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Quantitative
Topic： There is a huge inequality in the distribution of resources in public schools.
Research Question: A nationwide survey of school resources was conducted to examine whether the main reason for the difference in academic performance of students of different social origins could be attributed to differences in school quality.
Research Objectives: to create a society with more equal opportunities.
Samples: With 4,000 schools and 640,000 students across the U.S., the percentage of schools represents about 5% of the nation.
Resource: journal article 'Fifty Years since the Coleman Report: Rethinking the Relationship between Schools and Inequality '
Reports suggest that schools play a small role in generating achievement gaps, but social scientists have identified many ways in which schools can provide better learning environments for advantaged children compared to disadvantaged children. As a result, a critical view of schools as engines of inequality dominates contemporary sociology of education.

Qualitative
topic
A case study of racial discrimination

Research Question
Views and opinions on racial discrimination

Research Objectives
What changes should be made to the racist society

Samples
Civil society

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Topic: Quantitative
Research Question: Does education have an impact on student obesity?
Research Objectives: Middle or high school students
Samples: Do some questionnaires--for some primary and middle school students went to do a survey
Sources:
1. https://www-tandfonline-com.sheffield.idm.oclc.org/doi/pdf/10.1080/07448481.2019.1657122?needAccess=true
link: The purpose of the study was to investigate physical activity patterns and body mass index (BMI) among black and white women in college to determine if attending college acts as a catalyst for sustaining physical activity and for closing the black-white physical activity and obesity gaps.
2.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0167629613000556?casa_token=XQxjlqgGv0UAAAAA:k3f7GHCrWdOy1hHtCqwP_
link: In response to the dramatic rise in childhood obesity, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and other organizations have advocated increasing the amount of time elementary school students spend in physical education (PE) classes
3.https://bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12887-021-02504-7.pdf
link: Little is known about the progression of obesity from childhood to adolescence. This study aimed to longitudinally examine the obesity status in a cohort of children across their childhood and adolescence and to identify the factors associated with persistent obesity.
4.https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/sheffield/detail.action?docID=2030592&pq-origsite=primo
link: This eBook discusses the health-promoting school. The world is in a time of economic crisis and change and concerns include the increase in health inequalities among children and young people, and a particular focus on how schools, working with families and local communities, can play an active role in challenging this trend.
5.ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302355
link: Students in schools following nationally recommended PE standards from grades 1 through 10 could expend from 35 000 to 90 000 more kilocalories than students who received classroom instruction instead.

Topic: qualitative ---smoking is not very detrimental to someone's health.

Research Question: Why do people still smoke even after knowing its disadvantages to health?

Research Objectives: to find out a smoker's perception [could be biased] and non-smoker's perception [unbiased] of why people smoke and conclude why they do so despite the health risks.

Samples: smokers and non-smokers. the sampling method would be interviewed as it would require personal responses and thoughts from different participants so the answers are more genuine and it would not be consistent.

Sources

1. edition.cnn.com/2014/01/11/health/still-smoking/index.html

Blackwell quotes that smoking is his best friend. Blackwell perfectly embodies the predicament of how the smoking culture has changed, but his smoking hasn't. He is so closely associated with the habit he is featured in an elegant portrait series documenting smokers' lives. (Christensen J., 2015)
2.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/add.12703
Research in the past 20 years has shown that driving while cannabis-impaired approximately doubles car crash risk and that around one in 10 regular cannabis users develop dependence.
3.https://mdpi-res.com/ijerph/ijerph-17-04345/article_deploy/ijerph-17-04345.pdf
Evidence and campaigns highlighting smoking and second-hand smoke risks have significantly reduced smoking prevalence and denormalized smoking in the home in Scotland. However, smoking prevalence remains disproportionally high in socioeconomically disadvantaged
groups.
4.ps.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ps.51.12.1544This study explored the perceived advantages and disadvantages of smoking and cessation for clients in a psychosocial rehabilitation program
5. bmj.com/content/328/7434/277.short
Children who are attracted to this adolescent assertion of perceived adulthood or rebelliousness tend to come from backgrounds that favor smoking. They also tend not to be succeeding according to their own or society's terms

Q1:  I find it challenging to find resources and I find it interesting to read a lot of interesting articles. Qualitative was harder and more challenging for our group as the sources were very limited and the sources were more linked towards the disadvantages of smoking rather than the advantages.
Q2: This allowed our group to have a clearer plan and better plan some of the issues

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Quantitative research

Topic:The relation between activities in a third-grade class and its students.

Research Question: What is the relation between activities in a third-grade class and its students?

Research Objectives: To find out the relevance.

Samples: Ideally, it is advised not to make conclusions merely based on correlational research.  This is because it is not mandatory that if two variables are in sync that they are interrelated.
Sources:
1.This study investigated associations among third-grade teachers' (N = 27) symptoms of depression, quality of the classroom-learning environment (CLE), and students' (N = 523, Mage = 8.6 years) math and literacy performance. Teachers' depressive symptoms in the winter negatively predicted students' spring mathematics achievement. This depended on students' fall mathematics scores; students who began the year with weaker math skills and were in classrooms where teachers reported more depressive symptoms achieved smaller gains than did peers whose teachers reported fewer symptoms. Teachers' depressive symptoms were negatively associated with quality of CLE, and quality of CLE mediated the association between depressive symptoms and student achievement. The findings point to the importance of teachers' mental health, with implications for policy and practice.

2.A great deal of (independent) learning in higher grades of elementary school involves reading; pupils' reading motivation is therefore especially important in school The results of different studies show a decrease in reading motivation in older pupils and in boys, which can represent a serious problem for pupils' school achievement The purpose of our research was, therefore, to 1) test the validity of these results in Slovenian elementary school pupils; 2) examine the relation between reading motivation and reading efficiency and 3) find out which teacher's activities in the classroom enhance pupils' reading motivation 2355 pupils and 128 teachers from 24 Slovenian elementary schools participated in the study The results show the differences in reading motivation with regard to pupils' age and sex (younger pupils and girls report higher reading motivation) Also, pupils that report more motivation to read show higher reading efficiency In the third grade, the following teacher's activities are related to pupils' reading motivation: acting as a reading model for pupils and enhancing pupils' ability to read in class In the seventh grade, the following teacher's activities are related to pupils' reading motivation: teaching reading strategies, enhancing pupils' ability to read in class and giving opportunities to choose reading material.

3.Although several decades of research has highlighted the contribution of classroom behaviors to students' mathematics and reading performance, this relation with regard to writing performance has been examined to a lesser extent. Therefore, this study sought to examine a wide range of classroom behaviors as predict.

Qualitative research
Topic: contribution on feminism

Research Question: how different people contribute to feminism

Research Objectives: find out in what ways people with different genders contribute to feminism

Samples: there should be six kinds of people. Females, males, and agender

Sources: 1. phasize the potentials and pragmatics of men engaging with feminism, in being and in action, to challenge unjust and unethical gendered structures or cultures of discrimination, domination and exclusion.

2. the best thing to do is ‘falling off into silence’ (Heath, 1987a: 30), to contemplate what I experience as difference, contradiction and impossibility in relation to being a male feminist, the barriers to practising ‘femmeninism’ (Kamuf, 1987).

1. It is very challenging to find and confirm the authority and timeliness of sources, which need to be compared and certified. It is very interesting to find examples to support your argument. You can learn about the country, society and individuals and help yourself to know more knowledge.

2. A research plan is pivotal to a research project because it identifies and helps define your focus, method, and goals while also outlining the research project from start to finish.

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1.questionnaires  Adopt the method of questionnaire to students to understand the teaching quality of the teacher's teaching

2.quantitative observation. Observe through the government's massive data, make a comparison with the number of immigrants, and finally make a summary

3.interviews; Reason: it can help us to have a in-depth knowledge and we can ask question through their answer.

4. Quantitative observation; Reason: weight can be measured as a value.

5.observations .      The observation method can be used to observe and record patients' behavioral changes through social changes

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1.The efficiency of the teaching methods:   / Questionnaries /  There are multiple choice and closed questions, able to gather consistent data from many people, and able to get responses from many classmates.
2. Quantitative research ,To test cause-and-effect relationships, Quantitative research could collect lots of data and analyze.
3.Questionnaire   reason: Consistent data were collected and the responses were statistically analyzed. Questionnaires are more extensive and more specific in investigating detailed data. For example, region, grade level, mode of being abused, etc.
4.Physical sciences
Data from weight change and blood pressure tests were used to analyze the effect of education on obesity.
5. How social processes influence patient behaviour／observations/ Collect data unobtrusively, observing other people's characteristics, behaviors, or social interactions.

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1.data collection technique:observation. Reason: Observations allow you to collect data unobtrusively, observing characteristics, behaviors, or social interactions without relying on self-reporting. Observations may be conducted in real-time, taking notes as you observe, or you might make audiovisual recordings for later analysis.

2. data collection technique: Quantitative observation. Reason: It involves systematically measuring or counting specific events, behaviors, characteristics, etc. With this method, it is important to have clear, objective rules to ensure you count the same thing consistently.

3. data collection technique: survey

Reason: interviews participants with in-depth questions and gives more qualitative research. This is to get personal answers and experiences from different victims. it might be a little time-consuming and the number of people to be interviewed would be minimal but it is relevant and necessary for the collection of such data.

4. data collection technique: questionnaires

Reason: Requires closed questions with multiple choice answers or rating skills. Consistent data will be collected and it would be easy to analyze the response after that. One example of a question that can be asked is “on a scale of one to ten, how familiar are you with the topic on obesity” or “has your school educated students on the risks of obesity” and the participants would vote yes or no to that.

5.data collection technique: Observation. Reason: Qualitative observation involves taking detailed notes and writing rich descriptions of what is observed. This means you don’t have to decide in advance how to categorize your observations. In theory, observations allow you to collect data on how people really behave (and not just how they say they do).