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Realism was mostly popular in the 1840s-1848 and dominated the French literature sence the 19th centry.
3 characteristics are,

Omniscient Narrator. ...

Verisimilitude. ...

The Novel. ...

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Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in Europe and United States. It impacted Realism by rejects the ideals of classical art, the emotional drama and the imagination of Romanticism. The Civil War also influenced Realism by American citizens wanting to leave their world that involves death and destruction from war because they wanted to end Romanticism. Progressive Era was a period of widespread social activism and political reform across the United States. Its impact Realism by addressing problems causing industrialization, urbanization, immigration, and political corruption.

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There's Sarah Orne Jewett, Kate Chopin, Bret Harte and more other authors. A prime example is Mark Twain, the best known realist writer, and his well known novel Adventures of Huck-leberry Finn. This is important because the reader will recognize and identify with the characters and the world they inhabit.

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The theory or practice of regional rather than central systems of administration or economic, cultural, or political affiliation.
Realism was a literary movement whose authors described life as they saw it, instead of how they imagined or wanted it to be. Another literary movement, Regionalism, was related to Realism. Regionalist authors portrayed the specific traits of particular regions or areas of the United States.
The main focus of regionalist was the Local color or regional literature is fiction and poetry that focuses on the characters, dialect, customs, topography, and other features particular to a specific region.

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Naturalism is a literary movement is similar to realism but its embrace of scientific objectivity. Naturalism have to do with Realism is rejecting Romanticism. The main focus of Naturalist writers is being too blunt as they focus on human misery. They used and treat humans as their characters or creatures.

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Some differences are Realism is a direct contrast to Romanticism, as it does not beautify, or make things more appealing. Romanticism typically shows fantastical situations, whereas Realism uses facts to depict ordinary everyday experiences.
Some similarity's are, Romanticism concerns itself with ideals. Realism concerns itself with more concrete, factual, everyday matters. Romanticism idealizes nature, while realism attempts to address the often harsh facts of nature in a matter-of-fact fashion. The two schools share nearly nothing as common ground.:)

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"The Elements of Literature, edited by Kylene Beers, Carol Jago, Deborah Appleman, Leila Christenbury, Sara Kajder, Linda Rief, Holt, 2009, pp. 605-613.
"The Elements of Literature, edited by Kylene Beers, Carol Jago, Deborah Appleman, Leila Christenbury, Sara Kajder, Linda Rief, Holt, 2009, pp. 619.
"The Elements of Literature, edited by Kylene Beers, Carol Jago, Deborah Appleman, Leila Christenbury, Sara Kajder, Linda Rief, Holt, 2009, pp. 681.