# data[].attributes.headline
Victorian period - Queen Victoria, political reforms, international free trade, colonialism and imperial expansion of Britain, ...

# data[].attributes.subject
Victorian period - Queen Victoria, political reforms, international free trade, colonialism and imperial expansion of Britain, ...

# data[].attributes.body
Political reforms were mainly about voting, each other led to an extension of a right to vote (e. g. Reform Act, second Reform act).

Queen Victoria ascended to the trone really young, unmarried, unexperienced.  But Britian experienced major economic growth and became the strongest in the world.

Britian had really strong fleet, and expanded across the globe and became most powerful nation. Britian controlled part of Africa, India, Canada, New Zealand and Australia

British pound became international currency.  International free trade ment no restriction of imports and exports, it was supposed to help british economy to became even stronger and better.

# data[].attributes.headline
Victorian era - Sciences, inventions and progress (evolution theory, demographic growth and its consequences, ...)

# data[].attributes.subject
Victorian era - Sciences, inventions and progress (evolution theory, demographic growth and its consequences, ...)

# data[].attributes.body
Sciences-In the Victorian era, especially the natural sciences developed greatly and became the basis of the present. People are interested in technology and medicine. Towards the end of this period, electricity begins to develop.

Inventions- During this period, many important inventions appear that we use to this day (e. g. a vacuum cleaner, a light bulb or first successful steam railway that became very popular).

Progress-Charles Darwin's work On the origin of species was very important for the development of natural sciences. Evolutionary theory became the basis for further discoveries.  There has been a large increase in the population in England. Birth rates have risen and mortality rates have fallen. Population growth has reduced labor costs and other problems have begun, such as a high incidence of disease, prostitution...

# data[].attributes.headline
Victorian era - society, gender roles, customs, morals, values and beliefs, ...

# data[].attributes.subject
Victorian era - society, gender roles, customs, morals, values and beliefs, ...

# data[].attributes.body
· The main point of society is the search for reforms and the improvement of individual personalities.

· Growing industrialization caused increasing working-class poverty. Townspeople made slums.

· Young girls got married when they were in ages from 16 to 23. Women had to avoid the society. Men had to earn money.

· People fought against the English Church, especially in terms of education and access to universities. The punishments of Roman Catholics were mostly removed.

# data[].attributes.headline
Victorian era - problems and issues (poverty, famine in Ireland, urbanization, children labour, ...)

# data[].attributes.subject
Victorian era - problems and issues (poverty, famine in Ireland, urbanization, children labour, ...)

# data[].attributes.body
Poverty - People came into industrial areas and cities faster than housing could be built. They did'n have clear water or some place where to sleep.

Great Famine (Ireland) - The proximate cause of the famine was a potato blight which infected potato crops. Died about 1 milion people.

Children labour - Children were expected to help family budget. They were manual working extremely low hours. Until the middle of the 1800's, children as young as five would often work up to 12 hours a day.

High death rate - People did'n have clean water, sanitation,... so cholera and tuberculosis were often illnesses. And famine of course.

# data[].attributes.headline
World War I - why? (the trigger, military alliances, ...)

# data[].attributes.subject
World War I - why? (the trigger, military alliances, ...)

# data[].attributes.body
World War I. began on 28.7. 1914 and ended on 11.11. 1918. To the 1939 was known as great war. The reason for the war was the assassination of the Austrian archduke in Sarajevo. Austria-Hungary wanted revenge and declared war on the Serbs. And then other European countries joined their coalition partners.

There were two coalitions in the war. In one coalition were France, Great Britain and Russia it was Triple Entente and in the other Austria-Hungary, Germany and Italy it was known as Triple Alliance. Other states such as the USA, Greece, Portugal and Italy added to the Triple Entent and Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria added to Triple Alliance. The biggest and most important battles took place in France in the trenches. After many lost battles Germany signed a peace treaty.

After this war the map of Europe had many changes and many new states were created.

# data[].attributes.headline
World War I - the course (Eastern front, Western front, U.S. joining the war, ...)

# data[].attributes.subject
World War I - the course (Eastern front, Western front, U.S. joining the war, ...)

# data[].attributes.body
On the western front, the English use the new tank mark I. And the Germans are attacking France from the west because there's a strip of bunkers in the east that the Germans wouldn't stand a chance against.

On the eastern front the English did not fight there rather were the Russians who were defeated by the German army. In the East, the Germans had no competition at first.

The USA declared war on the German Empire on April 6 because Germany colluded with Mexico to attack the USA.

# data[].attributes.body
The conflict between Austria-Hungary and Serbia in the summer of 1914 was not resolved or reduced by the great powers, other states gradually became involved, and on August 4, Great Britain declared war on Germany after invading Belgium.

The Brithis army during WW I was small in size when compared to the other major European powers. In 1914, the British had a small, largely urban English, volunteer force[ of 400,000 soldiers, almost half of whom were posted overseas to garrison the immense British Empire.

With the exception of the German bombing, the British Islands avoided fighting, and more people died from the post-war Spanish flu epidemic. Britain was one of the winners, but at a cost of more than 850,000 dead.

# data[].attributes.headline
The end of the WW I (its consequences for Germany and other countries, war as a political turning point - revolutions, uprisings, ...)

# data[].attributes.subject
The end of the WW I (its consequences for Germany and other countries, war as a political turning point - revolutions, uprisings, ...)

# data[].attributes.body
...
After the war, the Germans had to agree to the Treaty of Versailles. Germany had to pay approximately $31.5 billion in reparations. They also had to take responsibility for the war. Part of the treaty said the countries of the world should come together to make an international organization to stop wars from happening. This organization was called the League of Nations. The United States Senate did not agree with this, even though it was the idea of the US president, Woodrow Wilson. Woodrow Wilson tried to tell the American people that they should agree, but the United States never joined the League of Nations. Problems with the Treaty in Germany would later lead to the World War II.

# data[].attributes.headline
Interwar Britain (transformation of the society, Great Depression, women's suffrage, divorce and abdication of the King)

# data[].attributes.subject
Interwar Britain (transformation of the society, Great Depression, women's suffrage, divorce and abdication of the King)

# data[].attributes.headline
World War II - why? - background, war breaks out in Europe, Allies/Axis, general information ("total war", Winston Churchil...)...

# data[].attributes.subject
World War II - why? - background, war breaks out in Europe, Allies/Axis, general information ("total war", Winston Churchil...)...

# data[].attributes.body
It was the greatest war conflict in the history of mankind. There were many causes, but it was mainly due to rivalry between the worlds major powers. The second World War began on 1 September 1939 when Germany invaded Poland which defeated. . In 1940 the Battle of Britain was fougt between the Royal Air force and the Luftwaffe. Important role in the World War II played Winston Churchill. He is one of the most well-known ministers of all times. He was also a writer and was awarded by Nobel price for literature.

# data[].attributes.headline
Battle of Britain (+ Czechoslovak pilots joining the war)

# data[].attributes.subject
Battle of Britain (+ Czechoslovak pilots joining the war)

# data[].attributes.body
The Battle of Britain in World War II was between Britain´s Royal Air Force (RAF) and the Luftwaffe, Nazi Germany´s air force. It was the first battle in history fought entirely in the air, and Nazi Germany´s first major military defeat.

The Battle of Britain took place between 10 July and 31 October 1940. The period of large-scale night attacks against major cities is known as the Blitz.

Hitler´s plan to take control of Britain was called Operation Sealion. To conquer Britain, the Germans first had to gain control of the English Channel and the airspace in southern England.

The British had several advantages that helped them win:

·      radar stations - this system, called ‘Chain Home’, was the first early warning radar network ever built

·      the construction of the German aircraft was not very suitable for such a fight

·      the fault of Hitler and his assistant Göring, who instead of attacking the airports began to attack cities

Czechoslovak pilots:

·         Pilots who participated in the Battle of Britain were also from other countries including Poland, New Zealand, Australia, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Belgium, France, the United States and South Africa.

·         The top Czechoslovak ace was Josef František, who claimed 17 confirmed kills, making him the highest scoring non-British pilot in the Battle of Britain

·         Alois Vašátko, František peřina, Karel Mrázek, Otto Smik, Josef Stehlík etc.

·         They were equipped with planes called hurricanes

By the end of October 1940, Hitler called off his planned invasion of Britain and the Battle of Britain ended. Both sides suffered enormous loss of life and aircraft.

Significance of the Battle of Britain:

·         This battle was a turning point in World War II

·         It was the first major campaign to be fought entirely by air forces and was also the largest and most sustained aerial bombing campaign to that date.

·         The Battle of Britain marked the first defeat of Hitler’s military forces.

# data[].attributes.headline
Genocide, concentration camps and slave labour

# data[].attributes.subject
Genocide, concentration camps and slave labour

# data[].attributes.body
The Nazi Holocaust became a modern model of genocide. The Roma genocide, the murder of Soviet prisoners of war and other massacres perpetrated by Nazi Germany during World War II in the occupied countries belongs to genocide.
Britain made concentration camps in their colonies like Africa, India or Ceylon. And they killed millions of people in their colonies in North America, Australia, Tasmania and India.
Britain became the world leader in a slave trade. They used Scottish and Irish prisoners, including women and children as „white slaves“ in Britain colonies in India and North America. They also transported "black slaves" to North America.

# data[].attributes.headline
The end of the WW II and its consequences.

# data[].attributes.subject
The end of the WW II and its consequences.

# data[].attributes.body
The world war II took  for six years. It was started in 1939 and was ended in 1945. In the last year of the war was taken place many events, incidents or affairs. I want to divide this historic disaster on two parts: the first part will be a situation in Europe and the second part in the world.
The world war II in Europe was ended on 8 May and Europe was freed by the USA, Red Army and Great Britain. The world war in the world was ended on 2 September. The US army defeated Japan´s empire and during the war atomic bombs were thrown down on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
Between the consequences of the war belong: 58 millions dead people ( one-half of them was civilians), a genocide of Jews and Romany, a millions of missing people, a modern technology ( a planes, an atomic energy, a radar or a tanks). There were a concentration camps: labour ( Dachau, Buchenwald) and extermination ( Osvětim, Trublenka). Josef Mengele was an inhuman laborant technician who made an experiments on people (a surgeries of a stomach or of a heart without an anaesthesia).

# data[].attributes.headline
Swinging 1960s (the cultural revolution in the UK)

# data[].attributes.subject
Swinging 1960s (the cultural revolution in the UK)

# data[].attributes.body
The ‘Swinging Sixties’ were changing decade for Britain. London was transformed from the sad, conservative city into the city, that was full of freedom. Young people got freedom and did what they wanted.

One of the biggest changes of the 1960s was music. Drugs were also synonymous connected with the Sixties and became more commonly used in the late sixties. Relationship between government and public were changed in trust to politicians.

Fashion in the decade showed many social changes of the Sixties. The mini skirt was designed to be free for women, allowing them to “run and jump”. In the late Sixties began to appear vibrant colours on clothes as the hippie movement. Feminism began to become more popular ideology to young women.

Technological progress was very changed. Colour television and pocket transistor radios allowed people to spend their free time listening to music and watching TV.

# data[].attributes.headline
The Cold War (what is it? major events, iron curtain, Korean War, Vietnam War...)

# data[].attributes.subject
The Cold War (what is it? major events, iron curtain, Korean War, Vietnam War...)

# data[].attributes.body
·       What is it?- It was a political and military tension between the United States and the Soviet Union. This war was preceded by two major events - the First and Second World Wars

·       Major events:

o   Iron curtain-The Iron Curtain is a designation for the impenetrable border between the western and eastern blocks. It already existed at the end of World War II.

o   Korean War, Vietnam War-The Korean War is a war between South Korea and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. The Vietnam War is a war that took place in Vietnam and on the borders of neighboring countries. It is also called the Second War in Indochina.

o   Berlin airlift - In June 1948 the U.S. and Britain announced a proposal for establishing a new currency, the Deutschmark, into West Berlin. This immediately caused economic chaos in the Soviet Union as people frantically struggled to adjust to the new system of currency.

o   The U – 2 incident - The U-2 Incident was one instance where the Soviets shot directly at a U.S. soldier.   On May 1, 1960, the Soviet Union shot down a U.S. U-2 reconnaissance plane and called the flight an aggressive act.  The U.S. denied Soviet claims that the pilot, F. Gary Powers, had stated that his mission was to collect Soviet intelligence data.

o   Soviet afghan war - The Soviet war in Afghanistan lasted nine years from December 1979 to February 1989.  It was fought between Soviet-led Afghan forces against multi-national rebel groups called the mujahideens.

o   Sputnik crisis - The Sputnik crisis was the American reaction to the success of the Sputnik program.  It was a key Cold War event that began on October 4, 1957 when the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1, the first artificial Earth satellite.

o   The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons -  is an international treaty whose objective is to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology, to promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy and to further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament and general and complete disarmament.  Countries started signing it in 1968 and it came into effect in 1970.

o   Berlin wall falls - In the late 1980s Russian leader Gorbachev decided to abandon Russia’s satellite states to try and save his crumbling nation, allowing democracy to filter through, as it did in Poland.  There were anti-government protests in East Germany and, after some initially stern words by East German leader Honecker which threatened violence, Russia refused to back him and he resigned.

# data[].attributes.body
World War I - why? (the trigger, military alliances, ...)
World War I - why? (the trigger, military alliances, ...)


 World War I. began on 28.7. 1914 and ended on 11.11. 1918. To the 1939 was known as great war. The reason for the war was the assassination of the Austrian archduke in Sarajevo. Austria-Hungary wanted revenge and declared war on the Serbs. And then other European countries joined their coalition partners. 

There were two coalitions in the war. In one coalition were France, Great Britain and Russia it was Triple Entente and in the other Austria-Hungary, Germany and Italy it was known as Triple Alliance. Other states such as the USA, Greece, Portugal and Italy added to the Triple Entent and Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria added to Triple Alliance. The biggest and most important battles took place in France in the trenches. After many lost battles Germany signed a peace treaty. 

After this war the map of Europe had many changes and many new states were created.



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1
World War I - the course (Eastern front, Western front, U.S. joining the war, ...)
World War I - the course (Eastern front, Western front, U.S. joining the war, ...)
On the western front, the English use the new tank mark I. And the Germans are attacking France from the west because there's a strip of bunkers in the east that the Germans wouldn't stand a chance against.

On the eastern front the English did not fight there rather were the Russians who were defeated by the German army. In the East, the Germans had no competition at first.

The USA declared war on the German Empire on April 6 because Germany colluded with Mexico to attack the USA.
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1
Britain in the WW I
Britain in the WW I

The conflict between Austria-Hungary and Serbia in the summer of 1914 was not resolved or reduced by the great powers, other states gradually became involved, and on August 4, Great Britain declared war on Germany after invading Belgium.

The Brithis army during WW I was small in size when compared to the other major European powers. In 1914, the British had a small, largely urban English, volunteer force[ of 400,000 soldiers, almost half of whom were posted overseas to garrison the immense British Empire.

With the exception of the German bombing, the British Islands avoided fighting, and more people died from the post-war Spanish flu epidemic. Britain was one of the winners, but at a cost of more than 850,000 dead.
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comment
1
The end of the WW I (its consequences for Germany and other countries, war as a political turning point - revolutions, uprisings, ...)
The end of the WW I (its consequences for Germany and other countries, war as a political turning point - revolutions, uprisings, ...)
...
After the war, the Germans had to agree to the Treaty of Versailles. Germany had to pay approximately $31.5 billion in reparations. They also had to take responsibility for the war. Part of the treaty said the countries of the world should come together to make an international organization to stop wars from happening. This organization was called the League of Nations. The United States Senate did not agree with this, even though it was the idea of the US president, Woodrow Wilson. Woodrow Wilson tried to tell the American people that they should agree, but the United States never joined the League of Nations. Problems with the Treaty in Germany would later lead to the World War II.
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1
Interwar Britain (transformation of the society, Great Depression, women's suffrage, divorce and abdication of the King)
Interwar Britain (transformation of the society, Great Depression, women's suffrage, divorce and abdication of the King)
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0
World War II - why? - background, war breaks out in Europe, Allies/Axis, general information ("total war", Winston Churchil...)...
World War II - why? - background, war breaks out in Europe, Allies/Axis, general information ("total war", Winston Churchil...)...
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OHODNOTIT
comment
1
World War II
World War II
It was the greatest war conflict in the history of mankind. There were many causes, but it was mainly due to rivalry between the worlds major powers. The second World War began on 1 September 1939 when Germany invaded Poland which defeated. . In 1940 the Battle of Britain was fougt between the Royal Air force and the Luftwaffe. Important role in the World War II played Winston Churchill. He is one of the most well-known ministers of all times. He was also a writer and was awarded by Nobel price for literature.

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OHODNOTIT
comment
0
Battle of Britain (+ Czechoslovak pilots joining the war)
Battle of Britain (+ Czechoslovak pilots joining the war)
The Battle of Britain in World War II was between Britain´s Royal Air Force (RAF) and the Luftwaffe, Nazi Germany´s air force. It was the first battle in history fought entirely in the air, and Nazi Germany´s first major military defeat. 

The Battle of Britain took place between 10 July and 31 October 1940. The period of large-scale night attacks known as the Blitz lasted from 7 September 1940 to 11 May 1941. 

Hitler´s plan to take control of Britain was called Operation Sealion. To conquer Britain, the Germans first had to gain control of the English Channel and the airspace in southern England.

The British had several advantages that helped them win:

·      radar stations - this system, called ‘Chain Home’, was the first early warning radar network ever built
·      the construction of the German aircraft was not very suitable for such a fight
·      the fault of Hitler and his assistant Göring, who instead of attacking the airports began to attack cities

Czechoslovak pilots:

·         Pilots who participated in the Battle of Britain were also from other countries including Poland, New Zealand, Australia, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Belgium, France, the United States and South Africa.
·         The top Czechoslovak ace was Josef František, who claimed 17 confirmed kills, making him the highest scoring non-British pilot in the Battle of Britain
·         Alois Vašátko, František peřina, Karel Mrázek, Otto Smik, Josef Stehlík etc.
·         They were equipped with planes called hurricanes

By the end of October 1940, Hitler called off his planned invasion of Britain and the Battle of Britain ended. Both sides suffered enormous loss of life and aircraft.

Significance of the Battle of Britain:

·         This battle was a turning point in World War II 
·         It was the first major campaign to be fought entirely by air forces and was also the largest and most sustained aerial bombing campaign to that date. 
·         The Battle of Britain marked the first defeat of Hitler’s military forces.

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OHODNOTIT
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1
Genocide, concentration camps and slave labour
Genocide, concentration camps and slave labour
The Nazi Holocaust became a modern model of genocide. The Roma genocide, the murder of Soviet prisoners of war and other massacres perpetrated by Nazi Germany during World War II in the occupied countries belongs to genocide.
Britain made concentration camps in their colonies like Africa, India or Ceylon. And they killed millions of people in their colonies in North America, Australia, Tasmania and India.
Britain became the world leader in a slave trade. They used Scottish and Irish prisoners, including women and children as „white slaves“ in Britain colonies in India and North America. They also transported "black slaves" to North America.

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OHODNOTIT
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2
The end of the WW II and its consequences.
The end of the WW II and its consequences.
The world war II took  for six years. It was started in 1939 and was ended in 1945. In the last year of the war was taken place many events, incidents or affairs. I want to divide this historic disaster on two parts: the first part will be a situation in Europe and the second part in the world.
The world war II in Europe was ended on 8 May and Europe was freed by the USA, Red Army and Great Britain. The world war in the world was ended on 2 September. The US army defeated Japan´s empire and during the war atomic bombs were thrown down on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
Between the consequences of the war belong: 58 millions dead people ( one-half of them was civilians), a genocide of Jews and Romany, a millions of missing people, a modern technology ( a planes, an atomic energy, a radar or a tanks). There were a concentration camps: labour ( Dachau, Buchenwald) and extermination ( Osvětim, Trublenka). Josef Mengele was an inhuman laborant technician who made an experiments on people (a surgeries of a stomach or of a heart without an anaesthesia).
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OHODNOTIT
comment
1
Swinging 1960s (the cultural revolution in the UK)
Swinging 1960s (the cultural revolution in the UK)
The ‘Swinging Sixties’ were changing decade for Britain. London was transformed from the sad, conservative city into the city, that was full of freedom. Young people got freedom and did what they wanted. 

One of the biggest changes of the 1960s was music. Groups like The Beatles started revolution of music. Drugs were also synonymous connected with the Sixties and became more commonly used in the late sixties. Relationship between government and public were changed in trust to politicians. 

Fashion in the decade showed many social changes of the Sixties. The mini skirt was designed to be free for women, allowing them to “run and jump”. In the late Sixties began to appear vibrant colours on clothes as the hippie movement. Feminism began to become more popular ideology to young women. 

Technological progress was very changed. Colour television and pocket transistor radios allowed people to spend their free time listening to music and watching TV.
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2
The Cold War (what is it? major events, iron curtain, Korean War, Vietnam War...)
The Cold War (what is it? major events, iron curtain, Korean War, Vietnam War...)

·       What is it?- It was a political and military tension between the United States and the Soviet Union. This war was preceded by two major events - the First and Second World Wars
·       Major events:
o   Iron curtain-The Iron Curtain is a designation for the impenetrable border between the western and eastern blocks. It already existed at the end of World War II.
o   Korean War, Vietnam War-The Korean War is a war between South Korea and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. The Vietnam War is a war that took place in Vietnam and on the borders of neighboring countries. It is also called the Second War in Indochina. 
o   Berlin airlift - In June 1948 the U.S. and Britain announced a proposal for establishing a new currency, the Deutschmark, into West Berlin. This immediately caused economic chaos in the Soviet Union as people frantically struggled to adjust to the new system of currency. 
o   The U – 2 incident - The U-2 Incident was one instance where the Soviets shot directly at a U.S. soldier.   On May 1, 1960, the Soviet Union shot down a U.S. U-2 reconnaissance plane and called the flight an aggressive act.  The U.S. denied Soviet claims that the pilot, F. Gary Powers, had stated that his mission was to collect Soviet intelligence data.
o   Soviet afghan war - The Soviet war in Afghanistan lasted nine years from December 1979 to February 1989.  It was fought between Soviet-led Afghan forces against multi-national rebel groups called the mujahideens.
o   Sputnik crisis - The Sputnik crisis was the American reaction to the success of the Sputnik program.  It was a key Cold War event that began on October 4, 1957 when the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1, the first artificial Earth satellite.
o   The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons -  is an international treaty whose objective is to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology, to promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy and to further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament and general and complete disarmament.  Countries started signing it in 1968 and it came into effect in 1970.
o   Berlin wall falls - In the late 1980s Russian leader Gorbachev decided to abandon Russia’s satellite states to try and save his crumbling nation, allowing democracy to filter through, as it did in Poland.  There were anti-government protests in East Germany and, after some initially stern words by East German leader Honecker which threatened violence, Russia refused to back him and he resigned.

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2

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