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The Twofold Genius of Garrett Morgan

Garrett Morgan was an African-American inventor who invented two very different and important things: the gas mask and the traffic signal. During his long life, he also became one of the most recognized and respected African-Americans in the country.
Morgan was born on March 4, 1877, in Paris, Kentucky. His parents were former slaves. As a child, he attended school and also worked on the family farm. When he was an older teen, he moved to Cincinnati to find work. He found it as an apprentice to a handyman, who paid young Garrett enough to hire a tutor and continue his studies.

When he was 18, he moved to Cleveland and found work repairing sewing machines and making clothes. It was also in Cleveland that he found the woman he would marry, Madge Nelson. They married in 1896 and were married for two years before getting divorced.

Morgan made enough money to open his own sewing machine repair shop, which he did in 1907. He was so successful that he expanded his business two years later to include making clothes, using equipment that he had built himself.

A year before, in 1908, he had helped form the Cleveland Association of Colored Men. In that same year, he had also gotten married for the second time, to Mary Hasek. They eventually had three sons.

The same skills that made Morgan a successful inventor and businessman also fired his curiosity and drove his inventions. He would see a need for something and then go about trying to find something that filled that need; if that something didn't exist, then he would make it himself. He had done this with his sewing equipment business, to great success. (He had 32 employees working for him.)

One thing that Morgan noticed early in the 20th Century was that people who fought fires and had other reasons to go into tunnels filled with smoke and fumes had no means of protecting themselves from breathing all that bad air. So, he invented what would eventually become the gas mask. This was in 1912, and he patented the device two years later. His device had a canvas hood that was connected to tubing in the back that had an open end that contained a water-soaked sponge. This sponge would filter out smoke and allow cool air to get in.

This invention wasn't exactly an overnight sensation until 1916, when Morgan used it to perfection in rescuing several people trapped underground as the result of an explosion at the Cleveland Waterworks. It was July 25 to be exact, and the feat made the national news. Very soon after that, Morgan received orders for his device from fire departments across the country. (Some historians maintain that Morgan's device was the prototype for the kind of gas mask that was used by the American Army during World War I.)

Morgan branched out again in 1920, starting a newspaper, the Cleveland Call. He made good money from running this newspaper, and he soon bought a home and a car. (Some historians say that he was the first African-American to own a car.)

The automobile was a relatively recent invention, and it was by no means the only method of transportation used by Americans. Many people still rode in horse-drawn carriages or rode bicycles or walked in the streets. People driving cars went much faster, of course, and accidents were commonplace.

Seeing this, Morgan decided to do something about it. He invented what would become the traffic light. Several people had invented different kinds of traffic signals by this time, but they weren't good enough for Morgan, who designed one that had some familiar features: a T-shaped pole that had a signal on the top, with three positions. These three positions were Go, Stop, and All-Stop. This last position applied to people coming from every direction, and was used to make sure that pedestrians could cross the street safely. Morgan received a patent for his device in 1923 and eventually sold it to General Electric. It was used throughout America until it was replaced by the traffic lights that are still used today.

He died in 1963 after a long and successful life. His two outstanding inventions live on.

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The Twofold Genius of Garrett Morgan Garrett Morgan was an African-American inventor who invented two very different and important things: the gas mask and the traffic signal. During his long life, he also became one of the most recognized and respected African-Americans in the country. Morgan was born on March 4, 1877, in Paris, Kentucky.

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Garrett Augustus Morgan, Sr. (March 4, 1877 - July 27, 1963) was an African-American inventor and community leader.

He is known for his inventions which included a type of protective respiratory hood (or gas mask), a traffic signal, and a hair-straightening chemical. He is also known for a heroic rescue in 1916 in which he and three others used the safety hood device he'd developed to save workers trapped within a water intake tunnel, fifty feet beneath Lake Erie. He is also credited as the first African American in Cleveland, Ohio, to own an automobile.

Early life and education

Morgan was born in 1877 in Claysville, Harrison County, Kentucky, an almost exclusively African American community outside Paris, Kentucky. His father was Sydney Morgan, a son and freed slave of Confederate Gen John H. Morgan of Morgan's Raiders. His mother, also a freed slave, was Elizabeth Reed, daughter of Rev. Garrett Reed; she was part Native American. He had at least one sibling, a brother named Frank, who helped in the 1916 Lake Erie tunnel rescue. Morgan received education up to sixth grade at Branch Elementary School in Claysville, then moved in search of work at the age of 14 to Cincinnati, Ohio.

He spent most of his teenage years working as a handyman for a Cincinnati landowner. Like many American children growing up at the turn of the century, Morgan had to quit school at a young age to work full-time. Morgan was able to hire a tutor and continue his studies while working in Cincinnati. In 1895, he moved to Cleveland, where he began repairing sewing machines for a clothing manufacturer. This experience sparked Morgan's interest in how things worked, and he built a reputation for fixing them. His first invention, developed during this period, was a belt fastener for sewing machines.

In 1907, Morgan opened a sewing machine shop. One year late, more conscious of his heritage, he helped start the Cleveland Association of Colored Men in 1908. One year later, he and his wife Mary Anne opened Morgan's Cut Rate Ladies Clothing Store. The shop, which made coats, suits, dresses, and other clothing, ultimately had 32 employees.

Around 1910, his interest in repairing other people's inventions waned, and he became interested in developing some of his own. He received his first patent in 1912.

In 1916, Morgan rescued workers trapped in a water intake tunnel 50 ft (15 m) beneath Lake Erie, using a hood fashioned to protect his eyes from smoke and featuring a series of air tubes that hung near the ground to draw clean air beneath the rising smoke.

He received a patent for his smoke hood design in 1914, the year he launched the National Safety Device Company. It is unknown whether the smoke hood brought him any commercial success. No sales figures have been found but his use of guerrilla marketing, going to different venues and demonstrating his smoke hood by strapping it on and entering a smoke-filled teepee, certainly demonstrated his faith in his own invention.

In 1913 he incorporated hair care products into his growing list of patents and launched the G. A. Morgan Hair Refining Company, which sold hair care products, including his patented hair straightening cream, a hair coloring, and a hair straightening comb invented by Morgan.

Later in life he developed glaucoma and by 1943 was functionally blind. He had poor health the rest of his life, but continued to work on his inventions. One of his last was a self-extinguishing cigarette, which used a small plastic pellet filled with water placed just before the filter. He died on July 27, 1963, at age 86 and was buried at the Lake View Cemetery in Cleveland.

Products and inventions

Hair care products

Morgan experimented with a liquid that gave sewing machine needles a high polish that prevented the needle from burning fabric as it sewed. In 1905, Morgan accidentally discovered that the liquid could also straighten hair. He made the liquid into a cream and launched the G. A. Morgan Hair Refining Company to market it. He also made a black hair oil dye and invented a curved-tooth comb for hair straightening in 1910.

Garrett Morgan invented a safety hood smoke protection device after seeing firefighters struggling from the smoke they encountered in the line of duty. His device used a wet sponge to filter out smoke and cool the air. It also took advantage of the way smoke and fumes tend to rise to higher positions while leaving a layer of more breathable air below, by using an air intake tube that dangled near the floor. The safety hood used a series of tubes to draw clean air of the lowest level the tubes could extend to. Smoke, being hotter than the air around it, rises, and by drawing air from the ground, the Safety Hood provided the user with a way to perform emergency respiration. He filed for a patent on the device in 1912, and founded a company called the National Safety Device Company in 1914 to market it. He was able to sell his invention around the country, sometimes using the tactic of having a hired white actor take credit rather than revealing himself as to its inventor. For demonstrations of the device, he sometimes adopted the disguise of "Big Chief Mason", a purported full-blooded Indian from the Walpole Island Indian Reserve in Canada. He would demonstrate the device by building a noxious fire fueled by tar, sulfur, formaldehyde and manure inside an enclosed tent. Disguised as Big Chief Mason, he would enter the tent full of black smoke, and would remain there for 20 minutes before emerging unharmed.

His safety hood device was simple and effective, whereas the other devices in use at the time were generally difficult to put on, excessively complex, unreliable, or ineffective. It was patented and awarded a gold medal two years later by the International Association of Fire Chiefs. Morgan's safety hood was used to save many lives during the period of its use. By World War I, his breathing device was refined to carry its own air supply, making it a gas mask. However, upon their entry into the First World War, the United States Army adopted the British Small Box Respirator and French M2 Respirator as their standard anti-gas equipment, the former invented by Newfoundlander Cluny MacPherson.

He also developed later models that incorporated an airbag that could hold about 15 minutes of fresh air.

His invention became known nationally when he led a rescue that saved several men's lives after a July 24, 1916 tunnel explosion under Lake Erie. Before Morgan arrived, two previous rescue attempts had failed. The attempted rescuers had become victims themselves by entering the tunnel and not returning. Morgan was roused in the middle of the night after one of the members of the rescue team who had seen a demonstration of his device sent a messenger to convince him to come and to bring as many of his hoods as he could. He arrived on the scene still wearing his pajamas, and brought his brother Frank and four of the hoods with him. Most of the rescuers on the scene were initially skeptical of his device, so he and his brother went into the tunnel along with two other volunteers, and succeeded in pulling out two men from the previous rescue attempts. He emerged carrying a victim on his back, and his brother followed just behind with another. Others joined in after his team succeeded, and rescued several more. His device was also used to retrieve the bodies of the rescuers that did not survive. Morgan personally made four trips into the tunnel during the rescue, and his health was affected for years afterward from the fumes he encountered there. Cleveland's newspapers and city officials initially ignored Morgan's act of heroism as the first to rush into the tunnel for the rescue and his key role as the provider of the equipment that made the rescue possible, and it took years for the city to recognize his contributions. City officials requested the Carnegie Hero Fund Commission to issue medals to several of the men involved in the rescue, but excluded Morgan from their request. He believed that the omission was racially motivated. Later, in 1917, a group of citizens of Cleveland tried to correct for the omission by presenting him with a diamond-studded gold medal. After the heroic rescue Morgan's company received order requests from fire departments all over the country. However, the national news contained photographs of him, and officials in a number of southern cities canceled their existing orders when they discovered he was black.

He was also given a medal from the International Association of Fire Engineers, which made him an honorary member.

Morgan's invention of the safety hood was featured on the television show Inventions that Shook the World and Mysteries at the Museum (S08E05).

Traffic signal

The first American-made automobiles were introduced to consumers just before the turn of the twentieth century, and pedestrians, bicycles, animal-drawn wagons and motor vehicles all had to share the same roads. To deal with the growing problem of traffic accidents, a number of different versions of traffic signaling devices began to be developed simultaneously, starting around 1913.

Morgan had witnessed a serious accident at an intersection, and he filed a patent for a traffic control device having a third "warning" position in 1922. The patent was granted in 1923, though this was not the first system with a warning, a three-signal system being invented in 1920 by William Potts, and several other previous systems some of which had audible warnings.

Community leadership

In 1908, he co-founded the Cleveland Association of Colored Men, which later merged with the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Morgan served as its treasurer. He was a member of the NAACP and donated money to Historically Black Colleges and Universities colleges.

Morgan, in 1920, founded the Cleveland Call, a weekly newspaper and, in 1938, subsequently participated in its merger that created the Cleveland Call and Post newspaper. Morgan purchased a farm near Wakeman, Ohio, and upon that land build the Wakeman Country Club, open to Blacks, unlike most country clubs then.

Morgan was a member of the Prince Hall Freemasons, in Excelsior Lodge No. 11 of Cleveland, Ohio. He belonged to Antioch Baptist Church.

In 1931, seeing that the city was neither properly addressing the needs of its African American citizens, he ran for a seat on the Cleveland City Council as an independent, but was not elected.

Personal life

He married Madge Nelson in 1896, only to divorce in 1898. In 1908 he and Mary Hasek were married and together, they had three children: John P.; Garrett A., Jr. and Cosmo.

Morgan died in Cleveland in 1963, where he was interred in Lake View Cemetery.

Awards and recognitions

At the Emancipation Centennial Celebration in Chicago, Illinois, in August 1963 (one month after his death), Morgan was nationally recognized.

In the Cleveland, Ohio area, the Garrett A. Morgan Cleveland School of Science and the Garrett A. Morgan Water Treatment Plant have been named in his honor. An elementary school in Chicago was also named after him. An elementary school bearing his name opened in the fall of 2016 in Lexington, Kentucky. In Prince George's County, Maryland, there is a street named Garrett A. Morgan Boulevard (formerly Summerfield Boulevard until 2002) and the adjacent Metro stop (Morgan Boulevard) also bears his name.

Morgan was included in the 2002 book 100 Greatest African Americans by Molefi Kete Asante.

Morgan is an honorary member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity.

Documentary

Morgan is featured in Bayer Mack's 2019 documentary, No Lye: An American Beauty Story, that chronicles the rise and decline of the black-owned ethnic beauty industry.

In Spanish: Garrett Augustus Morgan para niños

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Frederick McKinley Jones (May 17, 1893 - February 21, 1961) was an American inventor, entrepreneur, winner of the National Medal of Technology, and an inductee of the National Inventors Hall of Fame. His innovations in refrigeration brought great improvement to the long-haul transportation of perishable goods. He co-founded Thermo King.

Jones was born in Cincinnati, Ohio on May 17, 1893 to a White father and Black mother. His mother deserted him when he was a child. His father struggled to raise him on his own. After he was virtually orphaned at the age of seven, he was raised by a priest at a Catholic rectory in Cincinnati. Jones left school after 6th grade and left the rectory to return to Cincinnati at age 11, where he got a job first as a cleaning boy and by age 14 he was working as an automobile mechanic. He boosted his natural mechanical ability and inventive mind with independent reading and study and the willingness to seek new pastures in his search for advancement, against the odds.

In 1912, Jones moved to Hallock, Minnesota, where he worked as a mechanic on a 50,000-acre (200 km ²) farm.

After service with the U.S. Army in World War I, Jones returned to Hallock; while employed as a mechanic, Jones taught himself electronics and built a transmitter for the town's new radio station. He also invented a device to combine sound with motion pictures. This attracted the attention of Joseph A. Numero of Minneapolis, Minnesota, who hired Jones in 1930 to improve the sound equipment made by his firm, Cinema Supplies Inc.

Refrigeration

Around 1938, Jones designed a portable air-cooling unit for trucks carrying perishable food, and received a patent for it on July 12, 1940. Numero sold his movie sound equipment business to RCA and formed a new company in partnership with Jones, the U.S. Thermo Control Company (later the Thermo King Corporation) which became a $3 million business by 1949. Portable cooling units designed by Jones were especially important during World War II, preserving blood, medicine, and food for use at army hospitals and on open battlefields.

Distinctions and honors

During his life, Jones was awarded 61 patents. Forty were for refrigeration equipment, while others went for portable X-ray machines, sound equipment, and gasoline engines.

1953 Merit Award, Phyllis Wheatley Auxiliary, "for outstanding achievements which serve as an inspiration to youth."

In 1977, he was posthumously inducted into the Minnesota Inventors Hall of Fame.

In 1991, the National Medal of Technology was awarded to Joseph A. Numero and Frederick M. Jones. President George Bush presented the awards posthumously to their widows at a ceremony in the White House Rose Garden. Jones was the first African American to receive the award.

In the March 2009 issue of Heavy Duty Truck magazine, editor Tom Berg dubbed Jones "The King of Cool", and wrote that his "technological breakthrough redefined the global marketplace, with cultural reverberations felt from the world's largest cities to its most isolated villages."

He died of lung cancer in Minneapolis in 1961, predeceasing his wife Lucille. In an obituary in the Saturday Evening Post it was said "Most engineers start at the bottom of a project and work up, but Fred takes a flying leap to the top of the mountain and then backs down, cutting steps for himself and the rest of us as he goes." Jones continued filing for patents almost up until his death, receiving his last patent in February 1960.

US patent 2,163,754 was issued on June 27, 1939 - Ticket dispensing machine.

US patent D132,182 was issued on April 28, 1942 - Design for air conditioning unit.

US patent 2,336,735 was issued on December 14, 1943 - Removable cooling units for compartments.

US patent 2,337,164 was issued on December 21, 1943 - Means for automatically stopping and starting gas engines.

US patent 2,376,968 was issued on May 29, 1945 - Two-cycle gas engine.

US patent 2,417,253 was issued on March 11, 1947 - Two-cycle gas engine.

US patent 2,475,841 was issued on July 12, 1949 - Automatic refrigeration system for long-haul trucks.

US patent 2,475,842 was issued on July 12, 1949 - Starter generator.

US patent 2,475,843 was issued on July 12, 1949 - Means operated by a starter generator for cooling a gas engine.

US patent 2,477,377 was issued on July 26, 1949 - Means for thermostatically operating gas engines.

US patent 2,504,841 was issued on April 18, 1950 - Rotary compressor.

US patent 2,509,099 was issued on May 23, 1950 - System for controlling operation of refrigeration units.

US patent D159,209 was issued on July 4, 1950 - Design for air conditioning unit.

US patent 2,523,273 was issued on September 26, 1950 - Engine actuated ventilating system.

US patent 2,526,874 was issued on October 24, 1950 - Apparatus for heating or cooling atmosphere within an enclosure.

US patent 2,535,682 was issued on December 26, 1950 - Prefabricated refrigerator construction.

US patent 2,581,956 was issued on January 8, 1952 - Refrigeration control device.

US patent 2,666,298 was issued on January 19, 1954 - Methods and means of defrosting a cold diffuser.

US patent 2,696,086 was issued on December 7, 1954 - Method and means for air conditioning.

US patent 2,780,923 was issued on February 12, 1957 - Method and means for preserving perishable foodstuffs in transit.

US patent 2,850,001 was issued on September 2, 1958 - Control device for internal combustion engine.

US patent 2,926,005 was issued on February 23, 1960 - Thermostat and temperature control system.

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Learn Frederick McKinley Jones facts for kids

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(1893-1961). A brilliant U.S. inventor credited with more than 60 patents, Frederick Jones is perhaps best known for inventing an automatic refrigeration system for long-haul trucks. He received a patent for this invention in 1940.

Born in Cincinnati, Ohio, on May 17, 1893, Frederick McKinley Jones was orphaned at an early age and did not attend school beyond the eighth grade. He served in the military and fought in France during World War I, receiving...

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(1893-1961). A brilliant U.S. inventor credited with more than 60 patents, Frederick Jones is perhaps best known for inventing an automatic refrigeration system for long-haul trucks. He received a patent for this invention in 1940.Born in Cincinnati, Ohio, on May 17, 1893, Frederick McKinley Jones was orphaned at an early age and did not attend school beyond the eighth grade.

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Frederick McKinley Jones - American Inventor

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Inventor Mr Frederick McKinley Jones  Automatic Refrigeration

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While home security systems today are more advanced than ever, back in 1966 the idea for a home surveillance device seemed almost unthinkable. That was the year famous African-American inventor Marie Van Brittan Brown, and her partner Albert Brown, applied for an invention patent for a closed-circuit television security system - the forerunner to the modern home security system.

Brown's system had a set of four peep holes and a camera that could slide up and down to look out each one. Anything the camera picked up would appear on a monitor. An additional feature of Brown's invention was that a person also could unlock a door with a remote control.

A female black inventor far ahead of her time, Marie Van Brittan Brown created an invention that was the first in a long string of home-security inventions that continue to flood the market today.

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Marie Van Brittan Brown: Home Security Inventions - Famous Black Inventors

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While home security systems today are more advanced than ever, back in 1966 the idea for a home surveillance device seemed almost unthinkable. That was the year famous African-American inventor Marie Van Brittan Brown, and her partner Albert Brown, applied for an invention patent for a closed-circuit television security system - the forerunner to the modern home security system.

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Detail of Marie Van Brittan Brown's original design for a home security system. (U.S. Patent and Trademark Office)

Marie Van Brittan Brown felt uneasy in her neighborhood and the police were unreliable. So, she took matters in her own hands and patented the modern home security system. Over 50 years later, the technology is installed in millions of homes and offices worldwide.

Brown was a 43-year-old African American nurse who worked long, late hours before returning home to Jamaica, Queens in New York City. Her husband, Albert Brown, an electronics technician, was away many nights. Crime in their neighborhood was high, and police were often slow to respond to emergency calls.

Brown needed a way to feel safer in her apartment. Specifically, she wanted a way to see and hear who was at the door - from any room in the house.

In 1966, Brown designed a closed-circuit security system that monitored visitors via camera and projected their images onto a television monitor. Not only that, a panic button contacted the police immediately. Brown envisioned a series of three to four peepholes at various heights; a camera would slide over these peepholes to assess the outside area. A radio-controlled wireless system would transfer the image to a monitor, or set of monitors, positioned anywhere in the residence. At the monitor, a resident could not only see who was at the door, she could also talk with that person via a set of two-way microphones. A remote control option allowed her to lock or unlock the door from a safe, or more convenient distance.

Marie Van Brittan Brown. (Wikimedia)

Brown filed the patent for her "home security system utilizing television surveillance" on August 1, 1966. Her husband's name got second billing. It was the first patent of its kind.

The Browns' application was impressive, drawing on existing closed-circuit television technology mainly used in military surveillance. A German engineer by the name of Walter Burch had developed camera-monitoring systems in 1942 in order to observe Nazi V-2 rocket testing from a safe distance. Brown's security system brought "CCTV" use into the home.

Three years after filing, Brown was awarded her patent on December 2, 1969. The New York Timesreported the story on December 6. It listed Albert Brown's name first, followed by "his wife, Marie," and continued, "With the patented system, a woman alone in the house could alarm the neighborhood immediately by pressing a button, and installed in a doctor's office it might prevent holdups by drug addicts." When asked about next steps, Brown said she planned to install the device in their Queens home and explore manufacturing options.

Though evidence suggests the Browns did not pursue commercial opportunities, their invention inspired many versions of home security systems we use today, in single-family homes, apartment buildings, and small businesses. Beyond the simple alarm system, camera-based security systems help with everything from personal safety to improved mail delivery. By 2013, more than a dozen inventors had cited the Brown patent for their own devices. Brown later received an award from the National Scientists Committee.

Finally, the popularity and potential of Brown's device also led to the more prevalent CCTV surveillance in public areas, a.k.a Big Brother. According to a 2016 New Scientist report, 100 million concealed closed-circuit cameras are now in operation worldwide. Now we're the ones being watched, whether we knocked or not.

Marie Van Brittan Brown died on February 2, 1999.

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This African American woman invented your home security system

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Marie Van Brittan Brown felt uneasy in her neighborhood and the police were unreliable. So, she took matters in her own hands and patented the modern home security system. Over 50 years later, the technology is installed in millions of homes and offices worldwide.

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Marie Van Brittan Brown: Inventor | 7 Days Of Genius | MSNBC

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Do you ever wonder "Hmm who invented toasters? Who invented beds? Or Who invented alarm clocks?". Well, I do too! I wonder, who invented the first ever home security system? Well, I've done some research and I found out who invented the first ever home security system! The inventor's name is Marie Van Brittan Brown! Keep on reading this passage to find out more.

Marie Van Brittan Brown Marie Van Brittan Brown was born on October 30, 1922. Marie was a nurse and an inventor, of course. She went to Harrison College, DeVry University, and the University of Phoenix. Marie married Albert Brown. After getting married, Marie and Albert had two children: a boy and a girl. Their names were Norma Brown and Albert Brown Jr. Norma followed into her mother Marie's footsteps and became a nurse and an inventor as well. Sadly Marie passed away on February 2, 1999, at the age of 76.

Marie's invention had a huge impact on our everyday lives, even on my life. For example, when people leave their houses they do not have to worry about somebody breaking in their houses. You can be more calm and at ease when you leave your home. The security system alerts you to know when you are in danger or if some folks have been in your home. Then, you know when something is wrong.

Marie invented the first home security system because she said the police were too slow in arriving to their and her own emergencies. Marie's design was influenced by the surveillance risk of her home in her range. Apart of building the first home security system, while building her worldwide invention she invented the first security cameras. Marie had her patent filed in 1966. She was in her early 30's when her U.S patent # 3,482,037 was filed.

Now you have learned a little bit about Marie Van Brittan Brown. You've learned why she built the first ever home security system, her family information, and how much Marie's invention had an impact on people's lives. Also that Marie also built security cameras while making the security system.

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shares Facebook Twitter Email Do you ever wonder "Hmm who invented toasters? Who invented beds? Or Who invented alarm clocks?". Well, I do too! I wonder, who invented the first ever home security system? Well, I've done some research and I found out who invented the first ever home security system!