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Pedigree analysis

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examples of co-dominance and sex-linkage

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Chapter 2 getting into genes revision booklet

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Chapter 2 getting into genes revision booklet SOLUTIONS

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2.7-2.8

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Gene sequencing and switching

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Mitosis

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Meiosis

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Work out the answers by drawing punnet squares for each question

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Choose your answers carefully after you have run the square. READ each quesiton twice to make sure you are answering what it asks!

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Get a question right and shoot some baskets

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Get a question right and shoot some baskets

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Get a question correct and shoot for goal

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Get a question correct and shoot for goal

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Punnet square interactive using different animal features

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Punnet square interactive using different animal features

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The page you are trying to reach has been decommissioned. At McGraw Hill, we are committed to constantly improving our technology to meet the ever-changing needs of the educators and students we serve. As we focus on our new development efforts, it is time to say goodbye to some of our legacy sites and products.

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Punnet squares interactive using fruit flies

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Punnet squares interactive using fruit flies

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Please Note: In our effort to protect our customer's data, we will no longer take or store credit card data in any manner within our systems. As of April 30, 2016 we will not accept credit card payments via e-mail, fax or standard mail.

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2.

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Research the causes and effects of different genetic disorders

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Research the causes and effects of different genetic disorders

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Medical problem? Call 1800 022 222. If you need urgent medical help, call triple zero immediately

healthdirect Australia is a free service where you can talk to a nurse or doctor who can help you know what to do.

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Browse our index of articles on genetic disorders to learn about a specific condition. Information includes signs and symptoms of the condition, how it is diagnosed and where to go for support.

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Genetic variation is important because when conditions change (food becomes scarce, environment changes), some individuals in a population will be more likely to have variations that will allow them to survive. Those who reproduce pass their genes to the next generation. Variation helps species survive, and it's the reason species change over time.

In asexual reproduction, variation comes mainly from mutation. Mutation is a natural process that introduces permanent changes in a DNA sequence. However, microbes also acquire genetic variation through transformation, transduction, and conjugation (gene transfer). These mechanisms often come into play when conditions are harsh.

In sexual reproduction, variation comes from both mutation and recombination. Mutation creates the different versions (or alleles) of the same gene. Parental alleles are then shuffled-or recombined-during meiosis. Because of recombination, sexual reproduction produces more variation than asexual does.

Most commonly, traits are influenced by multiple genes and the environment. So for most traits, patterns of inheritance are complex and unpredictable. For instance, when a sexually reproducing organism inherits a defective or "broken" allele that codes for a non-functional protein, the second copy can often make up for the loss. This type of interplay between alleles, especially when traits are influenced by multiple genes, makes predicting inheritance difficult, if not impossible.

A small number of traits are influenced primarily by a single gene. Traits influenced mainly by one gene usually have predictable patterns of inheritance. However, most of the time even supposed "single-gene" traits are influenced by multiple genes, as in the case of eye color. And often times, a single gene can influence multiple traits. For example, some genes involved in eye color also influence hair and skin color.

Why do so many textbooks pretend that eyes come in just two colors, brown and blue? Eye color is influenced by two major genes and several minor genes. Variations in these genes determine whether your eyes are brown, blue, green, gold, hazel, greyish-blue, brown with green flecks, blue with a gold ring...you get the idea.

In rare cases, changes in DNA sequences can cause disease. The pattern of disease inheritance can be predictable or unpredictable, depending on whether the disease is influenced mainly by one gene or by several genes. See Genetic Disorders

It's not quite accurate to say that everyone inherits two copies of every gene. In most mammals, the X and Y sex chromosomes determine whether an individual is male or female. Females have two X chromosomes, and therefore two copies of every gene. Males, however, have one X and one Y chromosome. For genes that appear only on the X chromosome or only on the Y (some do appear on both), males inherit just one copy.

Other living things have sex chromosomes too. Birds and reptiles have Z and W sex chromosomes. Unlike with X and Y, males have two Z chromosomes, and females have one Z and one W. Some insects and a few mammals have only an X chromosome. Females have two copies and males have one. However, sex is not always determined by chromosomes. With alligators, crocodiles, and most turtles, it's egg incubation temperature. And some fish can change gender in response to cues from the environment. Sex determination happens in many different ways.

Traits that involve genes on the sex chromosomes have different inheritance patterns than non-sex-linked traits. Color-blindness and Duchenne muscular dystrophy, for example, are linked to genes on the X chromosome. Both of these disorders are more common in males because they have just one X chromosome. They have no second allele to mask the effects of a defective gene.

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Genetic variation is important because when conditions change (food becomes scarce, environment changes), some individuals in a population will be more likely to have variations that will allow them to survive. Those who reproduce pass their genes to the next generation. Variation helps species survive, and it's the reason species change over time.

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BBC Bitesize - GCSE Biology (Single Science) - Genetic diagrams and pedigree analysis - Revision 1

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Learn about genetic diagrams which show how characteristics are inherited with BBC Bitesize GCSE Biology.

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Use this to complete Investigation 2.2 if you do not have a coin

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Online virtual coin toss simulation app. Simulate a random coin flip or coin toss to make those hard 50/50 decisions from your mobile Android, iPhone, or Blackberry phone or desktop web browser.

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2.1-2.5

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Extension 2) identify the different stages of mitosis

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Extension 2) identify the different stages of mitosis

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HMH is a learning technology company and leading provider of K–12 core curriculum, supplemental and intervention solutions, and professional learning...

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Video clips about the Human Genome project

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Video clips about the Human Genome project

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The role of the Human Genome Project, Eric Lander :: DNA Learning Center

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The old child's story of the blind man and the elephant, that you've got these men, these blind men trying to describe the elephant, one's feeling the tail, one's feeling the trunk, one's feeling the ear, I mean that's, that's how cancer research had been.

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review crossword

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revision quiz

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The human genome consists of around three billion nucleotides but surprisingly only a small component of this actually codes for proteins.

These coding sequences make up less than two per cent of the genome.

The rest of the genome is made up of non-coding sequences.

Some of these non-coding sequences are involved in regulating the transcription of proteins, some are transcribed to RNA but are never translated into protein, for example tRNA, rRNA and other RNA fragments.

Many non-coding sequences have no known function.

When a cell divides, the process of DNA replication is very carefully controlled to preserve the genetic information encoded within the nucleotide base sequence.

However, changes in the genome, known as mutations, do occur and can result in either no protein or an altered protein being expressed.

Some mutations can affect a few bases - these are single gene mutations. Some mutations can affect the structure of one or more chromosomes - these are chromosome structure mutations.

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BBC Bitesize - Higher Biology - Genome - Revision 1

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The human genome consists of around three billion nucleotides but surprisingly only a small component of this actually codes for proteins. These coding sequences make up less than two per cent of the genome. The rest of the genome is made up of non-coding sequences.

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Questions linked to the video

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uses the library as a metaphor

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Chapter 2.3

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Chapter 2.4

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Chapters 2.1, 2.2

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Information about the DNA extraction practical

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Information about the DNA extraction practical