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Vicarious Trauma experienced by therapists 

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Vicarious Trauma experienced by therapists 

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When studying the susceptibility of vicarious trauma in therapists or mental health care clinicians who work closely with sex offenders, a phenomenological study can help provide comprehensive material, the profundity of which can be analysed through the categorization of various themes found within the material gathered. The stigma in realm of healthcare can be discussed as well and viable resources to overcome those can be proposed.

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In order to make sense of disorganized data, reading through the material to find key themes and issues is a good start. Once the themes are identified, a structure can then be formed using 'mind-mapping' or any other format that is comfortable. Categorizing specific texts and notes under each theme can provide some semblance of organization. This data can then be organized further using a certain database designed by the researchers who can put each theme or issue under different analysis headings, use various available methods to compare and extract data. This allows for the identification of various relationships between issues and themes which could have been missed upon initial analysis.

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Various ways are adopted through which data can be collected in this type of research design. An unstructured interview is one method that is popularly used here. Using an unstructured format (or its lack rather) allows for interviews to take on a more casual flow, like that of a conversation. This allows individuals to divulge in information more easily and removes any restrictions other formats may impose.  In-depth interviews with open-ended questions ensure conversations are mostly carried by the participants, guided by the interviewer.
Observation is another way researchers use to gather data; by observing body language, hand gestures, facial expressions helps the researcher understand the level of comfort felt by the participants.
However, one problem with such methods is that it generates an incredible amount of data (interview notes, transcripts, tape recordings, personal notes, other materials or records) which needs to be analysed. The analysis also is not organized and is generally found to be messy as the data doesn't necessarily fall neatly into specified categories or be linked in the desired way.

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Phenomenology is a part of qualitative research design, which aims to produce an account of lived experiences in its own terms, rather than one that deals with pre-existing theoretical notions. Initially articulated by Husserl, it is primarily a philosophical approach that is used to develop an articulate description and understanding of specific human experience (grief, specific trauma).  Using this approach allows individuals/participants to describe their lived experiences openly, without the fear of being prosecuted and labelled as unprofessional. It also allows them to discuss the stigma attached to various experiences and how it prevents them from accessing useful resources.

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1. Its a classic experimental research design.
2. Sample is divided into groups; control and experimental grp.
3. Control grp gets no treatment or intervention while the experimental grp receives a type of experimentation.
4. There are two variables i.e. independent and dependent variables with levels or without; and they are mainly formed to test a hypothesis and/or causal relationships.
5. However, both groups are subject to errors and biases that vary or have an effect on the treatment/intervention. Broadly classified as participant variables, extraneous and confounding variables and researcher variables.
6. There is also a component of pretest and posttest assessments with regards to the administration of the intervention, this is done to measure and evaluate the degree of change observed or effect of the intervention in comparison.

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When I think of application of Grounded theory to the experiences of millennials who survived the layoffs, I start with the assumption that millennials are more resilient are compared to their predecessors - Gen X and earlier. Therefore, I need to understand how millennials who experience the uncertainties and anxieties of the current economy and the transformation taking place continue to stay resilient and have a positive outlook. The data needs to be collected directly from millennials who have survived the layoffs (or are surviving the layoffs) and experiencing it firsthand from different organizations, ethnicity, industries and so on- i.e. theoretical sampling. I start by creating my research questions, then go into data collection through interviews. Interviews need to be open ended and in relation to this topic, can be - What was the core phenomena - i.e what was the process you went through during the layoff? What influenced that process to occur - causal conditions? What actions did the individual take? what were the outcomes of the strategies/ actions? Once the data is available, there are 3 types of coding that can be done - initial step is open coding or looking at categories based on the themes. Coding is looking at the text and determining the category. We can also use memoing to determine if there are additional themes or categories. second stage is axial coding where we look for how categories are related to each other - either a coding diagram or a process. Finally, selective coding to give an overall explanation of the theory. There is another step to test and verify the theory by recruiting a new group of participants and ask the same questions to analyse if the experiences are the same.  Limitations - size of the participants, researcher bias, analysis can be time consuming and may not be representative of the larger population.

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Here's a snapshot of a case study done on Internet-addicted people. Just to get an idea.

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So, it's hard to find case studies that fit the exact idea of Internet Addicted youths and self-control. But if we were to do that ourselves, this is how we would go about it.
An Individual or a group of previously diagnosed participants are selected. (or if the purpose of the study is to find out whether or not they are addicted, then, in that case, the chosen participants are the ones suspected to be addicted). Their entire comprehensive history is taken, usually, but not exclusively, gathered by interview. This would be the person’s record to date in employment, education, family details, socio-economic status, relationships, and so on, and might include a detailed account of experiences relevant to the issue, which makes the person of particular research interest(here, the variables would be Internet-addicted youth and self-control). The person would be interviewed regularly, sometimes following the same issues along, sometimes looking at new issues and all dependent on the specific type of research question being asked ( here, self-control and Internet addiction). Psychological scales and tests might also be administered. There might be a role for naturalistic observation, particularly where the person is a young child, as when, for instance, a severely deprived child’s play activities and developing social interactions are monitored for change.
Indirect sources: Data can be drawn from historical sources (ARCHIVAL DATA), government information, or the media. Although indirect, these studies do make observations on the behavior of people and, through some interpretation, constitute evidence on prevailing attitudes and behavior. This is a perfectly legitimate way to test and eliminate hypotheses about causal factors in social phenomena. The observation of electronic or printed media coverage could be subjected to content analysis. ( Content analysis is a research tool used to determine the presence of certain words, themes, or concepts within some given qualitative data (i.e. text). Using content analysis, researchers can quantify and analyze the presence, meanings, and relationships of such certain words, themes, or concepts. )  VERBAL PROTOCOLS. These are the recorded product of asking participants to talk or think aloud during an activity. They may report on the thoughts they have while trying to solve a mental arithmetic problem, or while making a decision. Such a protocol if applied to our case study could be applied to gain access to the adolescent's thought process while they are on their computers or off it for long hours.

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Emphasis is provided on the 'context' of these stories. How does the diagnosis affect the social, academic or personal life of our participant and also how historical contexts influence these relationships.

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In the context of studying the life experience of a child who is on the Autism Spectrum using the Narrative Inquiry will require to gather the stories and then chronologically report these to help us give meaning to those experiences. 'The Narrative analysis will involve collecting descriptions of events/experiences and then configuring them into a story using a plot line.' According to Chase, as cited in Creswell, pragmatic reasons, such as how individuals are enabled or constrained by social resources and are socially situated in interactive performances, can be used by a Researcher. These Narratives may be guided by a theoretical lens or perspectives, which will influence who is writing the story and how much of the story is presented. In the case of a child on the spectrum, it's possible that the researcher is the one recording observations and interviews with family members or the participant recording their stories through journals or diary. Either way, a considerable amount of time needs to be spent gathering stories through multiple ways.

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A quick understanding on Phenomenology:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d5geMLe5tbM

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Case study :  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kynoEFQNEq8

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Ethnographic study https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vs8au2G0cb4

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M2DyB-hGX-Q - Grounded theory. This video has more explanation in terms of how to conduct research based on grounded theory and the steps are detailed.

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The steps of inquiry discussed in the video I've shared above are different from the textbook so we can skip that part, but otherwise she explains the approach fairly holistically.

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Experimental Designs

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Narrative Research : https://youtu.be/dAV-rrmSzrQ

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Experiences of millennials who survived the layoffs

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Impact of Internet Addiction on self-control among youth