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Black codes were designed to limit the freedom of black people in America. (1865) Some of these codes included:

No preaching

No carrying firearms

No drinking

No congregating in large groups

No vagrancy (homelessness)

Limited Housing

Miscegenation banned (marriage of people in two different racial groups)

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Brown v. Board of Education (Topeka) 1955

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Brown v. Board of Education (Topeka) 1955

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In the 1940's, African American parents tried to enroll their children into all-white schools. Their requests were refused, so  the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) filed a lawsuit against the Board of Education. One of the main people involved was Oliver Brown, whose son was not allowed to enroll in one of the schools.

The Brown v. Board of Education case ruled that racial segregation in public schools violated the 14th Amendment. This ruling helped spark the Civil Rights movement in the United States.

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Birth of A Nation is a Hollywood hit, that was released in 1914. The film made much profit when it was released, but it has been censured due to its positive portrayal of the KKK. Male African-Americans are portrayed as always desiring white women, whereas the KKK are depicted as heroes.

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People involved in the Civil Rights movement influenced the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Some of these influential people/groups include Martin Luther King Junior, the Freedom Riders, Malcolm X, and Harriet Tubman.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits discrimination based on race, color, gender, nationality, or religious beliefs. The Act also ended (legal) Jim Crow.

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The Harlem Renaissance lasted from about the 1910's to 1930's and it was a major flourish in African-American culture in Harlem, New York.

Some important figures in the Renaissance include:
-Dorothy West
-Langston Hughes
-Billie Holiday
-Willie Smith
-Duke Ellington

These people were either singers, authors, poets, or musicians.

One of the most important people during this era was Alain Locke, who was an author and a philosopher. He created the concept New Negro, which started the Renaissance.

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The Great Migration consisted of the migration of African-Americans from small Southern communities to larger cities in the North/West. About six million people moved during this time. (1916-1970)

The Red Summer (also known as the Chicago Race Riot of 1919) included about 25 riots throughout the summer after World War I.

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W.E.B. Dubois was born after the Civil War in Massachusetts, and he was the first black person to earn a PhD from Harvard. Dubois believed that the only way to have change was through protest.

Booker T. Washington was born into slavery in Virginia. He believed that it was best to remain segregated as long as black people could access education, justice in U.S. courts, and economic progress.

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The court ruled that racial segregation was equal as long as everyone had the same facilities "separate but equal." This case originally came from the Separate Car Act of Louisiana in 1890, which required that all rail companies provide "equal but separate accommodations" for white and black passengers.

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The convict-lease system was a system in which Southern states freed prisoners so they could work for free in factories, on railroads, or on plantations. (1885ish)

Sentences were extended when the convicts couldn’t pay for their court costs. To pay for the costs, convicts had to work longer, which extended their sentences.

In Alabama, the convict-lease system became a triangle of connection  between the coal companies, the board of inspectors, and the prisoners. Prisoners could also "complete their sentences," whereas slaves could not.

"More than 95 percent of county prisoners and 90 percent of state prisoners were African American"

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13th Amendment- Abolished slavery and involuntary servitude except as a punishment for crime. (1865)

14th Amendment: Granted citizenship to “all persons born or naturalized in the United States” (1868)

15th Amendment: Prohibits the federal government from denying citizens the right to vote based on their "race, color, or  previous condition of servitude." (1870)

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The Compromise of 1850 consisted of five bills:

-Added California as a free state

-Utah & New Mexico as territories

-New boundaries for Texas after Mexican-American War

-Denied enslaved people a right to trial

-More strict law regarding escaped slaves; half a year imprisonment for anyone helping escape of slaves, and a  $1000 fee for any person providing food/shelter.

Henry Clay-primary creator of Missouri Compromise

Fugitive Slave Act-passed by Congress in 1793

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Frederick Douglass- self liberated slave, advocated for equal rights, literate

William Lloyd Garrison- advocated for equal rights for blacks through his Abolitionist paper. His company published Frederick Douglass’s Slave Narrative.

Elizabeth Stanton- women’s rights advocate, co founder of Seneca Falls conference, anti-racist hero. Worked with Frederick Douglass.

Oregon Exclusionary Laws-attempts in order to prevent black people from settling in Oregon. The law had black people whipped twenty to thirty nine times every six months they stayed in Oregon.

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Jacksonian Democracy: A political philosophy led by Andrew Jackson that pushed for more democracy and expanded suffrage to the majority of white men over 21.