped to stabilize the once struggling colony.

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ALike many other early American colonists, Anne Hutchinson was born in England. She came to America in 1634 and settled with her husband and children in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Hutchinson had her own beliefs about religion. She felt that a relationship with God was a personal one and that you didn’t need to go to church to maintain that relationship.

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The Virginia Company was the English company that founded the colony of Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607. The previous year, King James I gave the company a charter to create a colony somewhere between current-day North Carolina and New York State on the east coast of North America. The company sent about 105 colonists to America. They arrived in May 1607 and founded Jamestown on the mouth of the James River near the Chesapeake Bay.

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A staple crop is a crop that is most commonly grown in a particular region. Staple crops can be food sources that are used to feed a great number of people, such as rice in China. They can also be commercial crops that are used to support trade, such as tobacco in Cuba. Thus staple crops vary from region to region. They depend on the climate of the area as well as the economic goals of the growers. Typically staple crops are easily stored for long periods of time, which makes them more suitable for long-term consumption or trade. Potatoes, for example, can be stored for many months without a loss in quality.

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The term Protestant Church refers to several different sects of Christianity that began to split off from the Catholic Church during the Protestant Reformation, which took place in the 1500s. The Reformation was a protest against abuses in the Catholic Church. It led to the creation of numerous new churches, known as Protestant churches.

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The word pilgrim means someone who takes a long journey, usually to a religious site—a journey known as a pilgrimage. In U.S. history Pilgrims refers to the group of English men, women, and children who sailed from England to the Netherlands and then to Plymouth, Massachusetts, in 1620. They were also known as Separatists because when they were in England, they wanted to separate from the established Anglican Church and form new churches. They were not allowed to do so in England, however, so they chose to sail to North America on a ship called the Mayflower and then start a new community where they could worship as they wanted to. The colony that the Pilgrims founded in Plymouth became the first permanent European colony in New England. They faced harsh conditions during their first winter there; approximately half of the Pilgrims were dead by the spring. When winter was over, they befriended Samoset, a Wampanoag Indian, and Massasoit, the chief of that tribe. The Native Americans taught the colonists how to adapt to their new climate. Many Puritans, one group among the Pilgrims, had also left England to find religious freedom in North America. In 1691 the Plymouth colony became part of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, a settlement that was founded in 1630 by Puritans.

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Mercantilism is an economic theory that was practiced by European powers from the 1500s to the 1700s. Nations that practiced mercantilism believed that a nation could become more powerful if it followed certain economic principles. One of these principles was accumulating wealth in the form of precious metals like gold and silver. These metals were used as currency. The other important principle of mercantilism was having a favorable balance of trade. That meant that a country sold more goods to other countries than it brought in from other countries.

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The Mayflower Compact was a document drawn up by the Pilgrims who sailed to Plymouth on the Mayflower. It was signed on November 21, 1620, before the Pilgrims landed and left their ship. Those who signed the document agreed that they would form a government and follow any laws that were agreed upon for the “general good of the colony.” Forty-one men, nearly all of the ship’s male passengers, signed the document. They then chose John Carver as the governor of their new colony.

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The Massachusetts Bay Company was the British joint-stock company that founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1629, the company had been granted a charter from King Charles I. This charter gave them the right to colonize part of New England between the Charles and Merrimack Rivers, as well as the right to trade there. The following year, a group of approximately 1,000 Puritans settled near current-day Boston. These Puritans had left England because they faced religious persecution there and wanted to establish a colony based on their religious beliefs.

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a company whose stock is owned jointly by the shareholders.

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a Dutch merchant company chartered in 1621 to carry on trade with Africa, the West Indies, North and South America, and Australia.

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an article of trade or commerce, especially a product as distinguished from a service.

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A colony is an area of land or a settlement that is ruled by another country. From the 1400s through the 1600s, European powers became interested in establishing colonies in the Western Hemisphere. At this time, Europeans believed that gaining control of large amounts of natural resources would provide great wealth, so they wanted control of the colonies to provide those resources. European powers also wanted to establish colonies to spread the Roman Catholic religion and to assert their power in rivalries with each other.

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the Church of England has been the official church in England for about 450 years

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1. a cowboy or herdsman.

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1. American History . a pattern of colonial commerce in which slaves were bought on the African Gold Coast with New England rum and then traded in the West Indies for sugar or molasses, which was brought back to New England to bemanufactured into rum.

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The forced migration of millions of captured and enslaved people from Africa to the Americas is known as the transatlantic slave trade. The slave trade began in the late 1400s. Europeans initially traded in the Caribbean and then began trading with American colonies. European slave ships would dock at western African ports, and Europeans would purchase cargos of enslaved people from African traders.

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the act of buying, selling, or exchanging stocks, bonds, or currency:

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A mission is an organized effort by Christians to spread their religious faith. In the 1600s and 1700s, the term was used to described settlements in North America that were established by Spanish Catholic priests to spread their religion to Native Americans. The majority of the missions that the Spanish established were in what is now the southwestern United States

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1. the part of the Atlantic Ocean between the west coast of Africa and the West Indies: the longest part of the journey formerly made by slave ships.

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1. a person who came to America and was placed under contract to work for another over a period of time,usually seven years, especially during the 17th to 19th centuries. Generally, indentured servantsin cluded redemptioners, victims of religious or political persecution, persons kidnappntured servant

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1. Also ep·i·dem·i·cal. (of a disease) affecting many persons at the same time, and spreading from person to person in a locality where the disease is not permanently prevalent.

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1. the aggregate of surrounding things, conditions, or influences; surroundings; milieu.

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the land or village together with its inhabitants

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one of the Spanish conquerors of Mexico and Peru in the 16th century.

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A quarter of a circle; an arc of 90°.

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A person who is a customer, client, or paying guest, especially a regular one, of a store, hotel, or the like.

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A ship route along the Arctic coast of Canada and Alaska, joining the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.

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volt or rebellion against constituted authority, especially by sailors against their officers.

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A triangular sail set on a long sloping yard, used especially on the Mediterranean Sea.

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An excursion, journey, or voyage made for some specific purpose, as of war or exploration.

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One of the Spanish conquerors of Mexico and Peru in the 16th century.

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an instrument for determining directions, as by means of a freely rotating magnetized needle that indicates magnetic north.

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To go or maneuver around.

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A small Spanish or Portuguese sailing vessel of the Middle Ages and later, usually lateen-rigged on two or three masts.

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Boats and boating--Equipment and supplies

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An astronomical instrument for taking the altitude of the sun or stars and for the solution of other problems in astronomy and navigation: used by Greek astronomers from about 200 b.c. and by Arab astronomers from the Middle Ages until superseded by the sextant.

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Native American cultures in the Pacific Northwest and parts of Canada have a totem

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A tepee was a cone-shaped tent used by some Native American groups for shelter. This type of housing was most common in the Plains region of the United States. The women in the tribe were responsible for building and maintaining the tepees.

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The Pueblo Indian emerged around 100 CE. This group settled in the region that spanned from central Utah to northern Mexico.

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These can include natural gas, fish, and forests. A natural resource has economic value only when people learn how to use or extract it.

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The Iroquois longhouse were built to house 20 or more families

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The Iroquois League was a confederation of five Indian nations, including the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca. The Tuscarora joined the confederation in 1722.

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A kivas is a room used by Puebloans for religious rituals and political meetings, many of them associated with the kachina belief system.

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An empire is a large group of territories and people who are ruled by a single sovereign leader or nation.

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The Algonquian are one of the most populous and widespread North American native language groups

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limits imposed on all branches of a government by vesting in each branch the right to amend or voidthose acts of another that fall within its purview.

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a change made by correction, addition, or deletion.

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to confirm by expressing consent, approval, or formal sanction.

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to confirm by expressing consent, approval, or formal sanction.

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the result of such a settlement.

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the document embodying these principles.

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the form or system of rule by which a state.