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In 1816, during a period of experimentation the French inventor Joseph Nicéphore Niépce invented the first device that could recreate pictures making the world's first permanent photograph. Unlike the previously used devices and techniques such as the 'Camera Obscura' using rays on sunlight in a dark room to catch images that would appear upside down once printed. Nicéphore researched for years the concept of keeping permanent prints of the images found at the back of Camera Obscura, while he also tried to obtain a positive picture without it resulting upside down. He experimented with compounds that would bleach and lighten the picture, instead of darkening it, so he tried mixtures of salts and iron oxide, as well as manganese black oxide, but after realising that the issue was not yet resolved, he decided to study acids and decomposition, to achieve the look of a permanent photograph.

I choose this object to demonstrate technology as it is now a crucial device that is used in many areas of knowledge, as a photograph is a quick way to capture and record the details in a scene, extending human knowledge and understanding. The camera is considered one of the most crucial inventions since the printing press, as images play a crucial role in various scenarios, it allows people to capture moments to better analyse them, and further understand various phenomena or keep the evidence, and with the passing of time and with the technological advancments, there have been a lot of recreations of the camera and improvements, in terms of speed, quality, accessibility and manifacture. The camera is now used as an every day practice by large numbers of people daily, as every phone includes a camera, and a lot of researchers rely on photographs as a primary source.

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-The modern helicopter owes much of its design and function to Igor Sikorsky, a Ukrainian engineer who brought the concept of vertical flight to practical reality. Sikorsky, was born in 1889 in Kyiv, Ukraine, and he was deeply inspired by Leonardo da Vinci's early sketches of flying machines which were made approximately in 15th century.

-I have chosen Helicopter because, my home-country Ukraine is a home-country of helicopters. The helicopter is a revolutionary invention that made vertical flight possible, allowing for maneuverability, including vertical takeoffs, and movement in any direction. Unlike fixed-wing aircraft that require runways, helicopters can reach remote, hard to access areas and operate in environments where other aircraft cannot. It makes them essential for tasks such as rescue missions, military operations, and transport in rugged terrain. This unique technology has solved many challenges, which previously were considered as unsolvable. Its ability to hover over specific locations enables precise aerial work, such as delivering supplies to distant areas, helping in firefighting, and conducting search and rescue missions in danger for life zones. Helicopters are also universal, finding use in fields like environmental conservation, law enforcement, and emergency medical services, where rapid response and access to confined spaces are critical. Pilots in a wide range of specializations, such as paramedics, researchers, journalists, and adventurers, use helicopters to accomplish difficult jobs.

-Helicopter have changed the course of aviation by providing a solution to the previously unsolvable problem of achieving both vertical and horizontal movement in one machine as a key feature. His work also empowered ordinary individuals by making vertical flight accessible, allowing helicopters to be used in fields like medical evacuation, disaster relief, and agriculture and also in mission and its used in military.

Does some knowledge belong only to particular communities of knowers?

Yes it is. It belongs to a particular communities of knowers, because it requires technical skills for helicopter design, operations, engineering and military sectors. Additionally these communities posseses certain skills such as training and experience, which is needed to understand and use this type of knowledge. Although some of this knowledge may eventually be shared for broader use. Its specialised nature keeps it largerly within the originating community of certain experts.

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I have chosen the saxophone as an example of how technology can change music and create new sounds that were not possible before. The saxophone was invented by Adolphe Sax, a Belgian instrument maker, in the 1840s. At the time, there was no instrument that combined the strong, loud sound for a brass instrument with the flexibility and smoothness of woodwind. Sax wanted to make an instrument that could bridge the gap, and he succeeded with the saxophone.

The saxophones design allowed musicians to play with more emotion and expression. This new sound was different from anything people had heard before, which made the saxophone popular in many music styles, from classical to jazz. In fact, jazz musicians quickly embraced the saxophone, and it became a key part of jazz music, helping to shape the genre itself.

The saxophone shows an important quality of technology: it lets people create new things and express themselves in new ways. Adolphe Sax not just following existing traditions, he wanted to solve a problem he saw in music. This invention also highlights how technology can bring fame and recognition to its inventors.

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I have chosen as an object a digital camera. The first digital camera was created in 1975 by Eastman Kodak engineer Steven Sasson, in New York, USA. Digital camera, compared to the ones which existed in the past has an ability to make photos digitally and photo shot took 50 milliseconds. Nowadays digital cameras have increased their functions and they are able not only to make many shots per second, but they are also able to make videos and make various redactions.

I have chosen digital camera, because it is an object I can relate myself with. I am interested in making photos of different beautiful places and people, as well as of myself. It allows me to see beauty in small things around the world and capture them at their best by using camera. Digital camera produces photos, which produce knowledge about our world and different objects. As camera is able to film a moment or action, which is for example historically important and can be used for people to see how the world actually looks like and it can be used visa versa, for propaganda and fake information, as camera shot can be directed only on one part of the action and it might represent one thing, when in real life it is opposite. Therefore digital camera produces knowledege about world and people, and photos allow to represents information, without saying a word.

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This is the first computer that was invented by Charles Babbage, who was born in 1791 in London, England. This computer was first developed in 1822, and its purpose was compute polynomial functions. By 1833 he actually designed an Analytical Engine that became a general-purpose of computer. However, this protocol has frequent errors which unfortunately, led to shorten funding and Babbage was never able to complete his construction. It was not until 1941 that Konard Zuse built the first general-purpose computer and continued Babbage purposed.

Nowadays, Computer has became an object that serve human not just the purpose of calculating numbers, but has enhanced its ability with more function. One of the exaggerated function is the knowledge of long-distance communication. For instance, writing email, video call, etc. This allowed human to communicate in real-time regardless of where they are. Regarding that reason, Computer also helps in enhancing human knowledge. That's because, computer is able to a store a huge junks of data, and still continually expand more space. This allow human to have better organise and focusing on something more important than to memorise the data, develop human knowledge in other experiment.

In an online community, Computer is the most important tool that represent and allow this community to exist. Online communities such as general office workers, and college students (and some high school students) need computer in their daily work. For example, college students use computer for visual presentation, research to countless sources of information, online class and more. The advance of computer nowadays, has given human facilities and better organise. These benefits allow them to organise their assignment effectively, and in addition, helping human to accomplish something that cannot be achieve otherwise.

I have chose this object to depict the development of human knowledge in technology;

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This watch is a Bestwin watch made of stainless steel. It works with a battery and has Persian numbers on it indicating the time. It is a technology and a watch just like other watches, but it is connected to me, and it is mine. I use this specific watch every day to know the time. It helps me keep my plans on track and stay punctual, and it is the reason that I am not late for classes, meetings, dinner times in boarding, and so much more.

How is a watch a technology? Watches are complex technologies that work with complex levers, gears, and springs, they are made with the knowledge of mechanical engineering and are powered by batteries. There are also smartwatches that also count as technologies because they have heat sensors, GPS, etc. This object communicates knowledge, and the knowledge it communicates is the time. Communities that can connect to this object can be multiple, the people who own a watch and acquire the knowledge of the time, and the community of Persians with the same background.

Another fact that connects this watch to me is its Persian numbers. They depict my ethnicity, Persian. Persian numbers originated from ancient Persia and were adapted by Persian scholars by the 9th century.

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This is a telescope that was created by William Herschel, a German amateur astronomer who built his telescope in his back yard in the British town of Bath in 1781 (Uri). Telescopes such as these had not been built in that time. This invention allowed Herschel to catalogue many more stars than previously imagined. (“Our Online Collection"). In 1781, he used this telescope to discover a new planet: Uranus (Uri).

I have chosen this object to demonstrate a key feature of technology: technology allows us to solve problems previously thought unsolvable, such as cataloguing stars in the night sky. The object also demonstrates another feature of technology: it allows ordinary people to produce knowledge. William Herschel was no professional astronomer (in fact, he was a composer (“History - Herschel Museum of Astronomy”)), but he did have a keen interest in the stars and planets. This interest, and the technological advancements of the time, allowed him to build a giant telescope that helped revolutionize astronomy.

This telescope shows, like no other, these two combined key features of technology: it solves problems and it opens the production of knowledge up to regular people. This particular piece of technology brought fame and fortune to Herschel, as technology continues to do for entrepreneurs today.