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Squatter settlements found in the periphery of Latin American cities. (Quizlet)

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Large slums around Brazilian cities. (Quizlet)

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The outermost zone of the concentric zone model that represents people who choose to live in residential suburbia and take a daily commute into the CBD to work. (Quizlet)

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A process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that black families will soon move into the neighborhood. (Quizlet)

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Urban populations interact with their environment. Urban people change their environment through their consumption of food, energy, water, and land. For example, urban populations consume much more food, energy, and durable goods than rural populations. (prb.org)

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Little to no sanitation, crowded, diseases. (Mrs. Massey)

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Settlements built illegally in and around the city by people who can't afford proper housing. Most of inhabitants moved from countryside- result of rural-urban migration. Badly built and overcrowded-often don't have basic services (sewers,electricity). Slums. (Quizlet)

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New concentrations of business, retail and residential development located outside the urban core. over 200 cities (Ex: people, retail, industry, not incorporated, few have mayors, no borders, spread out, cars, highway junctions) uptowns. (Quizlet)

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Refers to the way that two or more sub-populations are sorted into neighborhoods. (Quizlet)

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The rapid and often poorly planned spread of cities and suburbs out into the countryside. (Quizlet)

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The process of population movement from within towns and cities to the rural-urban fringe. (Quizlet)

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Yuppies are young urban professionals. SINKS are single individuals with no kids.
DINKS are dual-income households with no kids.
Together they compromise a significant portion of the population that participates in the gentrification process, along with empty nesters. All groups tend to have minimal familial obligations and higher incomes allowing them to enjoy the amenities of downtown areas. (Quizlet)

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A declining part part of a city called blight so that people come back and area thrives once more. (Quizlet)

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A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class owner-occupied area. (Quizlet)

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Those parts of large urban areas that lose significant portions of their populations as a result of change in industry or migration to suburbs. Because of these changes, the inner city loses its tax base and becomes a center of poverty. (Quizlet)

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Process occurring in many inner cities in which they become dilapidated center of poverty, as rich whites move out to the suburbs. (Quizlet)

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Urban Planning involves the planning of land use within a city or metropolitan area. Has only existed for about a century as a profession. Establish and uphold zoning laws that establish regulations for land use within a city. (Quizlet)

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An extended urban area, typically consisting of several towns merging with the suburbs of one or more cities. (Quizlet)

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The country's largest city. Disrupts the rank-size rule. If a country has a primate city, it may follow the primate-city rule, in which the largest settlement has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement. Ex: Mexico City, Bangkok, London, and Paris. Rubenstein)

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The country's nth-largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement. In other words, the second-largest city is 1/2 of the size of the largest, the fourth-largest city is 1/4 the size of the largest, and so on. (Rubenstein)

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Explains why consumer services follow a regular pattern based on size of settlements, with larger settlements offering not only more consumer services but also more specialized ones. (Mrs. Massey)

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The spatial imprint of an urban transport system as well as the adjacent physical infrastructures and socioeconomic activities. (Quizlet)

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A model on the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged spatially in a series of rings. The lower class lives closer to the center and the upper class lives farther away from the center. (Quizlet)

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The downtown or nucleus of a city where retail stores, offices, and cultural activities are concentrated; building densities are usually quite high; and transportation systems converge. (Quizlet)

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Transition in global urban population by cities

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Transition in global urban population by cities

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The urban transition is the same concept as urbanization and refers to the change in the proportion of a population living in urban places. (Quizlet)

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City where high population growth and migration has caused them to explode in population. (Quizlet)

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Global cities or world cities are at the top of the urban settlement hierarchy. It is the center of the flow of information and capital in the global economy. (Mrs. Massey)

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The movement of people (typically farmers) from rural settlements to urban center in search of jobs. (Quizlet)

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The rate at which an urban area grows. It lets geographers know
the fastest growing urban areas and analyze their growth. (Quizlet)

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Two or more nearby cities,
potentially or actually
complementary in function, that
cooperate by developing
transportation links and
communications infrastructure
joining them. (Quizlet)

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A city that acts as a port of entry into a country or a large geographic region. Ex: San Francisco with its natural harbor and immigrant population, often referred to as the “gateway to the west,” is a classic example of a gateway city. (Quizlet)

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Cities established by colonizing empires as administrative centers. Often they were established on already existing native cities, completely overtaking their infrastructures. (Quizlet)

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A ranking of cities based on their size and functional complexity. A ranking of settlements (hamlet, village, town, city, metropolis) according to their size and economic functions. (Quizlet)

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Also known as market area. The area surrounding a central place, from which people are attracted to use the place's goods and services. (Quizlet)

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Basic settlement forms: Linear, Grouped, String, Cluster, Round, Grid, Walled,and Rural

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Basic settlement forms: Linear, Grouped, String, Cluster, Round, Grid, Walled,and Rural

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Linear: a pattern of settlements in which homes and other buildings follow the lines taken by the road.
Grouped: have the highest density of population; they have homes stacked together, often touching at the sides or stacked in multi-family buildings, and streets tend to be narrow.

String: a type of settlement that tends to show a type of line mapped population.

Cluster: a type of settlement that tends to stick together on a block format.

Round: housing surrounds corral full of animals and is surrounded by fields of crops.

Grid: a type of settlement that is similar to clustered settlements and tends to form grid.

Walled: a type of settlement that is usually an older village and defensive in nature in which houses are closer together and protected/surrounded by some sort of barrier; most of the farmland is outside.

Rural: settlements where the inhabitants are chiefly involved in primary economic activities; usually lower in total population and density than an urban settlement.
(Quizlet)

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An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements. An interrelated set of social and psychological responses to these trends. (Quizlet)

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Cities that discourage urbanization and promoted uneducation and shifted towards farming. These cities lacked diversity. (Quizlet)

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-The 1st cities arose in the hearths of early agriculture. Once people had developed sedentary agriculture, farmers began producing surplus crops.
-The 1st cities occurred in China, the Middle East, the Mississippi Valley, and Peru.
-With sedentary agriculture, fewer people were needed to tend fields allowing others to pursue different occupations, such as carpenters, merchants, artisans, scholars, priests, and doctors. (Quizlet)

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Served as centers of trade, public performance, and political administration. For example: Athens, Carthage, and Teotihuca (Quizlet)

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The study of people and processes in cities and towns. (Quizlet)

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A form of tourism, based on the enjoyment of scenic areas or natural wonders, that aims to provide an experience of nature or culture in an environmentally sustainable way. (Quizlet)

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Countries that chose the International Trade approach in the 20th century: South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, and Hong Kong (Mrs. Massey)

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A trading center, or simply a trading warehouse where merchandise can be imported and exported without paying for import duties, often at a profit. (Quizlet)

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1. No poverty
2. Zero hunger
3. Good health and well-being
4. Quality education
5. Gender equality
6. Clean water and sanitation
7. Affordable and clean energy
8. Decent work and economic growth
9. Industry, innovation, and infrastructure
10. Reduced inequalities
11. Sustainable citeis and communities
12. Responsible consumption and production
13. Climate action
14. Life below water
15. Life on land
16. Peace, justice, and strong institutions
17. Partnerships for the goals
(https://sdgs.un.org/goals)

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A measure of statistical dispersion intended to represent the income distribution of a nation's residents, and is the most commonly used measure of inequality. (Quizlet)

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A measure of the extent of each's country gender inequality. (Quizlet)

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Indicator of level of development for each country, constricted by united nations, combining income, literacy, education, and life expectancy. Categorized from high developed, high developing, medium developing, and low developing. (Quizlet)

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The value of the total number of goods and services produced in a country in a given time period (normally one year). (Quizlet)

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Method of inventory management made possible by efficient transportation and communication systems, whereby companies keep on hand just what they need for near-term production, planning that what they need for longer-term production will arrive when needed. (Quizlet)

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The Neolithic Revolution happened independently in different places over a large span of time. From those agricultural hearts farming practices diffused across the earth. Some changes include (still in stage 1):
- Increase in reliable food supplies
- Rapid increase in total human population
Job specialization
Widening in gender differences (patriarchal system)
Development of differences between settled people (agriculturalists) and nomadic people (hunters/gatherers)
(Mrs. Massey)

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Factories built by US companies in Mexico near the US border to take advantage of much lower labor costs in Mexico. (Quizlet)

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An office set up to handle a large volume of telephone calls, especially for taking orders and providing customer service. (Quizlet)

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A decision by a corporation to turn over much of the responsibility for production to independent suppliers. (Quizlet)

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Also known as a relatively developed country of a developed country, a country that has progressed relatively far along a continuum of development. Have high incomes and high levels of human assets, citizens having the ability to live comfortable lives. More access to essentials, like education (literacy rate). Ex: US, Canada, and countries in Europe. (Quizlet)

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Also known as a developing country, a country that is at a relatively early stage in the process of economic development. Have low incomes and low levels of human assets. Less access to essentials (education). Ex: countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. (Quizlet)

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A model of economic development that describes a country's progression which occurs in the five stages transforming them from least developed to mores developed regions. The five stages are: Traditional sense, Preconditions to take off, Take off, Drive to maturity, and High mass consumption. (Quizlet)

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Theory which holds that the political and economic relationships between countries and regions of the world control and limit the economic development possibilities of poorer areas. (Quizlet)

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Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory (Core-Periphery Model)

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Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory (Core-Periphery Model)

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Three tier structure theory (core, semi-periphery, periphery) proposing that social change in the developing world is linked to the economic activities of the developed world. (Quizlet)

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Industries leave the crowded urban areas of the U.S. eastern megalopolis and move to other locations. (Quizlet)

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Grouping together of many firms from the same industry in a single area for collective or cooperative use of infrastructure and sharing of labor resources. When a substantial number of enterprises cluster in the same area, as happens in a large industrial city, they can provide assistance to each other through shared talents, services, and facilities. (Quizlet)

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Harold Hotelling's theory that competitors trying to maximize sales will seek to constrain each other's territory as much as possible which will therefore lead them to locate adjacent to one another in the middle of their collective customer base. (Quizlet)

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Alfred Weber's theory of industrial location, explaining and predicting where industries will locate based on cost analysis of transportation, labor, and agglomeration factors. Weber's Least Cost Theory suggests that a production point must be located within a “triangle,” with raw materials coming from at least two sources. (Quizlet)

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An industry whose location is not strongly influenced by access to materials and/or markets, and can operate in a wide range of locations. (Quizlet)

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An area planned for high technology where agglomeration built on a synergy among technological companies occurs. (Quizlet)

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A location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another. (Quizlet)

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An industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs.
Example: An example of a bulk reducing industry would be the steps of copper refining. (Quizlet)

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An industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the inputs.
Example: A prominent example of a bulk gaining industry is the fabrication of machinery from steel. (Quizlet)

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Service sector industries that require a high level of specialized knowledge skill (scientific research, high-level management).
(Quizlet)

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Service sector industries concerned with the collection, processing, and manipulation of information and capital (finance, administration, insurance, legal services).
(Quizlet)

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Economic activity associated with the provision for services (transportation, banking, retailing, education, routine, office-based jobs).
(Quizlet)

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Economic activity involving the processing of raw materials and their transformation into finished industrial products; the manufacturing sector. Examples are factory work and baking. (Quizlet)

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Economic activity concerned with the direct extraction of natural resources from the environment; such as mining, fishing, lumbering, and especially agriculture.

Any economic activity pertaining to the collecting, harvesting, and obtaining of raw materials. Jobs which involve working directly with the Earth's rocks, soils and waters. Examples are farming, fishing, and forestry. (Quizlet)

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A small firm or business that produces goods or services by using simple technology. Industry in which the production of goods and services is based in homes (not factories); specialty goods (assembled individually or in small quantities) are often produced in this manner. (Quizlet)

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Industrialization - The process by which an economy is transformed from primarily agricultural to one based on the manufacturing of goods.
Industrial Revolution - The rapid development of industry that occurred in the late 18th and 19th centuries. It was characterized by the use of steam power, the growth of factories, and the mass production of manufactured goods. (Quizlet)

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The maximum number of individuals of a population that can be maintained indefinitely by the environmental goods and services of a given area of the environment without depleting the environment's ability to produce those resources or generate those services. (Quizlet)

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The maximum usable production of a biological resource that can be obtained in a specified time period without decreasing the ability of the resource to sustain that level of production. (Quizlet)

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If a resource is held in common for use by all then ultimately that resource will be destroyed. (Quizlet)

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The removal of trees faster than forests can replace themselves. (Quizlet)

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The propagation and rearing of aquatic organisms in controlled or selected environments for any commercial, recreational or public purpose. The regulation and cultivation of water plants and animals for human use or consumption. (Quizlet)

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Renewable - A natural resource that can be replaced as it is being used. Ex: solar, wind, water (hydro), biomass, and geothermal.
Nonrenewable - A resource that cannot be replaced once it is used up. Ex: coal, nuclear, oil, and natural gas.
(Quizlet)

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An ecological production management system that promotes and enhances biodiversity, biological cycles, and soil biological activity. - Good farming practices without using synthetic chemicals. (Quizlet)

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The process of urban areas expanding outwards, usually in the form of suburbs, and developing over fertile agricultural land. (Quizlet)

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-Industrialized agriculture has resulted in environmental problems that impair land and aquatic ecosystems to provide ecosystem services
-Fossil fuels and pesticides = air pollution
-Fertilizers cause algal blooms (Agriculture is #1 largest cause of water pollution)
(Quizlet)

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Agricultural Production in the United States

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Agricultural Production in the United States

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Truck and fruit farming exists in the relatively mild climates of central California and the southeast coast.
Range livestock dominates agricultural production in the western region of the country.
The midwest states including Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Nebraska, and parts of Kansas and South Dakota produce feed grains and livestock and are collectively known as the "Corn Belt".
Mixed farming with crop specialties, such as cotton, dominate agricultural production in the southeast.
Wheat and small grains are common in the states and parts of states in the Midwest that do not concentrate in corn production.

(Quizlet)

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Commercialization and industrialization of the food production process has led to the development of this modern farming concept. It is the system of food production involving everything from the development of seeds to the marketing and sale of food products at the market.
Ex: farms, processing plants, packagers, advertising, distributors, etc. (Quizlet)

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In the first agricultural revolution, farming went from nomadic hunting and gathering (paleolithic), to settled farming (neolithic). In the second agricultural revolution, agriculture intensified by promoting higher yields per acre and per farmer. The Enclosure Acts (Tragedy of the Commons) gave way to the Cottage Industry, where people are making and designing farming equipment and tools in their homes. This made agriculture  much more efficient and better farmers as well. Then in the third agricultural revolution, agricultural machines and genetic technology helped achieve economies of scale in production. (Mrs. Massey)

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A confined yard with feeding and water facilities where all nutritional requirements are met. (Quizlet)

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The practice of growing or producing a single crop or plant species over a wide area and for a large number of consecutive years. (Quizlet)

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Non-subsistence crops such as tea, cacao, coffee, and tobacco. (Quizlet)

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From the US election and Biden's presidency, to gun control and abortion rights; stay up-to-date with the latest lines and comment with The Telegraph.

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Tropical plantations provide a unique source of income for locals in many countries because they produce crops, such as cocoa, rubber and tea, desired around the world that can only be grown in tropical climates. However, the produce of these tropical plantations also tend to be simple raw materials that are merely the first step in a production process that yields more profitable products. While the communities do benefit from the production of the raw materials, there is greater profit in the production of finished goods. (Quizlet)

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Domesticated birds raised primarily from meat, eggs, and feathers for production. (Quizlet)

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The mass planting of grain crops such as wheat, barley, and millet. Extensive. (Quizlet)

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A commercial type of agriculture that when animals are tamed and used for food and profit. An extensive commercial agricultural activity that involves the raising of livestock. (Quizlet)

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The production of food surpluses, with most crops destined for sale to people outside the farmer's family. (Quizlet)

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Diffusion of a process with negative side effects or what works well in one region may not in another. (Quizlet)

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Industrial Revolution’s Effect on Agriculture

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Industrial Revolution’s Effect on Agriculture

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The Industrial Revolution dramatically altered the global geography of agriculture, particularly in North America and Western Europe. Millions of people migrated from rural areas into cities of England, France, Germany, and the USA, creating enormous new markets for agricultural products from adjacent rural areas.
Mechanization replaced human hands allowing farmers to produce more crops with less work.
Increased access to efficient transportation allowed farmers to ship their products farther at lower costs. (Quizlet)

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Population growth compels subsistence farmers to consider new farming approaches that produce enough food to take care of the additional people. (Quizlet)

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When someone owns and operates a farm, but lives somewhere else; usually a crops only farm. (Quizlet)

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Harvesting twice a year from the same field. A method many growers are turning to in an effort to get the most out of their land. The harvest of two crops from the same field in a given year. (Quizlet)

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When farmers grow two or more crops simultaneously on the same field. (Quizlet)