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-Democritus was one of the first thinkers that had the curiosity to find out what matter was made of.

-He stated that everything was made up of tiny indivisible particles and empty space.

-He based his findings in philosophy, reasoning and math.

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A solid, uniform sphere.

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-Dalton states that all matter is composed of atoms, which are unbreakable.

-He rejected Democritus' theory, that every atom was alike, and sugested that every element has a specific structurized atom which share the same chemical properties.

-He stated that atoms of different elements have different weights and these join to create molecules.

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Solid, nanoscopic sphere.
Smallest particle of mass.

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-Through the gasses and pressures experiment, which later on was proved erroneous.

-Different gasses were used in an experiment to observe how they were different in between them and how they acted independantly.

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Discovered the electron.

-His idea was very similar to the photon discovery, which was done years later by Einstein.

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Thomson proposed that these discovered electrons were embeded in a positively charged sphere.
-Model known as the plum pudding model.

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-In the Cathode ray experiment somehting was producing a bright light, and Thomson knew that it wasn't because of the recently discovered x-rays.

-He argumented that these rays of light were produced by charged particles, since they were manipulated by altering the electrical field.

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-Explains black body radiation and proposed the quantum theory, which would be the fundamental science of the quantum model of the atom and quantum mechanics.

-Formulated Plancks constant, included in mathematical equations years later.

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-He stated that radiation is due to the movement of charged particles, each particular radiation occurs in specific packs of energy called Quanta, which are emited as waves.

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-Nagaoka refused Thomson´s idea and developed the saturnian model, proposing that a ring of electrons surrounded a huge atomic centre.

-Also, he stated that electrons were held by gravitational forces.

-No experiment for this reasoning has been know until today.

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-The measurement of the negative charge of the electron, calculating it to be 1.6 x 10^-19 Coulombs

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-The oil drop experiment consisted in atomizing oil drops which passed through a charged plate and got ionized. In a second chamber gravity was manipulated and the droplets levitated, allowing microscopes to visualize the mass according to how fast or slow it fell.

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-That the centre of the atom was made up by a heavy core of charged particles.

-He discovered the nucleus

-Also, he stated that the atom is mostly empyt space, and the nucleus is a positive center.

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Orbiting electrons around a nucleus of particles.

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.By shooting alpha particles into a gold foil, it was expected that the rays would bounce back because of the solid positive charge, previously proposed by Thomson.  But, some of these passed through and others reflected in the centre proving that there was something in the core of the atom.

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-Proposed that electrons have a stable orbit, and the energy of these depend on the level where it's located.

-Bohr also suggested that radiation is a phenomenon occured when one electron jumps from a level to another.

-All atoms are unstable.

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No proper experiment was conducted, but the theory was based on with Rutherford´s past discoveries.

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-Formulated an equation, based on quantum mechanics, to explain spectrum intensities of the electron through matrix algebra and plancks constant.

-Called the uncertainty principle, explains the position and the momentum of a particle.

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-Formulated an equation that stated the basics of quantum mechanics, called the wave formula.

-Proposing that particles act like waves with a mathematical equation, describing the three dimensional wave function of a system.

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-Einstein proved the existance of atoms through a new explanation of the quantum theory.

-He stated that light was composed by particles which energies relate with the frequencies stated by Plancks theory. Also discovering the photoelectric effect occurs because of a collision of photons and electrons.

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Beyler, R. (2020, December 01). Werner Heisenberg. Retrieved December 11, 2020, from https://www.britannica.com/biography/Werner-Heisenberg

Ross, S. (n.d.). Atomic theory. Retrieved December 11, 2020, from https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Dalton/Atomic-theory

Helmenstine, A., PhD. (n.d.). The History of Atomic Theory Led to Quantum Mechanics. Retrieved December 11, 2020, from https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-atomic-theory-4129185

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Democritus knew that if he cut a stone there would be a limit where it could no longer be divided.

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Roentgen discovered the x-ray by testing cathode rays through glass.
He covered the tubes with black paper, allowing the rays to create a fluorescent light. Therefore capturating this image...

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How did this collaborate to the atomic theory?

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How did this collaborate to the atomic theory?

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By using x-rays, microscopes are allowed to visualize objects such as crystals.This occurs since the light is defflected allowing scientists to visualize an arrangement of atoms in the crystal.

Called x-ray diffraction is a precise tool that has allowed many discoveries that contribute to the atomic structure.

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Some NoS aspects presented in the following theories are:

-Studies based on others previously made.

-Refusing theories by proving them erroneous.

-Peer work and contribution

-Science as an indefinite proccess,  able to change throughout the years.

-Paradigm shifts

-Serendipity

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Coloured light rays were beamed at a plate, which afterwards emitted electrons.